PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 1
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,247,856 words · 1227 reading sections
Section 781
' He was educated at Oxford, and, according to the cus- tom of his day, proceeded to the university of Paris to study philosophy and theology. Here he received his doctor's degree. About 1240 (?) he returned to Ox- ford, and there (perhaps on the advice of Grossetete J q. v.), be took the vows as a Franciscan, and app…
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The history of Bacon's writings is among the curi- osities of literature. A number of his smaller works were printed before the 18th century, but his greatest writings waited until that date. Among the former are his Perspectiva (Frank. 1614) ; Be Speculis and Specula Mathematica (Frank. 1G14, reprinted in 1671); De. M…
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BACON 612 BADEN sources of theological knowledge. He was distin- guished for his knowledge of languages, and made himself familiar with the original Scriptures. In a treatise on the advantages of grammar, he endeav- ored to prove the necessity of linguistic studies, in order better to understand the Bible, which, he…
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Baden, Grand-duchy of, one of the minor Ger- man states. See Germany. I. Church History. — We have no precise information as to the first introduction of Christianity into the country now forming the grand-duchy of Baden. The reports of the missionary labors of Fridolin (q. v.) in the 6th or 7th century, Trudprat in t…
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tion of diocesan synods with lay delegations, and oth- er reforms. The government desired to make Wes- senberg the first archbishop of the newly-erected see of Freiburg, but could not obtain the papal confirma- tion. A reaction in favor of ultramontane views com- menced under the Archbishop Vicari (1844), and in 1853 a…
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th riginal of the Spanish taxon, Ital. tasso, Fr. tais- sm, Germ, docks, is the same word as taehash; and these designate the badger. This, however, appears to I"- the only support for the rendering "badger" (pieles taxus) besides that of the Chaldee paraphrast (NJISDD, "taxus, sic dictus quia gaudet et superbit in co…
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The Taehaitze (.Antilope Darbata). Eastern Africa contain a number of ruminating ani- mals of the great antelope family ; they are known to the natives under various names, such as pacasse, empacasse, tkacasse, facasse, and tachaitze, all more or less varieties of the word tackash ; they are of consid- erable size, of…
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Bagger, Hans Olesan, a Danish theologian, born at Lund in 1646, became bishop of Zealand in 1675, and died at Copenhagen in 1693. He is the author of the Danish Church-Ritual, which was introduced in 16^6, and of a revised altar-book, both of which are still in use in the Danish Church. Being consulted by tin- Danish g…
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Bahu'rim (Heb. Bachurirn, O^Fia, or [in 2 Sam. iii, 1G ; xix, 17] fi'H^na, low grounds, otherwise young mi u's village ; Sept. B«o»'pi//,but Ba\ovpifi [v. r. Bapaicifi] in 2 Sam. iii, 16; Josephus Baxovprje, Ant, vii, 9,7, ed. Havercamp ; for other var. readings, see Reland, Potest, p. 611), a place not far from Jerusa…
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Baillet, Adrian, a Bomanist writer of repute, was born at Neuville, near Beauvais, June 13th, 1649, and was educated at a Franciscan convent. He afterward \ studied at Beauvais, and in 1676 was admitted to holy I orders. For a time he served a cure ; but, feeling himself to be unsuited for this kind of life, he left it…
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Baines, Ralph, was born in Yorkshire, and edu- cated at St. John's College, Cambridge: he was emi- n nt as a Hebraist, and was made regius professor of Hebrew at Paris. In 1554 he was made bishop of Lich- field and Coventry; in 1559 he was ejected by Quesn Elizabeth, and very shortly after died at Islington, llr wrote …
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BAIUS 619 BAKE of eminence, was born at Melun in 1513, and studied at Louvain. In 1551 lie was appointed professor of theology at Louvain, as substitute for Professor Tap- per, a delegate to the Council of Trent. The lectures which he delivered in this capacity gave great offence, and when Tapper and Ravenstein retu…
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Baka. See Mulberry. Bakar. See Ox. Bakbak'kar (Heb. Bakbakkar', "ip3p3, prob. from "Ip3 reduplicated, admirable or searcher, perhaps i. q. ^i?~p3p3, wasting of 'the mount; Sept. BaKfictKap), one of the Levites inhabiting the villages of the Ne- tophathites, who were carried captive to Babvlon (1 Chron. ix, 15). B.C. …
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Baker, Charles, a minister of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, was born in Scituate, R. I., April 7, 1798. In 1821 he was received into the New England Conference on probation, and subsequently labored for thirty-six consecutive years chiefly in Maine and Massachusetts. After eight years of superannuation, he died, in…
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Balaam is one of those instances which meet us in Scripture of persons dwelling among heathens, but possessing a certain knowledge of the one true God. He was endowed with a greater than ordinary knowl- edge of God; he was possessed of high gifts of intel- lect and genius ; he had the intuition of truth, and could see …
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an object, "he went no more," we are told, "to seek for enchantments" (xxiv, 1). His religion, therefore, was probably such as would be the natural result of a general acquaintance with God not confirmed by any covenant. He knew Him as the fountain of wisdom ; how to worship Him he could merely guess from the customs i…
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The limits of this article will not allow of an exam- ination of Balaam's magnificent prophecies, which, as Herder remarks (Gdst der Ebrdischen Poesie, ii, 221), "are distinguished for dignity, compression, vividness, and fulness of imager}'. There is scarcely any thing equal to them in the later prophets, and" (he add…
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Bal'amo (rather Bel'amon, BtXa/itor, v. r. Bat '- amon, BaXapwi'), a place named in the Apocrypha (Jud. viii, 3) as not far from Dothaim (Dothar), and usually supposed to be the same as the Bclmen of J udith BALANCES 624 BALD iv, 4, ami the Abel-maim (q. v.) of Scripture. Reland p. 615, 022) inclines, however, to i…
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BALDACHIN 625 BxVLE Artificial baldness marked the conclusion of a Naza- rite's vow (Acts xviii, 18 ; Num. vi, 9), and was a sign of mourning (Cic. Tusc. Z%). iii, 2G). It is often al- luded to in Scripture, as in Mic. i, 16 ; Amos viii, 10 ; Jer. xlvii, 5, etc. ; and in Deut. xiv, 1, the reason for its being forbid…
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Bale, John (Batons), bishop of Ossory, an English historian and theologian, was born rt Cove Hithe, in Suffolk, Nov. 21, 1495, and was educated at Jesus Col- lege, Cambridge, where he early gained a reputation for letters and opposed the Reformation. He attributes his conversion to Lord Wentworth, and soon beijan to wr…
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Auriont Egyptian Balls— 1. Leather; 1. Painted r.anhemrare. Among the Egyptians the balls were made of leather or skin, sewed with string, crosswise, in the same man- ner as our own, and stuffed with bran or husks of corn ; and those which have been found at Thebes are about three inches in diameter. Others were made …
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Balm (for the original term, see below), a produc- tion more particularly ascribed to Gilcad (Gen. xxxvii, 25; Jer. viii, 22). Balm or bals in is used as a com- mon name for many of those oily, resinous substances which flow spontaneously or by incision from certain trees or plants, and are of considerable use in medic…
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BALMES 628 BALSAM clled into Palestine and Syria purposely to obtain a knowledge of this Bubstance, it grew in Jericho and many other parts of the Holy Land. The cause of its total decay has been ascribed, not without reason, to the royal attention being withdrawn from it by the distractions of the country. In more …
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Balsac. See Bolsec. Balsam (Gr. /3a\aafjoy, i. e. opobahamnm, Arab. balasan), the fragrant resin of the balsam-tree, possess- ing medicinal properties ; according to Pliny (xii, 54), indigenous only to Judaea, but known to Diodorus Sic. (iii, 46) as a product of Arabia also. In Palestine, praised by other writers also…
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Voyages, ii, 240 ; Robinson, ii, 291), but even by Jo- sephus (War, iv, 8, 3). We must admit, however, that the Hebrew name tseri seems to imply rather a resin trickling from some plant than a pressed oil, and that the arguments of Rosenmuller in favor of his statement, that the Mecca balsam is a mere perfume and not a…
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Ba'mah (Heb. Bamah', tltt, a height; Sept. \ lafia), an eminence or high-place, where the Jews worshipped their idols, occurs as a proper name, Ezek. xx, 29. In other passages it is usually translated "high place;" and in Ezek, xxxvi, 2, such spots arc termed 'ancient high places, "or ancient heights. See Bamoth. (In s…
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BAN G31 BAND Christ ; upon the divinity of tlic Holy Ghost ; upon the articles of the Christian faith, as comprehended in the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds. For the support of this lecture he bequeathed his lands and estates. The lecturer must have taken the degree of master of arts in Oxford or Cambridge, and must ne…
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Band, the representative of several Heb. and Gr. words, and in the N. T. especially of oiruQa, a cohort (q. v.). Band, a part of clerical dress, said to be. a relic of the ancient amice (q. v.). It belongs to the full dress of the bar and university in England. " In Scotland it distinguishes ordained ministers from li…
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His services to the missionary cause were perhaps the most important of all his vast and varied labors. He was one of the founders of the. Methodist Mission- ary Society ; he framed its original Constitution; he v rote its first " Circular Address" to the church. Dur- ing sixteen years prior to the organization of the …
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Bangs, Stephen Beekman, a prominent young Methodist preacher, son of the Rev. Heman Bangs, was born in New York in 1823. graduated at the N. Y. University in 1843, and was licensed to preach in the following year, joining the N. Y. Conference. His style of preaching excited strong anticipations of great usefulness, whi…
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See Si: I he - bank" or shore of a river or sea is designated by the ii,.,,. ter,„ rr,:, or rrns, gadah' or gidyah', and iphah', a Up, Bann. See Banns. Bannai'a « 2a/3awatoc v. r. Bavvaioc, Vulg. Ban- Ofthe "BOnSofAsom" that renounced their Gentile wives after the captivity i l Esdr.ix,33); ap- Banner, or Standard,…
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It was customary to give a defeated party a banner as a token of protection, and it was regarded as the surest pledge of fidelity. God's lifting or setting up a banner is a most expressive figure, and imports his pe- culiar presence, protection, and aid in leading and di- recting his people in the execution of his righ…
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BANQUET 636 BANQUET ment of the grandee in the p treble of the great supper (Luke xiv. 16 Bq.), where e ich of the guests is described as offering 1 1 the bearer of the express some frivolous for absence, was. bo far from being harsh and nnreasonable, as infidels have characterized it, fully warranted and most natur…
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In ancient Egypt, as in Persia, the tables were ranged along the sides of the room, and the guests were placed with their faces toward the walls. Per- sons of high official station were honored with a table apart for themselves at the head of the room; and in these particulars we trace an exact correspondence to the ar…
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BANQUET 638 BANQUET Ancient Assyrian Guests driuking a Toast. v, 6). See Rinck, De apparatu conv'vii regis Persa- rum (Regiom. 1755); Kohler, Observutt. (Lips. 17G3), p. 1 sq. The hands, for occasionally both were required, be- smeared with grease during the process of eating, were anciently cleaned by rubbing the…
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BANUAS C39 BAPTISM they called the "first water" and the "last water" (B^ibiO d?B and CJ^SiltlSjl &??); but washing the feet seems to have been limited to the case of a guest who was also a traveller. See Ablution. In religious banquets the wine was mixed, by rab- binical regulation, with three parts of water, and …
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(1.) The washing of an object by dipping it into water, or any other fluid, or quasi-fluid, for any purpose, what- ever: as fidizTitJov atavrbv tie QdXaoaav, "bathe yourself by going into the sea" (Plut. Mor. p. 166 A.) ; l3airTiZtti> rbv Aiuvvtrov irpbg ti)v QaXarrav (Ibid. p. 914). (2.) The plunging or sinking of an…
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(.;. i With specification ofth end or purpose for which tl,< baptism is effected. This is usually indicated by e«c: as Qam ovopa, Matt, xxviii, 19, and frequently; Iftairriafhiutv u'r Xpiar&v . . . tic rbv Rom. vi, 3, al. ; tic rbv Mwvarjv i/3ax- ria9qaav,l Cor. x, 3; u'r j'j. awfia ipairriaBnpev, xii, irrta9j)Tw iKae…
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5. Baptism for Moses.— In 1 Cor. x, 2, the apostle says of the Israelites, "And they all received bap- tism (' the middle voice is selected to express a recep- tive sense,' Meyer) for Moses (tig tuv Mojvai'iv ifiair- rieavTv) in (or by, iv) the cloud, and in (or by) the sea." In the Syr. ejc t. M. is translated "by the…
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3. Another type of, <r rather a rite analogous to, baptism was circumcision. Paul (Col. ii, 11) speaks of the Colossian Christians as having been circumcised with a circumcision made without hands, when they were buried with Christ in baptism, in which they were also raised again with him (tp ip TTipurj.ujPi]ri . . . .…
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4. " The washing of regeneration" (\ovrpov ttoXij- ytvtoiac) is a phrase naturally connected with the foregoing. It occurs Tit. iii, 5. All ancient and most modern commentators have interpreted it of baptism. Controversy has made some persons unwilling to ad- mit this interpretation ; but the question probably should b…
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But, if all this be true, as baptism is the initiatory Christian rite admitting us to the service of God and to the knowledge of Christ, it may not improbably have been called (pioTiapoc, and afterward Quraytoyia, as having reference, and as admitting to the mystery of the Gospel, and to Christ himself, who is the Mys-…
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•1. 1 (or. xii, 13: "For by one Spirit (or in one spirit, iv iri -I'si'/ion) we were all baptized into one body, whether Jews or Greeks, whether bond or free, ami wore all made to drink of one Spirit." The re- semblance of this passage to the last is very clear. In the old dispensation there was a marked division be- t…
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The Baptism of Jesus hij John (Matt, iii, 13; Mark i, 0 ; Luke iii, 21 ; comp. John i, 19), as the first act of Christ's public career, is one of the most important events recorded in the evangelical historv. We might BAPTISM C45 BAPTISM he apt to infer from Luke and Matthew that there had been an acquaintance betw…
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I. Design and Benefits of Baptism. — As to the design and benefits of baptism there are various views held. The principal are the following: 1. That it is a direct instrument of grace ; the application of water to the person by a properly qualified functionary being re- garded as the appointed vehicle by which God best…
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to g I- aid lo begin and maintain in them the war againsl inward and outward evil, so that they may be divinely assist* d, as reason strengthens, to make their calling and election Bure. in a word, it is, both as to infants and lo adults, the Blgn and pledge of that in- ward grace which, though modified in its operati…
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2. The Christian Church generally, on the other hand, denies that immersion is essential to the ordi- nance of baptism, and admits any of the three modes, sprinkling, pouring, or immersion. The Greek ( Ihurcb requires trine immersion in its rubrics, but in Russia baptism by sprinkling or affusion is regarded as equal- …
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(3). It is urged further against immersion that it carries with it too much of the appearance of a burden- some rite for the Gospel dispensation ; that it is too in- decent for so solemn an ordinance; that it has a ten- dency to agitate the spirits, often rendering the subject unfit for the exercise of proper thoughts …
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dren, and youth," etc. All turns here on the mean- ing attached by Irenasus to the word renasci; and this is clear from a passage (lib. iii, c. 19) in which he speaks of the Gospel commission. " When," says he, "[Christ] gave this commission of regenerating to Cod [renasci], he said, 'Go, teach all nations, baptizing t…
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(iii.) The Baptists reject infant baptism, and main- tain that the ordinance is only to be administered to persons making a profession of faith in Christ. The arguments by which they seek to maintain this view are substantially as follows, viz. : 1. The commission of Christ to the disciples (Mark xvi, 15, 16) fixes in…
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VIII. Ceremonies, Placet, and Times of Baptism. — 1. In the earlier ages of the Church there -were several peculiarities in the mode of baptism which have now fallen into disuse, except, perhaps, in the Eoman Cath- olic and Greek churches. Among these usages were trine immersion (i. e. dipping three times, once at the …
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BAPTISM 651 BAPTISM han't the holy Oil and the infused Chrism uith the water, and sprinkles it all over the font. Then he wipes his hand upon (what is termed') medulla panis ; and if any one is to be baptized, lie baptizes him as above. But if there is no one to be baptized, he is forthwith to wash his hands, and th…
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BAPTISM, LAY, baptism administered by uncr- ddntd persons. In ordinary practice, the Christian Church has always held that baptism should lie per- formed by ordained ministers (see above, Ministi rs of Bapt ism). Nevertheless, in case of necessity, baptism may be performed by any Christian, and is valid if performed ac…
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I. i Hshausen's interpretation is of a rather doubtful oh ir act r. The meaning of the passage he takes to be, that "all who are converted to the church arc b iptiz 'A for ih<> good of the dead, as it requires a cer- t till number ( Rom, xi, 12-25), a 'fulness' of believers, before the resurrection can take place. Ever…
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ton/lies like as of tire''' (Acts ii, 3). See PENTECOST; Iloi.v Ghost. It must be admitted, however, against this view, that ''fire" elsewhere is the symbol of ven- geance or destruction, and that in all the parallel pas- sages it has this import (see Kuinol in loc). It would therefore be more appropriate to understan…
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This view is, however, far from being shared by all Baptists. The leading Baptist Quarterly of America, The Christian tttview (Jan. 1855, p. 23), remarks as fol- lows : "We know of no assumption more arrogant, and more destitute of proper historic support, than that which claims to be able to trace the distinct and un-…
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i-l a borate, painstaking volumes to prove from the , tions generally expressed a desire to co-operate again Scriptures the divine origin and authority of the dis- with their Southern brethren in the fellowship of languishing principles of Baptists." Among the Bap- j Christian labor, but the}' demanded from the Souther…
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A. Denominational Literature. — a. Didactic. — Jesse Mercer, of Georgia (on Ordination; Church Authority; Lord's Supper) ; Andrew Broaddus, Va. (Church Dis- cipline) ; W. Crowell, 111. (Church Members' Manu- al); Warham Walker, N. Y. (Church Discipline); E. Savage (Church Discipline) ; J. L. Reynolds (Church Order) ; T…
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Though Regular Baptists accept of no authority other than the Bible for their faith and practice, yet nearly all of the societies have a confession of faith in pamphlet form for distribution among its members. The following form, generally known as the "New Hampshire Confession of Faith," is perhaps in mere general use…
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excludes boasting, and pr tes humility, love, prayer, praise, tru-t in God, and active imitation of his free mercy; that it encourages the use of means in the highest degree; that it may be ascertained by its effects in all who truly believe the Gospel; that it is the foundation of Christian assurance; and thai to asc…
915 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.