PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 1
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,247,856 words · 1227 reading sections
Section 241
Al'van (Heb. Alvan , "jtb?, tall; Sept. FaiXafi), the first named of the five sons of Shobal the Horite, of Mount Seir (Gen. xxxvi, 23) ; called less correctly Alian (Heb. Alyan, '^", Sept. TwXo/x) in the par- allel passage (1 Chron.V 40). B.C. cir. 1927. Alvarez of Cordova, (St.), was born at Cor- dova ; a scion of t…
911 wordsSECTION 242Section 242
AMAD 186 AMALEKITE known. His day in the Greek calendar is Nov. 26.— ' Josephus 'Afia\rjKirr]c, Auth. Vers, often " Amalek- Baillet Nov. 2G. ites"), the title of a powerful people who dwelt in A'mad (Heb. Amad', V-V, people of duration; \ Arabia Petrrca, between the Dead Sea and the Bed , ,;■ , '_.T: . -r. . I Se…
1,029 wordsSECTION 243Section 243
A , , !. /it i . 7 ;/ nVw« „ „ ~r„ 4. settlements on its southern borders to attack them at Amalek (Heb. Amalek , pWJ, according to _, ,.,. ^, , , T , .., , _ , , .,,,.' T ■ ,, rT Eeohidim. Moses commanded Joshua with a chosen Furst from the Arabic, dweller in a valley ■ Sept. 1)an(1 f() ;|U;u.k the Amalckit^ whilc …
1,104 wordsSECTION 244Section 244
Idumrea, and the desert of Sinai. — Van Iperen, Histor. Crit. Edom. et Amalecitar. (Leonard. 1768) ; Jour, of Sac. Lit. Apr. 1852, p. 89 sq. ; Noldeke, Ueber die Amulekiter. etc. (Gotting. 1863). See Canaanite. On the apparent discrepancy between Deut. i, 44 and Num. xiv, 45, see Amorite. Amalric of Bena, or of Chart…
1,058 wordsSECTION 245Section 245
Amaranthine (d/.tapdprivog, unfading), occurs in the original of 1 Pet. v, 4 (Auth. Vers. " that fadeth not away ;" comp. dfidpavrog, 1 Pet. i, 4, Auth. Vers, id.), where the apostle seems to allude to the fading sprig, or crown of laurel awarded to him who came off victorious in the Grecian games (q. v.). Hence the wo…
944 wordsSECTION 246Section 246
AMASAI 189 AMAZIAH feated, led David to offer him not only pardon, but the command of the army in the room of his cousin Joab (2 Sam. xix, 13), whose overbearing conduct had become intolerable to him, and to whom he could not entirely forgive the death of Absalom (q. v.). B.C. cir. 1023. But on the breaking out of S…
944 wordsSECTION 247Section 247
Amathus (A/iaSoiV, -ovvroc, also r« 'A/ia3«), a strongly-fortified town beyond the Jordan, which Eu- sebius and Jerome (Onomasf. s. v. iEtham) place twen- ty-one Roman miles south of Pella. It was taken by Alexander Jannasus (Josephus, War, i, 4, 3; Ant. xiii, 13, 3), and its importance is shown by the fact that Gabini…
1,107 wordsSECTION 248Section 248
3. The priest of the golden calves at Bethel, who, in the time of Jeroboam II. complained to the king of Amos's prophecies of coming evil, and urged the prophet himself to withdraw into the kingdom of Ju- dah and prophesy there ; for which he was threatened with severe family degradation in the approaching captivitv o…
1,004 wordsSECTION 249Section 249
Amber (Heb.^':Jn,c£a^??;ar,Ezek.i,4,27; viii, 2) is a yellow or straw-colored gummy substance, originally a vegetable production, but reckoned to the mineral kingdom. It is found in lumps in the sea and on the shores of Prussia, Sicily, Turkey, etc. Ex- ternally it is rough ; it is very transparent, and on be- ing rubb…
805 wordsSECTION 250Section 250
in vain, and he was at last constrained to yield (A.D. 374). He was yet only a catechumen ; he had then to be baptized, and on the eighth day after he was consecrated bishop. He devoted himself to his work with unexampled zeal ; gave all his property to the Church and poor, and adopted an ascetic mode of life. He oppos…
1,208 wordsSECTION 251Section 251
torum, etc Ampl. Collectio, of the latter. — Lan- don, Eccl. Diet, i, 306 ; Hoefer, Biog. Generate, ii, 343. Ambrose, Autpert, a French Benedictine monk, and abbot of St. Vincent de Voltorne, about 760, in the time of Pope Paul, and Desiderius, king of the Lom- bards, as he himself tells us. He died July 19, 778. He …
935 wordsSECTION 252Section 252
His death was very tragical. In 1771 the pestilence raged in Moscow with extraordinary fury, and carried off, it is reported, nearly one hundred thousand people. The people, attributing a miraculous healing power to a sacred image of the Virgin (called "the Iberian"), the whole population of the city crowded around the…
1,116 wordsSECTION 253Section 253
(II.) In the public worship of the primitive churches it was customary for the assembly at large to say Amen at the close of the prayer; a custom derived from apostolic times (1 Cor. xiv, 16). Several of the fathers refer to it. Jerome says that in his time, at the conclusion of public prayer, the united voice of the p…
986 wordsSECTION 254Section 254
II. Religious statistics. — The "National Almanac" AMERICA 195 10NG/TUDE WEST FROM C/tEENW/CH Map of North America. for 186-1 (p. 538), gives the following table on the re- ligious statistics of America: Population! P-testants. Catholics. Christians. Kussian America. British America. . United States 54,400 4…
1,042 wordsSECTION 255Section 255
American Baptist Missionary Union. See Missions (Baptist). American Baptist Publication Society. See Baptists. American Bible Society. See Bible So- cieties. American Bible Union. See Bible Socie- ties. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. See Missions (American Board). American Home Mission Socie…
1,312 wordsSECTION 256Section 256
A'mi (Heb. Ami', i»st, prob. a corrupted form of the name Aman; Sept. 'H/uQ, the chief of a family that, returned from Babylon (Ezra ii, 57); more prop- erly called Amon (q. v.) in the parallel passage (Neh. vii, 59). Amianthus (Aptavroe, unstained, i. e. by sin ; Heb. vii. ;:, "undented," and so tropically, Jas. i, 2…
1,331 wordsSECTION 257Section 257
Ammid'ioi [some editions corruptly Ammidior] Chufiiciioi v. r. 'Appica7oi), one of the persons whose descendants (or rather places whose inhabitants) are said to have returned from the captivity (1 Esdr. v, 20) ; but the name is apparently an interpolation, or at least inextricably confused, as nothing correspond- ing…
973 wordsSECTION 258Section 258
Ammon, Jupiter. See Amos. Ammon, Christopher Frederick, a German theologian, born at Bayrcuth, January 16, 1766. He became, in 1789, professor of philosophy in Erlan- gen ; in 1792, professor of theology at the same uni- versity; in 1794, professor of theology at Gottingen. In 1804 he was called back to Erlangen, and …
1,005 wordsSECTION 259Section 259
Unlike Moab, the precise position of the territory of the Ammonites is not ascertainable. They origi- nally occupied a tract of country (sometimes called Ammonitis, 'Afipavlnc., 2 Maco. iv, 26; comp. Joseph. Ant. v, 7, 9; xi, 2, 1) east of the Amorites, and sepa- rated from the Moabites by the river Arnon, and from Bas…
1,114 wordsSECTION 260Section 260
The tribe was governed by a king (Judg xi, 12, etc. ; 1 Sam. xii, 12; 2 Sam. x, 1; Jer. xl, 14) and I by "princes," D^lb (2 Sam. x, 3; 1 Chron. xix, 3). 1 Their national idol was Molech or Milcom (see Jouv. i Sac. Lit. 1852, p. 365 sq.), whose worship was intro- duced among the Israelites by the Ammonitish wives of …
935 wordsSECTION 261Section 261
Amomitm (ufiwfiov). This word is only found in Rev. xviii, 13 (between "cinnamon" and "odors"), and is even there omitted in the received text. It de- noted an odoriferous plant or seed, used in preparing precious ointment. It probably differed from the mod- ern amomum of the druggists (Pinny Cyclopaedia, s. v.), tint …
986 wordsSECTION 262Section 262
4. (Sept. 'H/xti/i v. r. 'Bfjui/i.) The head or ances- tor of one of the families of the Ncthinin that returned from Babylon (Neh. vii, 59) ; called Ami in Ezra ii, 57. B.C. ante 536. Am'orite (Heb. Emori' , ^bX, Sept. 'A^oppai- oc), the designation of the descendants of one of the sons of Canaan (Gen. x, 16, in like …
997 wordsSECTION 263Section 263
A discrepancy has been supposed to exist between Deut. i, 44, and Num. xiv, 45, since in the former the Amorites are said to have attacked the Israelites, and in the latter the Amalekites ; the obvious explanation is, that both terms are used synonymously for the "Canaanites" named in the same connection. Thus the Gibe…
900 wordsSECTION 264Section 264
Critica, Augsburg, 1761, 4to). Among his numerous other works are a manual of theology in four volumes (Theologia eclectica, moralis et scholastica, Augsb. 1751), ind a defence of the Roman Catholic Church (Demon- stratio critica Religionis Catholicce, Augsb. 1751). See Hoefer, Biographic, Generate, ii, 393 ; Wetzer an…
702 wordsSECTION 265Section 265
Jeroboam's death. Amos speaks of the conquests of this warlike king as completed (vi, 13 ; comp. 2 Kings xiv, 25) ; on the other hand the Assyrians, who toward the end of his reign were approaching Palestine (Hos. x, G ; xi, 5), do not seem as yet to have caused any alarm in the country. Amos predicts, indeed, that Isr…
981 wordsSECTION 266Section 266
Special exegetical works on the book of Amos are the following, of which the most important are desig- nated by an asterisk [*] prefixed: Ephraem Syrus, Explanatio (in Opp. v, 255); *Kimchi, Commentaiius (in Hebr. ed. Minister, Basil, 1531, 8vo); Luther, En- arratio (in Opp. iii, 513) ; Brent, Commentarius (in Ojp. iv)…
927 wordsSECTION 267Section 267
Amphip'olis (' A//0t7ro\<c, city on both sides), a city of Macedonia, through which Saul and Silas passed on their way from Philippi to Thessalonica (Acts xvii, 1 ; see Conybeare and Howson, Life of Paid, i, 318 sq.). It was distant 33 Eoman miles from Philippi (/tin. Anton, p. 320). It was situated along the Eg- natia…
957 wordsSECTION 268Section 268
Amsdorf, Nicolas, born near Wurtzen, in Mis- nia, Dec. 3, 1483, was a celebrated disciple and warm supporter of Luther. Educated at Leipsic and Witten- berg, he became licentiate of theology in 1511, and ac- companied Luther in 1519 to the Leipsic disputation, and in 1521 to Worms. He was greatly instrumental in introd…
927 wordsSECTION 269Section 269
AMULET 20S AMULET nil tfjO tory. " There was hardly any people in the whole world," says Lightfoot (Hor. Ilebr. ad Matt, xxiv, 24), "that more used or were more fond of amulets, charms, mutterings, exorcisms, and all kinds of en- chantments. . . . The amulets were either little roots hung about the neck of sick per…
1,138 wordsSECTION 270Section 270
AMYOT 209 AMYRAUT fficted with pains in the head, let us not run to en- chanters and fortune-tellers, and remedies of vanity. I mourn for you, my brethren ; for I daily find these things done. And what shall I do ? I cannot yet persuade Christians to put their only trust in Christ. With what face can a soul go unto …
1,380 wordsSECTION 271Section 271
AMZI 210 ANABAPTISTS ler's Jahrb. 1852, p. 41, 155; Ebrard. Christliche Dog- matil; § 43; Smith's Hagenbach, Hist, of Doctrines, § 225 a ; Gass, Geschichte der Protest. Dogmatik, ii, 328 sq. ; Cunningham, Hist. Theol. ii, 324 sq. ; Watson, Jnsts. ii, 411. See Baxtek; Camerox. Am'zi (Heb. Amtsi', "^"SX, strong), the…
986 wordsSECTION 272Section 272
' prophetic office by Bochhold and Knipperdolling. The churches were destroyed, and twelve judges were set over the tribes, as in Israel; but even this form of government was soon abolished, and Bochhold, under the name of John of Leyden, raised himself to the dig- nity of king of New Zion (so the Anabaptists of Miin- …
1,004 wordsSECTION 273Section 273
Anachorets or Anchorets (avaxopew, *° sepa- rate, to retire, to withdrmc), monks, so called from their retiring from society, and living privately in cells. AVhen the ascetics withdrew to the lonely and remote districts of the Egyptian desert, they assumed particular appellations, expressive of their solitary I mode o…
983 wordsSECTION 274Section 274
Anagogical (avayw, to lead or bring up), in the older writers on interpretation, is one of the four senses of Scripture, viz. the literal, allegorical, anagogical, and tropical. The anagogical sense is when the sa- cred text is explained with regard to eternal life ; for example, the rest of the Sabbath, in the anagogi…
902 wordsSECTION 275Section 275
Art'akim (Heb. Analim', O^pSS, Deut. ii, 10, 11, 21; Josh, xi, 21, 22; xiv, 12, 15; also called sons of Anal; p3S 1351, Num. xiii, 33; piSri 132, Josh, xv, 14; children of Anah, p3STl iYV3"i, Num. xiii, 22; Josh, xv, 14; sons of the Analim, t^pSS 132, Deut. ix, 2; Sept. 'Evaai/j. i'ioi "Evan, yiviai 'Evdic, ytvta 'EvaK…
958 wordsSECTION 276Section 276
we search the Scriptures for their testimony concern- ing Christ, if, independently of these Scriptures, we have received a testimony from another quarter, and are determined to admit nothing as the testimony of Scripture which will not perfectly quadrate with that formerly received. This was the very source of the bli…
1,092 wordsSECTION 277Section 277
Aii'aimm (Heb. Anamim', t"1"^:", signif. un- known ; Sept. 'EvffttTtdfi v. r. AiVf^mti'/i, in Chron. 'Ava/xieift, Vulg. Anamim), the name of some Egyp- tian tribe, descended from Mizraim (Gen. x, 13; 1 Chron. i, 11). Some compare the city Anem (q. v.) in Palestine (Josh, xv, 34) as having possibly been settled by an Eg…
916 wordsSECTION 278Section 278
4. One of the priests who stood at the right hand ANANIAS 215 ANANIAS of Ezra while reading the law (1 Esdr. ix, 43) ; the Anaiah (q. v.) of the genuine text (Neh. viii, 4). 5. One of the Levites who aided Ezra in expound- ing the law (1 Esdr. ix, 48) ; the Hanan (q. v.) of the true text (Neh. viii, 7). 6. A pers…
1,001 wordsSECTION 279Section 279
12. A Christian of Damascus (Acts ix, 10; xxii, 12), held in high repute, to whom the Lord appeared : in a vision, and bade him proceed to " the street which j is called Straight, and inquire in the house of Judas for one called Saul of Tarsus ; for, behold, he praycth." | Ananias had difficulty in giving credence to …
965 wordsSECTION 280Section 280
2. Son of the preceding, high-priest three months, A.D. 02, by appointment of Agrippa (Josephus, Ant. xx, 9, 1). He was a man extremely bold and enter- prising, of the sect of the Sadducees ; who, thinking it a favorable opportunity, after the death of Festus, governor of Judaea, and before the arrival of Albums, his s…
935 wordsSECTION 281Section 281
Anastasius, St., surnamed Astiuc, the apostle of Hungary, born in 954, died Sept. 10, 1044. He en- tered the Benedictine order at Rouen, France. Sub- sequently he went to Bohemia with Adalbert, bishop of Prague, by whom he was made abbot of Brau- nau. When Adalbert had to flee from Bohemia, Astric left with him. He fou…
1,283 wordsSECTION 282Section 282
ANATHEMA 21S ANATHEMA although doubtless the instances already referred to (Num. xxi, 2 ; Josh, vi, 17) show how a vow was oc- casionally superadded to the command. It may be further noticed that the degree to which the work of destruction was carried out varied. Thus it applied to the destruction of (1) men alone (…
1,091 wordsSECTION 283Section 283
II. But, whatever diversity of opinion there may be as to the degrees of excommunication, it is on all hands admitted that the term i2*?H, with which we are more particularly concerned as the equivalent of the Greek dvdOt/ia, properly denotes, in its rabbinical use, an excommunication accompanied with the most severe c…
985 wordsSECTION 284Section 284
certain that it obtained this meaning in the early ages of the Church; for it is thus employed in the apostolic canons, in the canons of various councils, by Chrysos- tom, Theodoret, and other Greek fathers (Suiceri The- saurus Eccl. s. vv. dvdQtfia and aQopiopoe.). — Kitto, s. v. See Excommunication. III. Anathema, i…
914 wordsSECTION 285Section 285
Its inhabitants were sometimes called Anathoth- ites (Annethothi' ', ^f\riS3>, " Anethothite," 2 Sam. xxiii, 27 ; or Anthothi' ', "Vr?", " Antothite," 1 Chron. xi, 28.; " Anetothite, xxvii, 12). See Axtothite. 2. The eighth named of the nine sons of Becher, the son of Benjamin (1 Chron. vii, 8). B.C. post 185G. 3. On…
948 wordsSECTION 286Section 286
ANCILLON 221 ANDREA of his varied learning is to be obtained from the work entitled "Melanges Critiques ele Littirature, recueilli eles Conversations de feu M. Aneillon." published at Basle in 1698 h\ his son Charles, who was a man of literary distinction (see Haag, La France Protestante, i, 80; Bayle, Diet. s. v.).…
974 wordsSECTION 287Section 287
Andrade, Diogo Payva d', a Portuguese theo- logian, was born at Coimbra in 1528, and became grand treasurer of King John. He distinguished him- self at the Council of Trent, concerning which he wrote Qucesiionuni Orthodoxarum libri x, against Chemnitz Examen Cone. Triel. (Venice, 1 564, 4to) ; also Defensio Fielei Trid…
970 wordsSECTION 288Section 288
Andreas Cbetensis {Andrew of Crete), so called because he was archbishop of that island. Born at Damascus about 035, he embraced the monastic state at Jerusalem, for which reason he is sometimes styled Ilierosolymitamis. lie was a vehement antagonist of the Monothelites, was ordained deacon at Constanti- nople, and sho…
1,362 wordsSECTION 289Section 289
An apocryphal book, bearing the title of "The Acts of Andrew," is mentioned by Eusebius (iii, 25), Epi- phanius (Her. xlvi, 1 ; lxiii, 1), and others. It seems never to have been received except by some heretical sects, as the Encratites, Origenians, etc. (Fabric. Cod. Apocryph. ii, 747 ; Kleuker, Ueb. die Apocr. d. N.…
1,102 wordsSECTION 290Section 290
Andrews, Elisha, a Baptist minister, was born at Middletown, Conn., Sept. 29, 1768. He was con- verted at an early age, and soon resolved to become a Baptist minister. His opportunities of education were limited, but he made the most of them, and was occu- pied as a teacher and survej'or, with occasional at- tempts at …
925 wordsSECTION 291Section 291
Androni'cus ('AvSpovucoc, man-conquering), the name (frequent among the Greeks) of several men in Scripture history. j 1. An officer left as viceroy ((•(offvu/itj-oc, - Mace, iv, 31) in Antioch by Antiochus Epiphanes during his absence (B.C. 171). Menelaus availed himself of the I opportunity to secure his good offices…
1,134 wordsSECTION 292Section 292
Angel (dyytXoc, used in the Sept. and New Test, for the Hebrew ™><b^, nialak'), a word signifying both in Hebrew and Greek a messenger (q. v.), and therefore used to denote whatever God employs to execute his purposes, or to manifest his presence or his power ; hence often with the addition of FliiT* Jehovah, or E^fl'S…
959 wordsSECTION 293Section 293
I. Their Existence and Orders. — In the Scriptures we have frequent notices of spiritual intelligences ex- isting in another state of being, and constituting a ce- lestial family or hierarchy, over which Jehovah pre- sides. The Bible does not, however, treat of this mat- ter professedly and as a doctrine of religion, b…
961 wordsSECTION 294Section 294
ANGEL 227 ANGEL (Psa. viii, 5 ; xcvii, 7), applied to them, are also given to men (see Luke iii, 38 ; Psa. lxxxii, G, and comp. our Lord's application of this last passage in John x, 34—37), points in the same way to a difference only of degree and an identity of kind between the human and the angelic nature. The an…
1,100 wordsSECTION 295Section 295
That they are of superhuman intelligence is implied in Mark xiii, 32 : " But of that day and hour knoweth no man, not even the angels in heaven." That their power is great may be gathered from such expressions as "mighty angels" (2 Thess. i, 7); "angels, power- ful in strength" (Psa. ciii, 20); " angels who are great- …
1,043 wordsSECTION 296Section 296
(5.) The Incarnation marks a new epoch of angelic ministration. " The Angel of Jehovah," the Lord of all created angels, having now descended from heaven to earth, it was natural that His servants should con- tinue to do Him service here. Whether to predict and glorify Ilis birth itself (Matt, i, 20; Luke i, ii), to m…
1,177 wordsSECTION 297Section 297
On the worship of angels, as practised in the Roman Church, treatises exist in Latin by the following au- thors: ^Epinus (Rost. 1757); Beciimann (Jen. 1001); Clotz (Rost. 1636); Osiander (Tubing. 1670); Pfef- finger (Argent. 1708, Helmst. 1731); Reusch (Helmst. 1739); Schultze (Lips. 1703); Quistorp (Gryph. 1770); Thom…
988 wordsSECTION 298Section 298
ANGER 230 ANGLING ttma Eccleske et de Homme 2>eccat!, scilicet Antlchristo (London, 1624, 4to).— Wood, Atken. Oxon. vol. i ; Gen- tian m's Mag. lxiv, 785 ; Hoefer, Biog. Generate, ii, G51. Anger (usually TX, aph, dp-/))'), the emotion of in- stant displeasure, which arises from the feeling of in- jury done, or the …
930 wordsSECTION 299Section 299
Angilram, bishop of Metz from 768 to 791, also abbot of the monaster}- Senones, and arch-chaplain of Charlemagne. After 789 he bore the title archbishop as a personal distinction. His name is celebrated in the history of the Canon Law by a collection of laws respecting legal proceedings against bishops, called Capitula…
901 wordsSECTION 300Section 300
does not appear to have been known ("Wilkinson's A iir. Egyptians, iii, 54). The fish caught in the lake of Tiberias were, some time since, taken exclusively with the rod and line, in the absence of boats upon that water; and probably this is the case still. An *y y o/H ey v» instance of this occurs in -** .. th…
913 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.