PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 1
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,247,856 words · 1227 reading sections
Section 481
I. Ancient Architecture. — This period extends from the earliest times to about the time of Constantine the Great, when Christianity took the place of Paganism as the controlling spirit in architecture. 1. Egyptian. — The earliest authenticated monu- ments of architecture are to be found in Egypt, where were developed…
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The villas of the Egyptians were of great extent, and contained spacious gardens watered by canals communicating with the Nile. The house itself was sometimes ornamented with propylsea and obelisks, like, the temples; it is even possible that part of the building may have been consecrated to religious pur- poses, as th…
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Entirely independent of foreign sources, yet resem- bling the Indo-Chinese styles in its forms, is the Mex- ican style, especially in ils temples (Theoealles), whose form is pyramidal, and of which remarkable remains are yet to be found in Testchuakan, Papantla, Eholu- la, etc. 4. Grecian and Roman.— Greek architectur…
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5. Jewish. — (1.) Sources of Imitation. — "It was once common to claim for the Hebrews the invention of scientific architecture, and to allege that classical antiquity was indebted to the Temple of Solomon for the principles and many of the details of the art. It may here suffice to remark that temples previously exist…
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The peaceful reign and vast wealth of Solomon gaA'e great impulse to architecture; for besides the Temple and his other great works at and near Jerusalem, he built fortresses and cities in various places, among which the names and sites of Baalath and Tadmor are usually thought to be represented by the more modern supe…
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2. The Byzantine was the earliest branching off from the basilican style. It had its rise in Constantinople, and was the fruitful parent of nearly all the later styles of Christian and Mohammedan architecture. Its finest example was the Church of St. Sophia, re- built by Justinian (A.D. 538), which has the most perfect…
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5. The Gothic. — The round- arch or Romanesque style has given the Christian temple its almost complete plan, as far as concerns the disposition of the aisles, altar, choir, etc. The pointed arch began first in France and Normandy to sup- plant the round arch. The prog- ress of this new feature was then gradual and flu…
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Christian architects from the church itself. These, permeated with the true Christian feeling, knowing the wants of the church, and cultivated in all the re- quired departments of science and art, will be able to give an architecture suited to the wants of the present age. To accomplish this is needed the establishment…
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Archpresbyter or Archpriest, the head of the priests, as the archdeacon was originally head of the deacons. Anciently, the minister next in order to the bishop. Generally the senior priest of the diocese bore this title, but Thomassin shows that the bishops fre- quently chose the ablest and not the senior priest as arc…
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ARCUDIUS 382 AREOPAGUS tens {Comment, in loc.) derives the Heb. -word from an Aral iic term signifying the night-watcher, because Ursa Major never sets ; while Kimchi refers it to the Heb. i"', in the sense of a collection of stars; and Lnd. de Dieu compares the Ethiopic name of the con- stellation Pisces; but the e…
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.-'"5 ATHENS \ -" Trispyrgi Seal! ofJ!:le^ AREOPAGUS 383 AREOPAGUS south of the Areopagus, in the valley tying between this hill and those of the Acropolis, the Pnyx, and the Museum. Attracting more and more attention, " cer- tain philosophers of the Epicureans and Stoics" brought him up from the valley, probably…
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The court of Areopagus was one of the oldest and most honored, not only in Athens, but in the whole of Greece, and indeed in the ancient world. Through a long succession of centuries it preserved its existence amid changes corresponding with those which the state underwent, till at least the age of the Ctesars (Tacitus…
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(5.) Not less influential was its moral and educa- tional power. Isocrates speaks of the care which it took of good manners and good order (t)]q tvKoaplae, evraZiao). Quintilian relates that the Areopagus condemned a boy for plucking out the eyes of a quail ■ — a sentence which has been both misunderstood and misrepres…
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Supposed Coin of Aretas III, with a similar Legend to the foregoing. another coin extant inscribed ^iKiWrjvoc, i. e. lover of the Greeks (Eckhel, Doctr. Num. iii, 330), that may have belonged to this Aretas. — Kitto, s. v. It has been supposed by man}' that it was at the above juncture that Aretas took possession of …
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Are'us, a king of the Lacedaemonians, whose let- ter to the high-priest Onias is given in 1 Mace, xii, 20 sq. He is so called in the A. V. in ver. 20 and in the margin of ver. 7 ; but Oniares in ver. 19, and so in the Greek text 'Oriapijg (v. r. 'OviapiQ, 'Ore iapt]c) in ver. 20, and Darius (Aapt Tor) in ver. 7 : there…
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Argentre, Charles du Plessis r>', bishop of Tulle, was born in the Castle du Plessis, near Vitre, May 10, 1673, and died Oct. 27, 1740. In 1699 he was appointed by Louis XIV to the abbey of St. Cr.iix de Guingamp, and in 1700 he became a doctor of the Sor- bonne. In 1705 he attended the General Assembly of the clergy o…
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2. (Sept. 'Aoyo/3.) A subaltern or ally of Pekahiah (B.C. 757), as appears from 2 Kings xv, 25, where we read that Pekah conspired against Pekahiah, king of Israel, " and smote him in Samaria, in the palace of the king's house, with Argob and Arieh." In giving this version, some think our translators have mistaken the …
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ARIANISM 3S9 ARIANISM sion was conveyed to all the foreign bishops by cir- 1 sebius of Nicomedia*, and other favorers of Arius, by culars sent by Alexander himself (A.D. 321). Arius which an epistle was written to "all bishops," ex- retired to Palestine, where by his eloquence and tal- I horting them to hold fellows…
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The gist of the question to be settled by the Coun- cil of Nice lay in the summary argument of Arius : "The Father is a Father; the Son is a Son; there- fore the Father must have existed before the Son ; therefore once the Son was not; therefore he was made, like all creatures, of a substance that had not previously ex…
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course originated with Eusebius of Nicomedia, its ad- herents were called Fusebians. The Council of Anti- och deposed Athanasius, who went to Rome, and was fully recognized as orthodox by the Synod of Fome, A.D. 342. Another Arian council met at Antioch, A.D. 345, and drew up what was called the long Creed {j.iaKp6arL\…
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"Various causes had contributed, since the death of Constantius, to increase in the East the number of ad- herents to the Nicene Creed. The majority of the Orientals, who held fast by the emanation of the Son from the Father, were naturally averse to strict Arian- ism ; while the Nicene decrees were naturally allied to…
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ARIANISM 392 ART AN ISM the Vandal empire through Belisarius in 534. The Suevi of Spain became Arians about the middle of the fifth century, probably in consequence of their con- nection with the Visigoths ; they went over to the Catholic Church in 558, under Theodemir. The Bur- gundians, who came to Gaul as pagans …
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ARIANISM 393 ARIAS ing themselves upon it ; they make the. Son of God j a creature ! not they; God forbid." The Arian con- troversy commenced about the same time among the Dissenters, and raged as fiercely and more destruc- tivelv anions them than in the Church of England. It began in the west of England with James …
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Loin (probably) of Ariarathes V. two, lover of his father), who reigned B.C. 163-130, called Mithridatcs before his accession (Diod. xxxi, or vol. x, p. 25, ed. Bip.), who was supported by Attalus II in his contest with the pretendent to the throne, Holofernes or Orophernes (Polyb. iii, 5; xxxii, 20; Appian, Syr. 47 ;…
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A'rim. Sec Kirjath-arim. Arimathee'a (' IpifiaSaia, from the Heb. Rama- thaim, with the art, prefixed), the birth-place of the wealthy Joseph, in whose sepulchre our Lord was laid (Matt, xxvii, 67; John xix, 38). Luke (xxiii, 51) calls it " a city of the Jews ;" which may be explain- ed by 1 Mace, xi, 34, where King D…
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Arindela (ru 'Apivfa\\a), an episcopal city of the Third Palestine of considerable importance, noticed in the early ecclesiastical lists (Reland, Pattest, p. 533, 581); identified by Dr. Robinson {Researches, ii, 406) with the site Ghurundel, near the south-east corner of the Dead Sea,"consisting of considerable ruins …
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ARISTOBULUS 396 ARISTOBULUS lulo Judceo, Lugd. Bat. 180G) ; and Valckenaer's ar- guments are now generally considered conclusive (Gfrorer, Philo, ii, 71 sq. ; Diihne, Jud. Alex. Relig.- Philos. ii, 73 sq. ; Ewald, Gesch. des Volkes Jsr. iv, 294 n.) The object of Aristobulus was to prove that the peripatetic doctrine…
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5. One of the sons of Herod the Great by Mariamne, and sent with his brother Alexander to Rome, where they were educated in the house of Pollio (Josephus, Ant. xv, 10, 1). On their return to Judaaa, the sus- picions of Herod were excited against them by their brother Antipatcr (q. v.), aided by Pheroras and their aunt …
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The influence of the philosophic system of Aristotle on the intellectual development of the human race has been more extensive and more lasting than that of any other philosopher except Plato. This supremacy is to be ascribed (1) to his method, which not only re stricted the range of human observation and thought, but …
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In order to classify facts, and to arrive at the uni- versal from the particular, we must reason ; and the theory of reasoning is logic, which, according to Aris- totle, is the organon or instrument of all science, quoad formam. In this field the pre-eminence of Aristotle is indisputable ; he may, indeed, be said to ha…
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Practical philosophy, according to Aristotle, includes ethics, the laws of the individual moral life ; ceconom- ics, those of the family ; and politics, those of man in the state. His "inquiry starts from the conception of a sovereign good and final end. The final end (rs- Xor) is happiness (evScu/iovia, iinrpaZia), wh…
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A very full account of Aristotle's writings and of his system (from the Hegelian point of view), by Prof. Stahr, is given in Smith, Diet, of Gr. and Roman Biog. etc., vol. i. For an excellent sketch of the Lift of Aristotle, by Prof. Park, see Bibliothcca Sacra, vol. i. The literature of the subject is copiously given …
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the water, of whatever description. The identity of the name with that of the wicker basket in which Mo- ses was exposed on the Nile has led some to suppose that the ark of Noah was also of wicker-work, cr rather was wattled and smeared over with bitumen (Auth. Vers, "pitch," Gen. vi, 14). This is not impossible, seein…
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the Relation between the Hob/ Scriptures and some Parts of Geological Science, p. 135). Nor do these numbers form the only difficulty ; for, as the same writer ob- serves : "All land animals have their geographical regions, to which their constitutional natures are con- genial, and many could not live in any other situ…
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Druidical Altar?. form of a chest or house, were intended as memorials of the ark. The curious subject of Arkite worship is especially illustrated by the two famous medals of Apamea. There were six cities of this name, of which the most celebrated was that of Syria ; next to it in importance was the one in Phr}'gia, c…
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This ark was the most sacred object among the Is- raelites ; it was deposited in the innermost and holiest part of the tabernacle, called "the holy of holies" (and afterward in the corresponding apartment of the Temple), where it stood so that one end of each of the poles by which it was carried (which were drawn out s…
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utensils, but never name the ark, seems conclusive on the subject. But, notwithstanding this weight of* testi- mony, there are writers, such as Prideaux (Connection, i, 207), who contend that the Jews could not properly carry on their worship without an ark, and that if the original ark was not recovered after the Capt…
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holy spot ofthe whole saint nary, it tended to exclude any idol from the centre Of worship. And Jeremiah (iii, 16) look, forward to the time when even the ark should be "no more remembered" as the climax of spiritualized religion apparently in Messianic times. It was also the support ofthe mercy-seat, materially symb…
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Arm (usually Silt, zero' a, /?p«x<un<) is frequently used in Scripture in a metaphorical sense to denote power. Hence, to " break the arm" is to diminish or to destroy the power (Psa. x, 15 ; Ezek. xxx, 21 ; Jer. xlviii, 25). It is also employed to denote the infinite power of God (Psa. lxxxix, 13 ; xlviii, 2 • Isa. li…
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2. Minni, "'SB, is mentioned in Jer. Ii, 27, along with Ararat and Ashkenaz, as a kingdom called to arm itself against Babylon. The name is by some taken for a contraction of " Armenia," and the Chald. in the text in Jeremiah has Hurmini (ilHja'lli"!). There appears a trace of the name Minni in a passage quoted by Jose…
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The boundaries of Armenia (lat. 37—12°) may be described (Strabo, xi, 526) generally as the southern range of the Caucasus on the north, and the Moschian branch of the Taurus on the south ; but in all direc- tions, and especially to the east and west, the limits have been very fluctuating (Kennell, Geogr. Herod, i, 369…
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Christianity was first established in Armenia in the fourth century ; the Armenian Church (q. v.) has a close affinity to the Greek Church in its forms and polity ; it is described by the American missionaries who are settled in the country as in a state of great corruption and debasement. The total number of the Armen…
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treaty of Unkiar Skelessi (1828) a large portion of Upper Armenia was ceded to the Czar, and thus also the head of the Church, the catholicos of Eschmiazin, became a subject of Russia. The attempts of the Russian government to induce the Armenians to en- ter into a union with the Russian Church have failed. In Turkey t…
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as in Roman Catholic countries. Minor feasts are even more numerous than the days in the year. The Church services are performed in the ancient tongue, not now understood by the common people, and in a manner altogether perfunctory and painful to an en- lightened mind. " There are nine different grades of clergy, each…
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A Protestant mission was established among the Armenians by the American Board in 1830, after the way had been previously prepared by the conversion of three Armenian priests (two of whom were bishops) by tlf American missionaries of Syria, and by the fa- mous school of Pestitimalyan, a man conversant not only wiili Ar…
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Armenian Language. The ancient Armenian or Haikan language (now dead), notwithstanding the great antiquity of the nation to which it belongs, pos- sesses no literary documents prior to the fifth century of the Christian sera. The translation of the Bible, begun by Mesrob (q. v.) in the year 410, is the earliest monumen…
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In the Old Testament this version adheres exceed- ingly closely to the Septuagint (but in the book of Daniel has followed the version of Theodotion). Its most striking characteristic is, that it does not follow any known recension of the Sept. Although it more often agrees with the Alexandrine text, in readings which a…
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I. Life of Arminius and the Controversy in his tine. —The following sketch, so far as the facts of the life of Arminius is concerned, is modified from the Bio- graphical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. James Arminius (Lat. Jacobus Arminius; Dutch, Jacob Hermanson or Van Herman) was bor…
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fute. Meanwhile, on the lGth of September, 1590, he married Elizabeth Reael, daughter of Laurent Reael, a judge and senator of Amsterdam. In the course of his sermons at Amsterdam, Arminius commenced an exposition of Paul's Epistle to the Romans, in which some of the new views which he had adopted found expression. In …
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Arminius was one of the most learned men of a learned age. His natural faculties were singularly acute; his mind was at once inquisitive and profound; and his industry in study equalled his capacity. As a preacher he was exceedingly popular; in sweetness of voice, ardor of manner, and finish of style, he was distinguis…
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The views of Arminius on the points of predestina- tion and grace are presented in the following articles, drawn up almost entirely in words which may be found in his writings : (1.) God, hy an eternal and immuta- ble decree, ordained in Jesus Christ, his Son, before the foundation of the world, to save in Christ, beca…
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The earliest authority for the life of Arminius is Pe- j trus Bertius, De Vita et Obitu J. Arminii Oralio. The I fullest account is given by Caspar Brandt, Jlistoria | Vita J. Arminii (Amst. 1724, 8vo), a posthumous work, edited by Gerhard Brandt, son of Caspar. It was re- published, with a preface and notes, by Moshei…
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2. In*1621, Episcopius, at the request of the leading Remonstrants, drew up a formula of faith under the. title Confessio seu declaratio sententue pastorum qui in Feed. Belg. Remonstrantes vocantur (Episc. Opp. ii, 69), in 25 chapters, which was widely circulated. A cen- sura of this confession was published by Polyand…
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I in English. Its system is the same as that of the or- thodox Protestant churches in general, except so far as the question of predestination and the points con- nected with it are concerned. "As some heterodox \ writers have called themselves Arminians, and as the true theory of Arminianism has been often grossly mal…
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"Augustine was commissioned for another work. The church, in the centuries antecedent to his appear- ance, had vaguely believed in the depravity and help- lessness of human nature ; but Augustine was raised up to explain with clearness, and to maintain, and to bring forth in suitable prominence, the great doctrine of t…
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Ancient Assyrian Armlets. The. one exhibited on a larce scale is from the Ninevite sculp- ture- in tln> British Museum; the others are from delinea- tions of the .Monuments by Botta. ARMLET 419 ARMOR armlet. These ornaments are frequent on the sculp- tures of Persepolis and Nineveh, and were set in rich and fantast…
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ARMOR 420 ARMOR Primitive Striking Weapons of Oriental Nations. 1; 2, 3, Clubs; 4, 5, Crooked Billets, or Throwing-bats ; 6, Mare; 7, Battle-axe; 8, llsird-wooil Sword; 0, Sharks-teeth Sword; 10, Flint Sword; 11, Sawfish Sword ; 12, 13, Egyp- tian Battle-axe. san, and was anciently known among us by the name of cro…
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ed with horn, or of horn entirely, and even of ivory •, some being shaped like the common English bow, and others, particularly those used by riding nations, like the buffalo horn. There were various modes of bend- ing this instrument, by pressure of the knee, or by the fco1, treading the bow, or by setting one end aga…
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Oriental protective Armor. 1, The Great Shield; 2, Common Egyptian Shield; 3, Target; 4, 5, Ancient Shields of unknown Tribes ; 6, Roundel. rations bearing a variety of names. The Hebrews used the word Itj^, tsinnah' (rendered "shield," "tar- get," or "buckler"), for a great shisld — defence, pro- tection (Gen. xv, …
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Oriental Armor for the Head. 1, Of Rushes; 2, Egyptian; 3, 4, Western Asia; 5, Carian? 0, T, Egyptian; S.Assyrian; 9, Greek; 10, Ionian; 11, Par- thian ; 12, 13, Other Asiatic Tribes. Assyrian helmets, excepting that the last mentioned were of brass, though the)' still retained the low cylin- drical shape. The "313, k…
993 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.