PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 1
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,247,856 words · 1227 reading sections
Section 721
We cannot conclude this criticism, which may ap- pear harsh to those who have not minutely investigated the matter, without expressing the hope that the day is not far distant when a thorough revision on liben.1 principles will be made of the common version by a committee of learned men chosen from all evangelical deno…
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The translators' manuscript has been lost. Accord- ing to a pamphlet published in 1660, it was, five years previously, in the possession of the king's printers. It has not since been heard of. The manuscript of the Translators' Address to the Reader is said to be preserved in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Copies of thi…
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Dr. Blayncy makes an accidental admission, tending AUTHORIZED VERSION 5 03 AUTHORIZED VERSION to lower confidence in the book, that two proofs were read, "and, generally speaking, the third likewise," whicli is quite insufficient for a standard edition of any work, or even an ordinary edition of the Bible. Four pro…
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In 1804 the British and Foreign Bible Society was formed, and proceeded to work on the principle of buying the cheapest Bibles it could and trusting to the printers for accuracy. The American Revolution had erected a new Bible-reading nation; an effort made in its first Congress to restrict the printing of the book to …
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pamphlet entitled " Report on the History of the Be- ; cent Collation of the English Version of the Bible," N. Y. 1857.) The standard thus prepared was published in 1851. Though issued in a quiet way, it was received with general approval. For six years it remained the standard of the Society, and during that time no…
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VII. Chapter and Verse. — Among the Jews, witli whom the only divisions of the Scripture was into books, according to authorship, references were made by citing the subject treated of near where the passage quoted was to be found. In this way Jesus referred the Sadducees to what we call Exodus iii, 6, as we see by Mark…
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AUTHORIZED VERSION 566 AUTOCEPHALT Bishop Wilson, Bath, 1785, 3 vols. 4to ; but it labors under the disadvantage just spoken of. After all. the I .est way of making references would have been by a system like the "folios" of the law- yers. Put a special mark at every hundredth -word, and a corresponding number in t…
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fol. 1572; 4to, 1573; fol. 1574, 1575, 4to, 1570, 1577; fol. 157 S, 15S4: 4to, 15S4; fol. 15S5, 15Ss, 1591, 15(5, 159s, 1602,1606). 9. Beza's Lat. tr. by Tomson : New Test. (Lond. 157C, Svo) ; afterward in many '•'•Genevan" Bibles. III. King James's. The editions of this have been innumerable (see the Appendix to A…
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Auvergne, Guillaume d', bishop of Paris, born at Aurillac in the second half of the 12th century, died March 30, 1249. He was one of the most learned the- ologians and philosophers of his day, and undertook to refute Aristotle on metaphysical questions. He was doctor of the Sorbonne and professor of theology, and subse…
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Avaris (AiVjott), the name of a city on the borders of Egypt and Syria, which the shepherd-kings (Hyk- sos) again occupied after their expulsion from it, ac- cording to Manetho, as recited by Josephus (Apion, i, 26). Rawlinson {Historical Ev. p. 74) thinks it is a corruption of the name Hebrews, who are referred to as …
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2. (Sept. 'HAioi'ttoXic, Eng. marg. "Heliopolis.") Another name for ( >x (q. v.) in Egypt (Ezek. xxx, 17). The intention of the prophet is doubtless to play upon AVEXARIUS 569 AVITE the name in the same manner as Amos and Hosea. See No. 1, above. 3. (Sept. JQv.) A shorter form (Amos x, 8) of Beth- aven (q. v.) or …
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possessed in Portugal about fort}' commanderies, and since 1550 the grand mastership of the order has been in the crown. — Helyot, Ordres Reliy. i, 350; Landon, Eccl. Diet, i, 674. A'vite (Heb. Avvi', only in the plur. D^jlS, gen- tile from Ava), the name of two tribes of people. 1. (Sept. Eimloi, Auth. Vers. "Avims,…
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2. (Sept. Rvaloi, Auih. Vers. "Avites.") The oric-- iual designati f the colonists transported from Ava into Samaria !,\ Shalmaneser (2 Kingsxvii, 31). Thev were idolaters, worshipping gods called Nibhaz and Tartak. See Ava. A'vith (Heb. Avith', tVW, nans; Sept. Vidaift, Vulg. Avith), a city of the Edomites, and the…
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As, according to the doctrine of the New Testament, all possible agencies of deliverance and of moral im- provement in humanity are to be ascribed to the Holy Spirit, the church holds, and rightly, that the opera- tion of the Holy Spirit is united with the word of Christian truth, and also with visible religious exer- …
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Axe. Several instruments of this description are so discriminated in Scripture as to show that the He- brews had them of different forms and for various uses. (1.) "jna, garzm' (so called from chopping), which occurs in Deut. xix, 5; xx, 19; 1 Kings vi, 7; Isa. x, 15; a'tivri, Mitt, iii, 10; Luke iii, 9; corre- spondin…
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Axel. See Absalon. Axioramus ( k^uopa^oQ), given by Josephns (Ant. x, 8, G) as the son (or successor) of Isus, and fa- ther (or predecessor) of Phideas, in the list of the Jew- ish high-priests, apparently instead of Jehoiada (q. v.). See High-priest. Axle occurs only in 1 Kings vii, 32, 33, as a trans- Ancient Egyp…
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Azae'lus ( A£«(/Aor), one of the Israelites, "sons of Maani," who is said to have divorced his < untile wife after the exile (1 Esdr. ix, 34) ; but the name is apparently an erroneous repetition for the Esril just preceding* it (Azareel of Ezra x, 41). See Azael. A'zal (Hcb. AtsaV, hsU, prob. the same as Azel, in paus…
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6. A high-priest, son of Ahimaaz and father (grand- father, of Johanan d Chron. \i. 9), perhaps the father ofAmariah, who lived under Jehoshaphat, king of Ju- dah i 2 Chron. xix, 11). B.C. ante 912. See IIigh- l-l.-n ST. 7. One of the of kin- Jehoshaphat (2 Chron. j xxi, 2, where the m is repeated, as if he had two …
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4. The son of Helchias and father of Seraias in the genealogy of Ezra (2 [Vulg. 4] Esdr. i, 1) ; the Aza- IlIAH (q. v.) of the Heb. lineage (Ezra vii, 1). 5. A name assumed by the angel Raphael (Tobit v, 12; vi, 6,13; vii, 8; ix, 2). . . 6. The name (Song of 3 Children, ver. 2, 26, 66) of Abednego, Daniel's companion…
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On the other hand, this explanation is forbidden by the total absence in the O. Test, of any reference to AZAZIAH 576 AZIEL evil genii ; and it would be especially abhorrent to the spirit of the Mosaic economy to suppose a solemn offer- ing of this kind to have been made out of deference to any of those daemons the…
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A'zel (Heb. Atsel', bsX, noble; Sept. 'EorjK), the son of Eleasah, of the descendants of king Saul, and father of six sons (1 Chron. viii, 37, 38; ix, 43, 44). B.C. considerably post 1037. See Azal. A'zem (Heb. E'tsem, CSV, a bone, in pause A 'tsem, t3X5; Sept. Aai/i v. r. 'Aaop, 'laooi'), a city in the tribe of Simeo…
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A'zor ('A£wp, from "ItS, to help), one of the pater- nal ancestors of Christ (Matt, i, 13, 14) ; perhaps the same with Azrikam (1 Chron. iii, 23) See Azzur. Azor, or Azorius, John, a Spanish theologian, born in 1533 at Zamora, in Spain, died in 1G03. Hav- ing entered the order of the Jesuits, he became pro- fessor of …
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Az'cah, an unusual (but more correct) mode of Anglicizing ( Deut. ii, 23 ; 1 Kings iv, 24 ; Jcr. xxv, 20) the name Gaza (q. v.). Az'zan (Heb. Azzan', "JTS, perhaps a Ihorn; Sept. G^c\v v. r. 'OZac). the father of Paltiel, which latter was the commissioner from the tribe of Issachar for dividing the land of Canaan (Nu…
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BAAL 579 BAAL cation of Baal. In the Chaldaic form the word be- comes shortened into ?"3, and thence, dropping the guttural, ^3, Bel, which is the Babylonian name of this god (Bnxtorf, Lex. Chald. et Talm. ; so Gesenius, Fiirst, Movers ; the identity of the two words is, how- ever, doubted by Kawlinson, Herod, i, 24…
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The same perplexity occurs respecting the connec- tion of this god with the heavenly bodies as we have already noticed in regard to Ashtoreth. Creuzer (S/jmb. ii, 413) and Movers (Phon. i, 180) declare Baal to be the Sun-god ; on the other hand, the Bal >y Ionian god is identified with Zeus by Herodotus, and there seem…
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tion with the record of the revolt at Shechem, between the heathen Baal and the Hebrew Ish : "At that day, saith Jehovah, men shall call me ' Ishi,' and shall call me no more 'Baali,' " both words having the sense of "my husband." 2. Such places called by this name, or its compounds, as can be identified, and several …
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Ba'alath-be'er (Ileb. Baalath' Beer', rb"3 "1X3, Baalah of [or having] a well; Sept. BaaXdS c. r. BrtXk-), probably the same as the Baal of 1 Chron. iv, 33, a city of Simeon ; mentioned in connec- tion with RAMATK-Negeb, or Southern Ramah (Josh. xix, 8 ; comp. 1 Sam. xxx, 27), in such a manner as to make them identical…
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Baalbek is pleasantly situated on the lowest decliv- ity of Anti-Libanus, at the opening of a small valley BAALBEK 532 BAALBEK i;:ii:i-' nf Haalbek. into the plain El-Bekaa. Through this valley runs a small stream, divided into numberless rills for irri- gation. The place, according to the determination of Maj. Re…
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Twcltc pedestab In the wall. nuuuuuuuuuuLXi Plan of the Great Temple at Baalbek. situation (Addison, ii, 57). Among the ornaments of these buildings Richter finds confirmation of the fol- lowing statement of Macrobius: " Isis and Horus often unequivocally appear. The winged globes sur- rounded with serpents show tha…
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Ba'al-ha'nan (Heb. Ba'iil Chanan , 'SH bra, lord <f grace, or Baal is gracious), the name of two men. 1. (Sept. BaWatvwv and RaXaiwioi' v. r. BnXXt- vwv aiid BaXatwdp.) An early king of Edom, son of Achbor, successor of Saul, and succeeded by Hadar (Gen. xxxvi, 88, 39; 1 Chron. i, 49, 50). B.C. prob. ante 1619. 2. (S…
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in general, but only of Baal specifically, appears from a similar use of the titles Melkart, Astarte, etc., in oth- er personal appellations [see generally Munter, Re'ig. d. Karthager, 2d ed. Kopenh. 1821]), like Bel among the Babylonians (for the contraction 52, Bal, for 522, Baal, see Gesenius, Monum. Phan. p. 452), …
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2. Baal-Zebub (2^12T 522, Fly-Baal; the Sept. construes the latter part of the name differently, iizi- £i)Tiiv tu T<ii Baa\ (ivtav $ibi> 'AxKapdv, but Josephus has the usual interpretation, Ant. ix, 2, 1), an oracu- lar deity of the Philistines at Ekron (2 Kings i, 2, 3, 1G), corresponding to the Zero, airopviog or pvi…
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heaven-dwellMy Baal), i. e. Baal as associated with the hill of Baal or Saturn, supposed to be in the seventh heaven, as the term divine "habitation" ("ir^) often signifies (Deut. xxvi, 15 ; Psa. lxviii, 6), and thus equivalent to the later Baal-Zebul (biat bra, lord of the celestial dwelling, i. e. "prince of the powe…
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lend more point to David's exclamation (see Gesenius, Jes. in loc). The Sept. render the name in its two oc- currences respectively 'Eirdvu ciukottCuv and Aiukoiti) (jtapaoiv, the latter an instance of retention of the original word and its explanation side by side; the former uncertain. See Perazim. It is important as…
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connect Baal-zephon, as a Hebrew compound, with the root H312, to spy, as if it were named from a watch- tower on the frontier like the neighboring P'^J'O, " the tower." It is noticeable that the name of the son of Gad, called Ziphion ("piSS) in Gen. xlvi, 16, is writ- ten Zephon C|is^) in Num. xxvi, 15. — Kitto; Smith…
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reign was no improvement on that of Jeroboam ; he equally forgot his position as king of the nation of God's election, and was chiefly remarkable for his per- severing hostility to Judah. It was probabpy in the twenty-third year of his reign [see Asa] that he made war on its king, Asa, and began to fortify Raman as a b…
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3. Traditions concern:ng it. — Versions more or less substantially correct of this account are found among other nations. The Chaldieans themselves relate (Abydenus, quoted by Eusebius, Prcpar. Evang. i, 14 ; convp. Chron. Armen. i, 38 and 59) that " the first men, BABEL 590 BABEL relying on their size and strength…
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From the Holy Scriptures it appears that when Ne- buchadnezzar conquered Jerusalem and levelled most ofthe city with the ground, "he brought away the treasures ofthe temple, and the treasures ofthe king's house, and put them all into the temple of Bel at Bab- ylon" (2 Chron. xxxvii, 7). The brazen and other vessels whi…
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7. Description if " Birs Nimrud" its supposed mod- ern Belie. — The appearance of this massive ruin is deeply impressive, rising suddenly as it does out of a wide desert plain, with its rent, fragmentary, and fire- blasted pile, masses of vitrified matter lying around, and the whole hill itself on which it stands caked…
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A The basement stage— black. B The second stage— orange. C The third stage— red. D The fourth stage— golden (?). E The fifth stage— yellow. F The sixth stage— blue. G The seventh stage— silver (?). H The shrine or chapeL 1 (Elevation restored). BABEL 593 BABI that of Babil 140 (?), that of the Warka temple 100, th…
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The next is an ancient pyramid built by the Mexi- cans in America; it agrees in figure with the former, and has on the outside an as- cent of stairs leading up one side to the up- per story, proceed- ing to the chapels on its summit. This as- cent implies that the chapels were used from time to time, and no doubt it ma…
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wounds. The victims sing : " In truth we come from God, and we return to him." A sufferer falls in the road ; he is raised by lashes and bayonet thrusts. But no apostate was found among the sufferers. Babism, like Mohammedanism, asserts the absolute unity of God ; but the eternal unity, far from shut- ting himself up …
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Bab'yloil (Heb. and Chald. Babel', ^22, Gr. B«/3u\ai)'), the name of more than one city in the Scrip- tures and other ancient writings. See also Babel. 1. Originally the capital of the country called in Genesis Shinar ("Cri"). and in the later Scriptures Chaldcea, or the land of the Chaldeans (r^bS). See those article…
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BABYLON 596 BABYLON rrobably, but for his death, have restored. Under Seleucus Nicator the city began to sink speedily, after that monarch built Seleucia on the Tigris, and made it his place of abode. In the time of Strabo and Di- odorus Siculus the place lay in ruins. Jerome, in the fourtli century of the Christian…
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According to Ctesias (ap. Liod. Sic. ii, 7 sq.), the cir- cuit of the city was a little, under 42 miles. It lay, he says, on both sides of the Euphrates, and the two parts were connected together by a stone bridge above 1000 yards long, and 30 feet broad, of the kind described by Herodotus. At either extremity of the b…
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The new palace built by Nebuchadnezzar was pro- digious in size and superb in embellishments. Its outer wall embraced six miles; within that circum- ference were two other embattled walls, besides a great tower. Three brazen gates led into the grand area, and every gate of consequence throughout the city was of brass. …
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With regard to the height and breadth of the walls there is nearh' as much difference of statement as with regard to their extent. Herodotus makes the height 200 royal cubits, or 337i feet ; Ctesias, 50 fathoms, or SOOfee't; Pliny and Solinus, 200 royal feet ; Strabo, 50 oubits, or 75 feet. Here there is less appearanc…
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Portion.? of ancient Babylon distiagui-hable in the present Ruina 7. Identification of SIIjs. — On comparing the exist- in i ; ruins with the accounts of the ancient writers, the great difficulty which meets us is the position of the remains almost exclusively on the left bank of the river. All the old accounts agree …
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It must be admitted, however, that the foregoing scheme of identification (which is that proposed by Rawlinson, Herodotus, ii, Essay iv) involves the improb- able supposition of a mistake on the part of the ancient authorities concerning the course of the Euphrates through the middle of the city ; it seems also unduly …
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3. The Babylon in 1 Pet. v, 13, is thought by some to be Rome, but by others (in accordance with a tradi- tion of the Coptic Christians) to be the above place in Egvpt. Baroniua contradicts this last assertion by Baying there is no mention of a Bishop of Babylon till ,r,iHi years after Peter's time, under Justin the Yo…
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In order to defend the country against hostile at- tacks from its neighbors, northward from Babylonia, between the two rivers, a wall was built, which is known under the name of the Median Wall (Xen. Anab. ii, 4, 12). — The Babylonians were famous fcr the manufacture of cloth and carpets; they also ex- ec lied in makin…
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the country, under Chedorlaomer (Gen. xiv), whose representative appears as a conqueror in the inscrip- tions. Amraphel, king of Shinar, and Arioch, king of Ellasar (Larsa), would be tributary princes whom Chedorlaomer had subjected, while he himself may have become the founder of the new dynasty, which, according to B…
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removed Be lib, and placed his eldest son — who appears in the canon as Aparanadius — upon the throne. Apa- ranadius reigned for six years, when he was succeeded b}- a certain Regibelus, who reigned for one year ; after which Mesesimordacus held the throne for four years. Nothing more is known of these kings, and it is…
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Nebuchadnezzar died B.C. 561, having reigned 43 years, and was succeeded by Evil-Merodach, his son, who is called in the Canon Illoarudamus. This prince, who, "in the year that he began to reign, did lift up the head of Jehoiachin, king of Judah, out of pris- on" (2 Kings xxv, 27), was murdered, after having held the c…
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According to the book of Daniel, it would seem as if Babylon was taken on this occasion, not by Cyrus, king of Persia, but by a Median king named Darius (v, 31). The question of the identity of this person- age with any Median or Babylonian king known to us from profane sources will be discussed under Darius the Mede. …
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Babylo'nian (Heb. Ben-Babel', bia-^, son of ! Babel or Babylon, Ezek. xxiii, 15, 17,T23- Chald. ! Bablay, "£na, Ezra iv, 9 ; Gr. Baj3v\mnoc, Bel 3), j an inhabitant of Babylon or Babylonia. Babylo'nian Captivity. See Captivity. ( Babylo'nish Garment C'Ji^ ^1?'iJK, adde'reth Sh'nar'; Sept. ipi\>} ttoikiXii, Vulg. palli…
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Baccanarists, a society in the Church of Pome, founded in Italy by one Baccanari after the suppres- sion of the Jesuits in 1773. Its object was to restore the order under a new name and form. Pius VI fa- vored the organization, and it spread into Austria, Hol- land, and England. In 1*14 its members were united with the…
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Bace'nor (Baicljvwp ; Vulg. Bttcenor), apparenth' a captain of horse in the army of Judas Maccabseus, to whose detachment Dositheus belonged ("2 Mace, xii, 35) ; or possibly it may have been only the title of one of the Jewish companies or squadrons. Bachelor. See Baccalaurecs. Bach'rite (Heb. with the article hab-Ba…
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Backus, Isaac, A.M., a distinguished Baptist minister, was born at Norwich, Conn., Jan. 9, 1724. In 1748 he was ordained pastor of a Congregational church in Titicut, Middleborough, Mass. In 1749 a number of the members of Mr. Backus' s church alter- ed their sentiments with regard to baptism, and he at length united w…
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So far as Bacon's own mind was concerned, he was a firm believer in divine revelation (see his Confes- sion of Faith; Prayers; Character of a Christian; Works, ed. Montague, vol. vii). Theology, as science, he held to rest on data given by inspiration, just as metaphysics must rest on postulates. On this last point the…
912 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.