PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 1
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,247,856 words · 1227 reading sections
Section 601
From this great continent must undoubtedly have issued at some unknown period that extraordinary emi- gration which peopled America. It cannot be ques- tioned that the inhabitants of the north-eastern parts of Asia, little attached to the soil, and subsisting chief- ly by hunting and fishing, might pass either in their…
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III. Ecclesiastical Statistics. — The followim: tabular survey of the statistics of the Roman Catholic, Prot- estant, and total Christian population is taken from Schem's Ecclesiastical Year-book for 1859. ASIA 4G9 ASIA Asiatic Russia China East India Farther India Turkey Archipelago . . Japan Tartary Persi…
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470 ASIARCH xxiv, 18; xxvii, 2; but (2.), that only Asia Proper, the Unman or Proconsular Asia, is denoted in Acts ii, 9 ; vi. 9 ; xvi, 6 ; xix, 10, 22 ; xx, 4, 1G, 18 [Rom. xvi, 5] : 1 Cor. xvi, 19; 2 Cor. i, 8; 2 Tim. i, 15; 1 Pet. i, 1 ; Rev. i, 4, 11. Asia Minor comprehended Bithynia, Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia,…
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Asiarcll (^Aaidpxne, rider of Asia Minor, in the plur., Acts xix, 31; Vulg. Asia principes ; Auth. Vers, "the chief of Asia"), the title of the ten persons an- nually chosen in Proconsular Asia as chief presidents of the religious rites (prasides sacerdotales, Tertull. De Spect. 2), and whose office it was to exhibit s…
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These chiefs, then holding such games at Ephesus, out of friendly consideration for Paul, restrained him from appearing, as he proposed, in the theatre, during the sedition raised by Demetrius, the goldsmith, respect- ing Diana of Ephesus (Acts xix, 31). The considera- tion of these asiarchs for the Apostle Paul, durin…
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Asmodae'us (AofioSaToe'), a daemon or evil spirit mentioned in the apocryphal book of Tobit (iii, 8) as having become enamored of Sara, the daughter of Kagucl, and killed the seven husbands whom she had ASMONJEAN 4 married (Tob. vi, 14), but as being put to flight by the charm used by Tobias on his marriage with her …
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As'nah (Heb. Asnah', f!2DX, peril, hateful, or thor?i, otherwise store-house ; Sept. 'Aaevd), the head of one of the families of the Nethinim that returned from the Babylonian captivity with Zerubbabel (Ezra ii, 50). B.C. ante 536. Asnap'per (Chald. Osnappar', ~iB3C)X; some MSS. "I230X, Asenappar' ', whence Sept. 'Aja…
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ASPATHA 474 ASPHAR by Sanscrit authors, and it may therefore have easily form (1 one of the early articles of commerce from the E ist to the West, together with nard, costus, and lycium from these mountains.— Kitto, s. v. See Spicehy. As'patha (Heh. Aspatha', xriQOX, prob. San- scrit Aspadata, given by a horse, i. …
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As'phar ('Acr^ap v. r. 'An<pa$, 1 Mace, ix, 33), a "pool" (XaKKOC, not sea, as the Vulg. and some other versions render, but which often stands in the Sept. for '112, a pit, or "iX2, a well), i. c. fountain or cistern in the south or south-east of Palestine (in the " wilder- ness of Thecoe" or Tekoa), where the Jews un…
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In the gospels is mentioned the jtn'Aoc IvikI.c (Matt, xviii, 6 ; Mark ix, 41), to express a large mill-stone, turned, by asses, heavier than that turned by women or by slaves. See Jahn's Archceol. § 1S8, 1£9. (II.) The ass is the Equus Asinvs of Linnseus; by some formed into a sub-genus, containing that group of the …
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2. SOS, pe're, rendered likewise "wild ass," is a de- rivative of the same root which in Hebrew has pro- duced paras, horse, and parasim, horsemen, Persians and Parthians. Though evidently a generical term, the Scripture uses it in a specific sense, and seems to intend by it the horse-ass or wild mule, which the Greeks…
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Gnostic origin, bearing the whole length form of a man in flowing robes with an ass's head, and holding an open book with the inscription " Deus Christiano- rum menenychites." It is not likely that mere malice would engrave its spite upon amulets, although, if Ja- blonski be correct, the ass was held in contempt in Egy…
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Assabi'as ('A<ra/3<«c v. r. 2«/3t'ac), one of the " captains over thousands" who presented victims for the I'assover under Josiah (1 Esdr. i, 9); evidently the Hashabiah (q. v.) of 2 Chron. xxxv, 9. Assal'imoth (AuaaXiiiUoSr v. r. 2aA(/*w$), son of Josaphias of the "sons" of Bania, who returned with 1G0 retainers from…
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ASSEMANI 479 ASSEMBLY Mohammed II, who acted in his father's spirit, the Syrian Dai-al-kebir, Sinan, became independent, and entered into negotiations with the Christian king of Jerusalem for coming over, on certain conditions, to the Christian faith ; but the Templars killed his en- voys and rejected his overtures,…
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Assembly (in Heb. IS'lB, moid', etc.; in Gr. EfocXi)<T('a), a term used in the New Testament to de- note a convocation or congregation of persons legally called out or summoned. See Congregation. (1.) In the usual or secular sense (Acts xix, 39). Asia Minor, in the time of the apostles, was divided into several distric…
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Asser, a learned monk of St. David's, whence (the name of that place in Latin being written Menapia or Menevia) he obtained the appellation of Asserius Mbnevensis. Asser was invited to the court of Al- fred the Great, as is generally believed, in or about the j'ear 880, but probably earlier, merely from the reputation…
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empt from taxes (Ezra vii, 24). In the Ptolemaic pe- riod of the Egyptian rule over Palestine instances occur of the farming or leasing out of the collection of the public revenues (tolls ?) to the highest bidder (Joseph. Ant. xii, 4, 1, 4 and 5). The yearly rent of all such dues in Syria, Phoenicia, and Palestine amou…
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As'shur (Heb. Ashshur', "lilffiN, prob. i. q. 1*ltt3& a step ; Sept. 'Aaaovp and 'Airoovpioi ; Auth. Vers. "Asshur," in Gen. x, 11; Num. xxiv, 22, 24; 1 Chron. i, 17 ; Ezek. xxvii, 23 ; xxxii, 22 ; Hos. xiv, 3; " Assur" in Ezra iv, 2 ; Psa. lxxxiii, 8; "Assyr- ian" or "Assyrians" in Psa. xiv, 25; xix, 23; xxx, 31; xxxi…
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four Median kings reigned 150 years; according to Diod. Sic. the Median kingdom lasted from Arbace3 over 282 years ; according to Syncellus, 275 years , according to Eusebius, 259 years ; the statements of Ctesias can hardly be reconciled with those of Herod- otus ; see Larcher, Chronolog. zu Herod, p. 144 sq. ; Volney…
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them by their enemies as a term of reproach, like " Puritans" formerly, and "saints" very often in the present day. — Kitto, s. v. See Saint; Chasidim. As'sir (Heb. Assir' , ""PSX, prisoner), the name of two or three men. 1. (Sept. 'AiTfi'o v. r. 'Affi)p.) A son of Korah (of the Kohathite Levites), father (brother) o…
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Assumption of Moses, an apocryphal book so called, said to contain an account of the death of Moses and of the translation of his soul to Paradise. Some have supposed that the particulars of the combat be- tween St. Michael and the devil, alluded to in the Epis- tle of Jude (ver. 9), were contained in this book (Moreri…
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(2.) "A comforting and abiding persuasion of pres- ent acceptance by God, through Chnst, we may therefore affirm, must in various degrees follow true faith. In support of this view the following remarks may be offered : If the Bible teaches that man is by nature ASSURANCE 4S5 ASSURANCE prone to evil, and that in pr…
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Thomas Aquinas supposed (Summ. pt. ii, 1, quest. 112, art. 5) a threefold way in which man could as- certain whether he was a subject of divine grace or not: 1. By direct revelation on the part of God ; 2. By himself (certitudinaliter) ; 3. By certain indica- tions (conjecturaliter per aliqua signa). But the last two w…
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our spirit, our reason, our understanding. It all re- solves into this : Those who have these marks are children of God : but we have these marks, therefore we are children of God. But how does it appear that we have these marks ? This is a question which still remains. How does it appear that we do love God and our ne…
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I. Assyria Proper. — 1. Ancient Notices of its Po- sition.— This was a great and powerful country, lying on the east of the Tigris (Gen. ii, 14), the capital of which was Nineveh (Gen. x, 11, etc.). Its exact limits in early times are unknown ; but when its mon- archs enlarged their dominions by conquest, the name of t…
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ASSYRIA 488 ASSYRIA reached from the neighborhood of Damascus to Anti- Taurus and Amanus. — Smith. 3. General geographical character. — The country within these limits is of a varied aspect. "Assyria," says Mr. Ainsworth {Researches in Assyria, Babylonia, and Chaldtea, Lond. 1838, p. 17), "including Taurus, is dist…
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4. Natural Productions. — The most remarkable fea- ture, says Ainsworth, in the vegetation of Taurus, is the abundance of trees, shrubs, and plants in the north- ern, and their comparative absence in the southern dis- trict. Besides the productions above enumerated, Kurdistan yields gall-nuts, gum Arabic, niastich, man…
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6. Present Condition. — The greater part of the coun- try which formed Assyria Proper is under the nominal sway of the Turks, who compose a considerable pro- portion of the population of the towns and larger vil- lages, filling nearly all public offices, and differing in nothing from other Osmanlis. The Pasha of Mosul …
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It is true that the Authorized Version of Gen. x, 11 is countenanced by most of the ancient translators and by Josephus ; but, on the other hand, the one we have preferred is that of the Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan, and of Jerome; and (among the moderns) of Bochart, Hyde, Marsham, Wells, Faber, Hales, and many othe…
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ASSYRIA 491 ASSYRIA 3 Nisjbis or' lAntio&irrlsy'i/dortica. V^ '''£,,; MS> 5 1 LJicb-racus « V v >Vj_i ilH\^ Ecbaraun ■ler. Veiling konkohor ' O- Map of the Assyrian Empire. Pekah, king of Israel, and Rezin, king of Damascene- Syria, he purchased Tiglath-pileser's assistance with a large sum, taken out of hi…
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2. Comparison, villi, ancient Historians and the Inti- mations on the Monuments. — The original sources of profane history on this subject are Herodotus and Cte- sias; but every attempt to reconcile their statements with those of Scripture, or even with each other, has hitherto failed. The former fixes the duration of…
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•(3.) Early Kings, from the foundation of the King- dom to Pul. — The long list of Assyrian kings which has come down to us in two or three forms, only slightly varied (Clinton, F. II. i, 267), and which is almost certainly derived from Ctesias, must of necessi- ty be discarded, together with his date for the king- dom…
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(4.) The Kings from rid to Esarhaddon. — The suc- cession of the Assyrian kings from Pul almost to the , close of the empire is rendered tolerably certain, not j merely by the inscriptions, but also by the Jewish I records. In the 2d book of Kings we find the names of Pul, Tiglath-Pileser, Shalmaneser, Sennacherib, and…
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[Cyaxares II. viceroy at Pabvloii, " Darius the Mede" .r,3S_T,36] Cyrus, king of Babylon and of nations [530-529] 538-529 Cainliysos the Persian 529-522 NIdintabel, pMndn-NYl.iichadnezzar. son of Nabonid 522-518 Darius, son of Ilystiispcs the Persian, takes Babylon the first time 513 Arakhu, pseiido-Nebuehadnez/.a…
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The statement of Herodotus is not, however, with- out a basis of truth. It is certain that Babylon, about the time of Tiglath-Pileser's accession, ventured upon a revolt, which she seems afterward to have reckoned the commencement of her independence. See Baby- lon. The knowledge of this fact may have led He- rodotus i…
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It was declared by Nahum (q. v.) emphatically, at the close of his prophecy, that there should be "no heal- ing of Assyria's bruise" (iii, 19). In accordance with this announcement we find that Assyria never rose again to any importance, nor even succeeded in main- taining a distinct nationality. Once only was revolt a…
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ASSYRIA 497 ASSYRIA his person (Diod. Sicul. ii, 21, 23 ; comp. Cephalion, in Syncell. p. 167). Under him there were provisional satraps, called in Isa. x, 8, "princes," of the rank and power of ordinary kings (Diod. Sic. ii, 24). The great officers of the household were commonly eunuchs (comp. Gesenius on Isa. xxxv…
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A fuller account of the customs and antiquities of Assyria than has heretofore been possible may be found in the recent works of Rich, Botta, and Layard ; see also Manners, Customs, Arts, and Arms of Assyria, restored from the Monuments, by P. H. Gosse (Lond. 1852) ; Fresnel, Thomas, and Oppert, Expedition en Mesopotam…
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As'tath (Acrrc'tS, Vulg. Ezead), one of the heads of Israelitish families, whose members (to the number of 120) returned (with Johannes, the son of Acatan) in the party of Ezra from Babylon (1 Esdr. viii, 38) ; evi- dently the Azgad (q. v.) of the true text (Ezra viii, 12). Asterius. There were several ancient writers…
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Astronomy (aarpovoftia, the laws of the stars'), a science which appears to have grown out of astrolo- gy (q. v.). The cradle of astronomy is to bo found in ASTRONOMY 500 ASTRUC Asia. Pliny, in his celebrated enumeration (Hist. Nat. vii, 57) of the inventors of the arts, sciences, and conveniences of life, ascribes…
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Astruc, Jeant, an eminent French physician, was born at Sauve, in Languedoc, March 19, 1684. His father was a Protestant minister, who, on the revoca- tion of the edict of Nantes, became a. Roman Catholic. The son studied in the University of Montpellier, and became M.D. in 1703. In 1710 he was made professor of anatom…
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II. Grecian and Roman antiquity likewise affords mention of the right of asylum (Serv. ad ^En. viii, 341), not only at altars, and temples, and sacred places (Ilerod. ii, 113; Eurip. Bee. 149; P. .isan. ii,5,6; iii 5. 0 ; Dio Cass, xlvii, 14 ; Strabo, v, 230 ; Tacit. Annul. iii, 60, 1 ; Flor. ii, 12), but also in citie…
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J east or west, according to the position of the speaker. ; So Jerome quotes " trans Jordanem ;" but Dr. Thonv ■ son, rejecting this authority, supposes Abel-mizraim to , have been located near Hebron (Lund and Book, ii, 385). Atad, as a name, is possibly only an appellative de- scriptive of a "thorny" locality ("II2XP…
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words, therefore, would mean "the fish is magnificent'' (Ewald's Hebr. Gram. § 554). Michaelis himself, as he found that the Syriac name of some idol of Haran was XPSUt, which might mean aperture (see Assema- ni, Bibl. Or. i, 327 sq.), asserts that that is the Syriac form of Derceto, and brings it into connection with …
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There is also another system of less note, called Albasi (aS&fct), which is only a modification of the preceding ; for in it the alphabet is divided into halves, and one portion placed over the other in the natural or- der, and the pairs are formed out of those letters which would then stand in a row together. — Kit to…
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East to attain a prominent position, their present deg- radation being the result of Mahommedanism. Mir- iam, Deborah, Abigail, are instances from the Bible, and Dido was not far removed from Athaliah, either in birthplace or date, if Carthage was founded B.C. £61 (Josephus, c. Apion. i, 18). In order to remove all riv…
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Athanasian Creed. See Creed (Athanasian): Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria, was born in that city about A.D. 296. The precise date is not known, nor have we any accurate knowledge of his .family or of his earlier years. It is clear, however, that he was brought up and educated with a view to the Christian ministry b…
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ATIIANASIUS 506 ATHAXASIUS resort, in order to gain a verdict from the councils of I Aries and Milan, proved that his a! solute power had already ceased to exist. Athanasius did not, indeed, like the Gregories, establish a system of ecclesiastical policy and power— that belonged to later ages and to another climate—…
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The Orationes centra Arianos, four in number, were written, it is supposed, during the stay of Athanasius in Egypt. In the frst discourse he answers the objec- tions which the Arians brought against what is now commonly termed the Eternal Sonship of Christ. In the second he shows the dignity of Christ's nature, and its…
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only in rank, but not in nature. " If," say tliey, " the also a digest of the " Four Orations against the Ari- Holy Spirit be neither an angel nor created being, if ans." See also the articles Ariamsm ; Trinity. he proceed from the Father, he is his Son, and the Lo- | Athanasius brought against the Arian and other her-…
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The Athanasian Creed, so called, is not the work them in order to get the correct idea. But the same of Athanasius. See Creed, Athaxasian. For the is the case with the idea of creation, which the Arians doctrinal views of Athanasius, end for bis great ser- vices to the church in settling the scientific doctrine of the…
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found Syrian MS., and translated into German under the title Die Fest-Briefe des Heiligen Athanasius, uus dem Syrischen iibersetzt und durch Anmerkungai erlau- tert von F. Larzow (Leipzig, 1852, pp. 156) ; also into English by Burgess (Oxf. 1854, 8vo, pp. 190). Sec Journal of Sac. Lit. Jan. 1855, p. 255. A complete lis…
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2. In scientific theology, atheism is opposed to the- ism. The doctrine of Christian theism is that God is absolute, self-conscious personal spirit, the beneficent creator and upholder of the universe. Every system of philosophy or religion must be built upon this prin- ciple or its opposite ; that is, must be either t…
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for thousands of years have done the same. This cir- cumstance awakens no auspicious prepossession. But not only the rude, but also the theological idea of God is worthless, for it explains no phenomena of nature. It is, moreover, full of absurdities ; for since it as- cribes moral attributes to God, it renders him hum…
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J pretends that it was. It was always a denial, and a denial presupposes an affirmation. The denial of a God presupposes the existence in man of some faculty anterior to reflection which may apprehend Infinite Being. It is a denial, also, which has always been preceded by misapprehension of God. Pseudo-theism precedes …
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Athe'nian (^ASrrivalog, Acts xviii, 21, rendered "of Athens" in ver. 22, also in 2 Mace, vi, 7 ; ix, 15), an inhabitant of the city of Athens (q. v.). Atheno'bins (A9r/v6j3ioc.'), a "friend" of the Syr- ian king Antiochus (VII) Sidetes, sent by him as a special ambassador to Simon, the Jewish high-priest. to demand p…
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veloped ; but it was stimulated and enriched by ex. tended political action and political experience. His- tory and philosophy, as the words are understood in modern Europe, had their birth in Athens about the time of the Peloponnesian war. Then first, also, the oratory of the bar and of the popular assembly was sys- t…
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the I'ny: Athenians, Mould be marked by the words "to seme unknown god" (ayv. Sitij). It is simpler, however, to suppose that in spots where some supposed preternatu- ral event had occurred, which persons sought ly a me- morial to attribute to some distinct deity as author, thej' erected such an altar, that profane st…
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Athronges CASpoyyjjc), a person of mean extrac- tion, and by occupation a shepherd, i\ho, without any other advantages than great bodily stature and un- daunted hardihood, raised a body of banditti in Judaea, in connection with his four brothers, during the rule of Gratus, so powerful that they at last cssnmed royal- t…
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; it is used to indicate deliverance from punishment or guilt (Eph. i, 7 ; Col. i, 14) ; sanctif cation, which is de- liverance from the dominion of sin (1 Pet. i, 18) ; the resurrection, which is the actual deliverance of the | bod}' from the grave, the consequence of sin (Rom. viii, 23) ; comjrteted salvation, which…
1,067 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.