PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 1
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,247,856 words · 1227 reading sections
Section 1141
Loaves of Bread found at Pompeii. 3. Baling. — The cakes were now taken to the oven ; having been first, according to the practice in Egypt, gathered into " white baskets" (Gen. xl, 16), Wn i|&, salley' chori' , a doubtful expression, referred by some to the whiteness of the bread (Sept. kuvo. xovdpirmv; Aquil. Ko(pii…
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the above-mentioned kinds of bread (the last excepted) were thin and crisp, the mode of eating them was by breaking (Lev. ii, 6 ; Isa. lviii, 7 ; Lam. iv, 4 ; Matt, xiv, 19 ; xv, 36 ; xxvi, 26; Acts xx, 11 ; comp. Xen. Anab. vii, 3, § 22, aorovc. cukXu), whence the term CnQ, to break=to give bread (Jer. xvi, 7) ; the p…
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BREAD IN THE EUCHARIST. Whether leav- ened or unleavened bread should be used in the sacra- ment of the Lord's Supper has been the subject of a spirited dispute between the Greek and Latin churches. The former contended for the use of leavened, the lat- ter for that of unleavened bread. See Azymites. In the Romish Chur…
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A similar piece of defensive armor was the tachara' (N~nP), which is mentioned but twice — namely, in reference to the me'il or gown of the priest, which is said to have had a hole in the middle for the head, with u hem or binding round the hole " as it were the 'mouth' of an habo-geori" (N^np), to prevent the stuff fr…
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II. Ecclesiastical Statistics. — The city of Bremen, with a small territory comprising a space of 1(16 square miles, had a population, in 1864, of 104,091 souls, the large majority of which arc Lutherans, about 15,000 Re- formed, 2000 Roman Catholics, 100 Jews. The Meth- odist Church had, in 1865, within the territory …
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Brethren of the Free Spirit, a fraternity which sprung up in the thirteenth century, and which gained many adherents in Italy, France, and Germany. They took their designation from the words of St. Paul, Rom. viii, 2, 14, and maintained that the true children of God were invested with perfect freedom from the jurisdic…
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Brett, Thomas, LL.D., a Nonjuror, was born at Bettishanger, Kent, 1G07, graduated at Corpus Christi, Cambridge, 1689, and received deacon's orders in the following year. In 1703 he became rector of Bettis- hanger, and two years after of Rucking. After this period he began to entertain scruples of the lawfulness of the …
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Bribe ("iniy, shochad', a present, i. e. gift or re- ward, as often rendered, especially in the corrupt sense, a " bribe ;" also "133, ko'pher, a ransom or satisfaction, as generally rendered, once "bribe," 1 Sam. xii, 3), a valuable consideration given or taken for perverting justice ; a frequent practice in the East,…
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(Wilkinson, ii, 197; Birch, i, 19; see Aristoph. Av. 1133, AlyvnTiog ir\n/6o(p6pog ; Exod. v, 17, 18). En- closures of gardens or granaries, sacred circuits encom- passing the courts of temples, walls of fortifications and towns, dwelling-houses and tombs, in short, all but the temples themselves, were of crude brick ;…
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3. Jewish Bricks.— The Jews learned the art of brick- making in Egypt, and we find the use of the brick-kiln BRIOONNET ("(a^"3, malben) in David's time (2 Sam. xii, 31), and a complaint made by Isaiah that the people built altars of brick instead of unhewn stone as the law directed (Isa. lxv, 3; Exod. xx, 25). See Po…
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Bridaine or Brydane, Jacques, a celebrated French preacher, was born March 21, 1701, at Chuslan (department of the Gard). He first studied at the Jesuits' College at Avignon, and afterward at the Con- gregation of the Missions of Sainte-Croix. His teach- ers soon saw that he gave indications of extraordinary eloquence,…
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Bridal Ring. See Ring. Bride, St. See Bridget. Bride (nibs, kallah'; vvp^rf ; both also " daugh- ter-in-law"). See Bridegroom. Bride-chamber (yv/ujiwv), a bridal room (Suid. KoiTior) where the nuptial bed was prepared, usually in the house of the bridegroom, whither the bride was brought in procession. See Wedding. …
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Bridge, Jonathan D., a Methodist Episcopal min- ister, was born at Northfield, Mass., 1812, converted at seventeen, and entered the itinerant ministry in the New England Conference 1834. After tilling a num- ber of important stations, he was made presiding elder in 1854, and died 1856. By his energy, industry, and abil…
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Nature to the Physical Condition of Man (Lond. 1837, 8vo). 3. By the P.ev. William Whewell, Astronomy and General Physics considered with Reference to Natu- ral Theology (Lend. 1839, 8vo). 4. By Sir Charles Bell, The Hand, its Mechanism and Vital Endowments, as evincing Des'gn (Lond. 1837, 8vo). 5. By Peter Mark Roget,…
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2. "plsS, sallon' ("thorn," Ezek. ii, G), or "jisD, sil- lon (so called as being a pendulous or twig-like extrem- ity), Ezek. xxviii, 24; prop, a prickle, such as are found on the shoots of the palm-tree, and called in Arabic sullan, being the thorns that precede the put- ting forth of the foliage and branches. 3. *12…
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BRINK 894 BROKESBY well-known simple mineral substance, crystalline and fusible, but without a metallic basis. It is exceed- ingly inflammable, and when burning emits a peculiar suffocating smell. It is found in great abundance near volcanoes and mineral wells, more particularly near hot wells, and it is spread near…
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Brodhead, John, a Methodist Episcopal minister of importance, born in Monroe Co., Penn., Oct. 22,1770, travelled two years, from 1794, in N. J. and Md., emi- grated to New England in 1796, and was a pioneer and founder of Methodism there and in Canada. In 1811 he settled at New Market, N. H. He was several times electe…
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the same nature, a fellow-man (Gen. xiii, 8; xxvi, 31; Matt, v, 22, 23, 24 ; vii, 5 ; Heb. ii, 17 ; viii, 11). 10. One beloved, i. e. as a brother, in a direct address (Acts ii, 29; vi, 3; 1 Thess. v, 1). 11. An ally of a con- federate nation (Amos i, 9). 12. A friend or associate (Job vi, 15; comp. xix, 1:1; 1 Kings x…
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proved. See Alph.eus. (2.) If his cousins only were meant, it would be signally untrue that "neither did his brethren believe on him" (John vii, 5 sq.), for in all probability three out of the four (viz. James the Less, Simon [i. e. Zelotes], and Jude, the brother [?] of James) were actual apostles. (3.) It is quite un…
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BROTHERS 897 BROWN Brothers of Christian Instruction. See School Brothers, Congregations of. Brothers of St. Joseph. See Joseph, St., Brothers of. Brothers of the Society of Mary. See Mary, Brothers of the Society of. Brothers of the Christian Doctrine. See School Brothers, Congregations of. Brothers of the Chris…
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Brousson, Claude, a French Protestant advocate and martyr, born at Nismes 1647. In his house at Toulouse the deputies of the Protestant churches as- sembled in Ills:!, when it was resolved that the relig- ious meetings of the Protestants should be continued after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Brousson retired …
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Paducah, Ky., where he died July 14, 1862.— Wilson, Presbyterian Almanac, vol. v, 1863. Brown, James Moore, D.D., a clergyman of the Old School Presbyterian Church, was born in the Valley of Virginia, Sept. 13, 1799. He was educated at Washington College, Lexington, Va., where he also studied theology under Dr. Geo. A…
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Brown, John, D.D., a Congregational minister, was bom in Brooklyn, Ccnn., July 1, 1786, and grad- uated in Dartmouth in lx()9. In 1811 lie was appoint- ed tutor in Dartmouth, where he remained two years. On Dec. 8, 1813, he was ordained pastor in Cazenovia, N.Y. He was made D.D. by Union College 1827. In 1829 he was o…
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Browne, Sir Thomas, M.D., the distinguished author of the Religio Medici, was born in London 1605. His early education was received at AVinchester and Oxford. He studied medicine subsequently, and took his degree at Leyden in 1033. In 1036 he settled at Norwich', where he remained as a practitioner during the rest of h…
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Brownists, a sect of Puritans so called from their leader, Robert Brown. He was born, it is sup- posed, at Totthorp, Rutland, and educated at Bennet College, Cambridge. His Puritanism was first of the school of Cartwright, but he soon went far beyond his master. 1 Ie went about the country inveighing against the discip…
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In 182G he was installed as one of the ministers of the Collegiate Reformed Dutch Church in New York. About 1843 Dr. Brownlee was prostrated by an apo- plectic stroke, which paralyzed one side of his body. From this he slowly and gradually recovered, resum- ing a certain degree of mental and bodily health, but was neve…
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Bruen, Matthias, a Presbyterian minister, was born in Newark, N. J., April 11, 1793. After an ex- cellent religious and academical education, he grad- uated at Columbia College 1812. In 1816 he was li- censed to preach, but, on account of ill health, he went to Europe, where he remained nearly three years, dur- ing six…
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Bruno, founder of the order of Carthusians, was born at Cologne about 1040, of rich parents. In 1073 he became chancellor of the Church at Rheims and professor of divinity, having direction of the studies in all the great schools of the diocese. Among his pupils BRUNO 903 BUCER was'Odo, afterward Urban II. About 10…
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Bryant, Jacob, was born at Plymouth in 1715, and graduated at King's College, Cambridge, 1740. The Duke of Marlborough gave him a lucrative place in the Ordnance Department. He settled at Cypen- ham, in Berkshire, and died Nov. 4, 1804, of a morti- fication in the leg, occasioned by falling from a chair in getting a bo…
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Buchanan, Claudius, D.D., vice-provost of the College of Fort William, in Bengal, well known for his exertions in promoting an ecclesiastical establish- ment in India, and for his active support of mission- ary and philanthropic labors, was born on the 12th of March, 1766, at Cambuslang, a village near Glasgow. At the …
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BUCKERIDGE 905 BUCKLE displays a remarkable talent for clearness of definition and description. It has been of much use in the prep- aration of this Cyclopaedia. His Anecdotes, Religious, Moral, and Entertaining (Lond. 1799, 12mo ; 10th cd. 1842), has likewise gained a great popularity. — Alli- bone, Dictionary of A…
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Ancient Roman Brooches. Buckler stands in the authorized version as the representative of the following Heb. words: 1. "<~z, magen' \ protecting'), a smaller and more portable shield (2 Sam. xxii, 31; 1 Chron. v. 18; Job xv, 26; Psa xviii. 2, 30; 1'rov. ii, 7; Cant, iv, 4; Jer. xlvi, 3; elsewhere "shield"). 2. IT^rib,…
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Buckley, Theodore William Alois, an Eng- lish clergyman and writer, was born in 1825, and was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he became chaplain. Being inclined to literature rather than the pastoral work, he removed to London, where his life was chiefly spent in writing books, and in prepar- ing editions of t…
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interruption for the propagation of his doctrines. The j name of the disciple who principally assisted him was Mahakadja. Buddha died in the eighty-fifth year of his age. The time of his life falls, according to the I chronology of the Tibetans and Mongols, in the years j B.C. 2214 to 2184 ; according to the Japanese, …
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into the lowest heaven, and can continue to ascend until they attain the final goal of Buddhistic salvation, i. e. until they pass into nirvana. The signification of this term became early a source of hot controversy among the various schools of Buddhists. It comes from the Sanscrit root vd' (to bloic), and nir (out, a…
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nature and tendency of the Buddhist system of ethics, the Spectator (March 10, 18G6) has the following just remarks: "Strictly speaking, the Buddhist creed, by reducing every thing to the natural law of cause and ef- fect, should kill morals, but it does not. Of sin, in the sense in which the Scriptures speak of it, th…
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[ ties. The visible head of Buddhism lived formerly in j China, but since the fourteenth century in Tibet, vt here he is called Dalai Lama (see L.AMAIBM). The sacred j books of Buddhism treat of cosmogony, dogmatics, ethics, asceticism, and liturgy, and are very numer- ous. Buddha is said to have preached 84,000 serm…
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sixth century after Christ. Into Tibet it was intro- the tope is surrounded by a massive colonnade, 144| duced in the fifth century, and, after several persecu- feet in diameter from west to east, and 15H feet in di- tions, re-established in the tenth. Among the Mon- ameter from north to south. This enclosure is there-…
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Buell, Samuel, D.D., a Presbyterian minister, was born at Coventrj', Conn., Sept. 1, 171G, entered Yale College in 1737, and graduated in 1741. lie was ordained in 1743, and, after laboring for some time as an evangelist, received a call from the church at Last Hampton, L. I., and was installed there as pastor Sep- tem…
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BUGG 912 BULGARIA in 1 538, ami served a while as its rector. The death of Luther and the disputes of the Interim (q. v.) saddened his later years, and he died April 20, 1558. Besides the numerous practical writings of Bugenhagen, and his many directories for worship, Christian life, etc., he wrote Historie des Leid…
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Bukki'ah (Heb. Bukkiya'hu, lifjsa, wasted by Je- hovah; Sept. BoKKictQ v. r. BovKtac), a Kohathite Le- vite, of the sons of Ilcman, one of the musicians in the Temple, being appointed by David the leader of the sixth band or course in the service, consisting of himself and eleven of his kindred (1 Chron. xxv, 4, 13). B…
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Bulgaris, Eugen, a Russian archbishop, was burn in Corfu 1716. He ent >rcd in early life the priesthood of the Greek Church, ami subsequently continued his studies in Italy. On his return he assumed in 17-12 the direction of a school at Janina; later he taught successively at Kohani, on Mount Atlios, and in Con- stanti…
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Bull, George, D.D., bishop of St. David's, was born in Wells, Somersetshire, March 25, 1C.34, and en- tered at Exeter College, Oxford, 1G48. His first liv- ing was that of St. George's, near Bristol, and in 1G58 he was presented to Suddington. In 16G9 he publish ed his Harmonia Apostolica. The object of this book was t…
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Bull, in a figurative sense, is taken for powerful, fierce, insolent enemies. " Fat bulls (bulls of Bashan ) cussion. In 1675 Bull issued his Examen einsurn> and Apologia pro Harmonia ,- and in 1680, at Oxford, his Dcfensio jid< i Nica nee (also at Pavia, 1784, with notes by Zola). Preferment flowed in upon Bull after…
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BULL UNIGENITUS. See Unigenitus. Bull, "William, an English Independent minis. ter, was horn Dee. 22, 1738, in Irthlingborough, North- amptonshire, and was educated at the Dissenting acad- emy at Daventry. In 1704 he became pastor of the Independent church at Newporfr-Pagnel, where he was the intimate of Cowper and of…
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BULLOCK Decades, from the edition of 1787, was printed for the Parker Society in 1849 (Camb. 4 vols. 8vo). There is also a reprint of the Sermons on the Sacrament (Camb. 1840, 8vo). See also Bullinger' s Leben u. ausgewahlte Schriflen, nach handschrift. it. gldchzeitigen Quellen von C. Pestalozzi (Elberfeld, 1857, 8vo…
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Bulwark is the representative in the Autb. Vers, of several Heb. words : b^rt, chcgl (lit. strength, or an army, as in 2 Kings xviii. 17), an intrenchment, espe- cially the breastwork which protects the trench (Isa. xxvi, 1; elsewhere "trench," "rampart," "wall," etc."); also rOT,, ch ylah' ', the same (Psa. xlviii, 14…
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BUXTIXG 918 BUXTIXG place of secretary of embassy. A couple of years after his appointment, King Frederick William III arrived at Home, and Bunsen became his cicerone. The king was struck with the erudition of his young official, and marked him out for promotion. In 1824 he made him his charge d'affaires at Rome, an…
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13th, 1779. His parents early resolved that he should have the best education they were able to procure. At the excellent school where he was consequently placed, he was for a time exposed to annoyance as a Methodist ; but his talents and manliness speedily won the respect of his schoolfellows, especially of a son of D…
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was neglected. In bis youth lie was dissolute and profligate, and he joined the Parliamentary army, lie was converted from his evil ways in 1G5J, and in 1G55 became a Baptist. For preaching to the Baptist con- gregation at Bedford he was thrown into prison, where he "tagged laces" twelve years and a half (1660-1672), a…
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(ill. viilthe eulogy which he might be thought to have carelessly thrown out in the pages of a review : "Bun- yan is as decidedly the first of allegorists a- Demi -- thenes is the first of orators, or Shak.-peare the firsl of dramatists. Other allegorists have shown great inge- nuity, but no other allegorist has ever…
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Burden (X1!^, massa' , a lifting up, i. e. of the voice; Sept. usually \i)iifia). This term, besides its common meaning of a load (for which several other terms were also used), frequently occurs in the pro- phetical writings in the special signification of an ora- cle from God. It was sometimes understood in the sense…
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Burgh, James, was born at Madderty, Perth, in 1714, and was educated at St. Andrew's. After an un- successful attempt at the linen trade, he went up to Lon- don, and became corrector of the press. In 1740 he lie- came assistant in a grammar-school at Marlow, and in 1747 set up a school at Stoke Newington. In 1771 he re…
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BURIAL 922 BURIAL m IIP 1 m mMvmmmu Ancient Jewish Fu.cral Frocession : Costume, Modern Syrian. ral, though foolish anxiety to retard or defy the proc- waste in lavishing such a quantity of costly perfumes oss of decomposition, and all of which may be in- on a person in the circumstances of Jesus, the liberal- e…
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Interior of an Egyptian Mummy-pit citing for Orna BURIAL 923 BURIAL for a long delay in the removal of a corpse would have been attended with much inconvenience, from the heat of the climate generally, and, among the .lews in par- ticular, from the circumstance that every one thai came near the chamber was andean …
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II. Cuuisti.vx. — (I.) Ancient Usages. Among the ceremonies of the early Christians we observe invaria- bly a remarkable care for the dead, and a becoming gravity and sorrow in conducting the funeral solemni- ties. The Christian Church manifested from the first a decided preference for the custom of bury 'ng the dead, …
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As to the place of burial: for the first three centuries it was without the cities, generally in vaults or cata- combs, made before the city gates. The Emperor Thcodosius, by an edict, expressly forbade to bury within a church or even within a town. Chrysostom (Horn. 37 [al. 74], in Matt.) confirms this view. In cases …
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Burkitt, William, M.A.. a pious and learned di- vine of the Church of England, was born at Hitcham, in Suffolk, duly 25, 1650, and was admitted :■■ Pem- broke Hall, Cambridge, in 1664. Prom the college he came to Bilston Hall, in Suffolk, and was chaplain there. In 1(571 he was settled in Milden, in Suffolk, whero he r…
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be freely entered by the stranger without offence ; in- deed, the impartial observer will hardly fail to admit that Buddhism, in the absence of a purer creed, pos- sesses considerable influence for good in the country under consideration. Reciprocal kindnesses are pro- moted, and even the system of merit and demerit — …
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Preamble.— We, Christians of various races residing in British Burmah Mini now assembled in Rangoon, in gratitude to on- Redei m t for hit saving grace, In obedience to his Inst commission to his Church to preach the Gospel to every crea- ture, and with unfeigned love :,ird compassion i i our fellow- men, yet ignorant …
924 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.