PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 1
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,247,856 words · 1227 reading sections
Section 541
The Cuirass and Corslet, strictly speaking, were of prepared leather (corium), but often also composed of quilted cloths : the former in ancient times generally denoted a suit with leathern appendages at the bottom and at the shoulder, as used by the Romans ; the lat- ter, one in which the barrel did not come down belo…
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Armor-bearer (n^bs N^i, nose kelim'), an of- ficer selected by kings and generals from the bravest of their favorites, whose service it was not only to bear their armor, but to stand by them in danger and carry their orders, somewhat after the manner of adjutants in modern service. (Jud. ix, 54 ; 1 Sam. xiv, 6 ; xvi, 2…
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With the kings arose the custom of maintaining a body-guard, which formed the nucleus of a standing army. Thus Saul had a band of 3000 select warriors (1 Sam. xiii, 2; xiv, 52; xxiv, 2), and David, before his accession to the throne, 600 (1 Sam. xxiii, 13; xxv, 13). This band he retained after he became kin- and added …
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ARMY 427 ARNAUD the night-watches (Judg. vii, 19); and by the com- bination of two of the divisions, there would be a main body and a reserve, or a strong advanced guard (1 Sam . xiii, 2 ; xxv, 13). Jehoshaphat divided his army into five bodies, corresponding, according to Ewald (Ge- schich/e, iii, 192), to the geog…
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Ar'na (Lat. Arna, for the Greek text is not ex- tant), a name given as the father of Marinoth and son of Ozias, in the genealogy of Ezra (2 [Vulg. 4] Esdr. i, 2) ; evidently meaning the Zerahiah (q. v.) of the genuine list (Ezra vii, 3). Arnald, Richard, M.A., a divine of the Church of England, born in London about 1G…
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Port-Royal, iii, 498, etc. ; Querard, La France Litte- raire ; Reuchlin, Geschichte v. Port-Royal (Lips. 1839) ; Edlnb. Review, No. cxlviii; Methodist Quarterly, April, 1853 ; Princeton Review, xxi, 467 ; English Cyclupcedia. Arnauld, Antoine, one of a family distinguished for piety, talent, and suffering, and which g…
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Arnauld, Henri, brother of Antoine, was born in Paris in 1597. He was originally designed for the bar, but, on receiving from the court the abbey of St. Nich- olas, he entered the church. He was elected bishop of Toul by the diocesan chapter; but, as the election gave rise to disputes, he would not accept it. In 16f 5 …
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Arndt, Joshua, a Lutheran clergyman, born in 1626, was a professor at Rostock, and published several works on philosophy, divinity, and history ; among oth- er.-, lexicon Auliqiiitatum L'rrlesiaslicarum (4to, Greifs- wald, 1669). He died in 1685. Arnebeth. See Hare. Arno, archbishop of Salzburg, frequently called, wi…
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j by the excessive corruption of the times. Brescia re- i volted against its bishop, the fermentation spread to ARNOLD 431 ARNOLD other towns, and complaints against the author of all this poured in at Rome. Innocent II had Arnold con- demned, together with other heretics, in the council of Lateran, in 1139. Such,…
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Arnold, Godfrey, an eminent German Pietist and Mystic, born at Annaberg, Saxony, 16G6. Educated at Wittenberg, he became a tutor, 1G89, at Dresden, where he imbibed an ardent Pietistic tendency from Spener, who obtained him a situation as private tutor at Quedlinburg, where he devoted himself to the study of the mystic…
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church is a Christian state. 1 1 i - views on this subject are again stated in his Fragment on the church, sub- sequently published, in which he hits the kev-stone of the Tractarian heresy in attacking what he consid- ers to be their false notions of the Christian priest- hood. Dr. Arnold's mind was early directed to…
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the name was merely copied from the condemnatory decree, or whether they continued to exist as a sect, Ar'non (Ileb. Arnon, *13"iX, a murmur; Sept. it goes, and is 10 feet where its waters meet those of the Dead Sea (Lynch, Report, May 3, 1847, p. 20). According to the information given to Burekhardt, ' „ r. its prin…
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Arob. See Fly. A'rod (Ileb. Arod', Ti*i*, perhaps affliction, othcr- a half; the descent from the north took Burekhardt wige a 7r;j,, a^ Sept. Aooom), the sixth son (or branch (Syria, p. 372) thirty-live minutes. The last-named of tJ]e fami]y) of Gad (Num. xxvi) 17). B.C. 1856. traveller declares that he had never f…
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3. A city in the south of Judah (i. e. in Simeon), to which David sent presents after recovering the spoil of Ziklag (1 Sain, xxx, 26, 28). It appears to have been the native city of two of David's warriors (1 Chron. xi, 4 ! ). At the distance of twenty geograph- ical miles south by west from Hebron, Dr. Robinson (Rese…
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Arpha. See Arpad. Arphax'ad (Heb. Arpakshad', 'TODB'IX [on the signif. see below] ; Sept. and N. T. 'Apfa^dc, Josephus 'An<pa£da){), the name of two men. 1. The first antediluvian patriarch, son of Shem, and father of Salah ; born one year after the end of the Deluge, and died B.C. 2075, at the age of 438 vears (Gen.…
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ARROW 436 ARSEXAL Ancient Egyptian reed- i'oiv.-. 1, Hard-wood point; 2, Stone head. were of wood, others of reed ; frequently tipped with a metal head, and winged with three feathers, glued longitudinally, and at equal distances, upon the other Ancient r.j_'vptian Sportsman, with spare Arrows, end of the shaft, …
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Ar'sareth (Lat. Arsareth, for the Greek text is not extant), a region beyond the Euphrates, apparent- ly of great extent if the fanciful passage (2 [Vulg. 4] Esdr. xiii, 15) where alone it occurs can be relied upon as historical. Arsenal. The ancient Hebrews had each man his own arms, because all went to the wars ; th…
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I. Jewish. — Under the Old-Testament covenant, the arts of architecture, music, poetry, dancing (and, to a limited degree, sculpture and the applied arts), were used in the worship of God. For Architecture, Mu- sic, and Poetry, see the separate articles, as in this article we treat of art mostly in its restricted, popu…
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During the Gothic period of architecture schools of sculpture grew up in most countries of Europe, and sculpture was profusely distributed in every part of the church edifice, especially in the exterior. •1. Fourth Period (16th to 19th centuries).— The in- troduction of the use of oil in painting, the invention of chi…
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The rudiments of the arts, which are now among civilized nations brought to such an admirable state of perfection, exist also among the rudest nations, whence we infer that they must have originated part- ly in necessity and parti}' in accident. At first their processes were doubtless very imperfect and very lim- ited;…
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Artaba (Anrafttj), a dry measure used by the Babylonians (Herod, i, 192), containing seventy-two sextarii according to Epiphanius (de Pondcrib. et Mens.) and Isidore of Seville (lib. xvi, Origen) ; or, according to Dr. Arbuthnot's tables, one bushel, one gallon, and one pint, allowing, with him, four pecks I and six pi…
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of Darius, and ch. vii begins with the 7th year of Ar- taxerxes, we cannot even believe the latter king to be Xerxes without assuming an interval of 36 years (B.C. 516-479) between the chapters, and it is not more dif- ficult to imagine one of 50, which will cany us to B.C. 459, the 7th year of Artaxerxes Longimanus. W…
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Article, in Grammar. Of this part of speech, but one kind, the definite article, requires an)' consid- eration here, since the indefinite article in those lan- guages where it is grammatically treated as a peculiar form is, after all, but a modification of the numeral for one (Gr. tic, ivoc,; Lat. units; French, un ; G…
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ARTICLES 44: of good works, or of any thing that is in the persons predestinated, but the alone will of God's good pleas- ure. 3. The predestinati are a predetermined and cer- tain number, which can neither be lessened nor in- creased. 4. .Such as are not predestinated to salvation shall inevitably be condemned on ac…
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The first edition of the Articles of Schmalkald ap- peared in Wittenberg, 1538, 4to, in German; in Lat- in (by Generanus), 1541, 8vo. Selnekker afterward made a new Latin version, which is the one adopted in the collection of Lutheran creeds in Latin. A new edition of the German text, with the literature of the subject…
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VII. Of Original or Birth Sin — Original sin standeth not in the following of Adam (as the Pelagians do vainly talk), but it is the corruption of the nature of every man, that nat- urally is engendered of the offspring of Adam, whereby man is very far gone from original righteousness, and of his own nature inclined to …
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Transubstantiation, or the change of the substance of bread and wine in the Supper of our Lord, cannot be proved by Holy Writ, but is repugnant to the plain words of Scripture, over- throweth the nature of a sacrament, and hath given occasion to many superstitions. The body of Christ i-< given, taken, and eaten in the…
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ARTICLES (Tin: Thirty-nine) of the Church of England contain what may be called the "symbol," "creed," or "confession of faith" of the Church of England, especially as to the points on which, at the time of the adoption of the articles, disputes existed. They constitute also, substantially, the Creed of the Protestant …
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III. Of the going down of Christ into Hell.— As Christ died for us, and was buried, so also is it to be believed that he went down into hell. IV. Of the Resurrection of Christ — Christ did truly rise again from death, and took again his body, with flesh, bones, and all things appertaining to the perfection of man's na…
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XIII. Of Works before Justification. — Works done before the grace of Christ, and the inspiration of his Spirit, are not pleasant to God, forasmuch as they spring not of faith in Je- sus Christ, neither do they make men meet to receive grace, or (as the school-authors say) deserve grace of congruity ; yea, rather, for …
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ARTICLES 446 ARTICLES (lain anv tiling that is contrary to God's Word written, nei- ther may it so expound one place of Scripture that it be re- pugnant to another. Wherefore, although the church tie a wit- in-- and a keeper of Holy Writ, yet, as it ought not to decree any thing against the same, so, besides the sam…
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Transubstantiation (or the change of the substance of bread and wine) In the Supper of the lord cannot be proved by Holy Writ, but is repugnant to the plain words of Scripture, overthroweth the nature of a sacrament, And hath given oc- casion to many superstitious. The body of Christ is given, taken, and eaten in the …
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XXXVII.' (if the Civil Mm tint rotes.— The queen's majesty hath the chief power in this realm of England, and other her dominions, unto whom the chief government of all estates of this realm, whether they he ecclesiastical or civil, in all cases doth appertain, and is not, nor ought to be, subject to any for- Where w…
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hardly be maintained. They contain, however, what the Church of England holds to be a fair scriptural ac- count of the leading doctrines of Christianity, together with a condemnation of what she considers to be the principal errors of the Church of Rome and of certain Protestant sects. As far as they go (and there are …
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The skill of the Hebrews during their wanderings in the desert does not appear to have been inconsider- able ; but the pursuits of war and the entire absorp- tion of the energies of the nation in the one great work ; of gaining the land which had been given to them, may have led to their falling off in the arts of peac…
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Artomacliy (q. d. aprofiaxta, dispute reepect'ng bread, from dprog and /<«\n), a c< ntroversy respecting the bread of the Eucharist, criginated in 1053 by Mi- chael Cerularius. This dispute existed between the Greek and Latin churches ; the former contending that the bread used should be leavened, the latter urging the…
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ruary 20.th, 1413.— Collier, Eccl. Hist, of England, iii, 213-301. Ar'vad (Heb. Arvad', THX, tcandering ; Sept. 'ApaSiot, but properly "Apadotj, 1 Mace, xv, 23, or, as it might be spelt, Arud, 'M'HK, whence the present name Ruad), a small island and city on the coast of Syria, called by the Greeks Aradus (q. v.), by w…
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Arzan, an Armenian writer (died A.D. 459), who translated into the lan3uag3 of his country the works of Athanasius.— Hoefer, Biog. Gen. iii, 409. A'sa (Heb. Asa' ', NOX, healing, or physician), the name of two men. 1. (Sept. Ao-o, Josephus, "Aaavog.) The son of Abi- jah, grandson of Rehoboam, and third king of the se…
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ASADIAS 451 ASARELAII his popularity had not been substantially impaired, for he was honored with a funeral of unusual cost and magnificence (2 Chron. xvi, 11-14; with which 1 Kings xv, 24, does not conflict). He was succeeded by his son Jehoshaphat. See Judah, Kingdom of. 2. (Sept. 'Orrna.) A Levite, son of Elkana…
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Names. 1 Chron. vi. 1 Chrou. vi. Bom, cir. B.C. Levi 1 20 20 10 20 21 21 21 10 43 IT 43 42 42 42 41 41 41 40 40 4) 33 39 33 11117 Gershom 18G0? 1750? 10P5? 164'J? Joali or Ethan 15S5? or Iddo 1530? 1475? or Jeaterai . . Malchiah Baa^eiah 1420? 1365? 1310? 1255? 1200? Berachiah Aaaph 11…
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Richard Wright as his companion, on the 27th October rivalling that of the saints and martyrs of the early in that year. The first Methodist church in America church, of an industry which no toils could weary, of had been built three years before; and in 1771 the a patience which no privations could exhaust. He whole n…
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uilil not denv his conclusions Hi • ASCALON 453 ASCENSION ting labors exhausted a constitution originally frail ; yet, with the old martyr spirit, ho continued to travel and to preach, even when he was so weak that he had to be carried from the couch to the pulpit. He died in Spottsylvania, Ya., March 31, 1816. I…
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j shouts of praise (Psa. xxiv, 7-10; xlvii, 5, 6; lxviii, ] 18)" (Watson, Theol. Dictionary, s. v.). (7) Its residts to the church are : (a) the assumption of regal domin- ! ion by Christ, the head of the church (Heb. x, 12, 13 ; Eph.'iv, 8,10; Psa. lxviii) ; (6) the gift of the Holy Spirit (John xvi, 7, 14; Acts ii,…
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Ascension Day, or Holy Thursday, a festival of the church held in commemoration of the ascension of our Lord, forty days after Easter, and ten before Whitsuntide. Augustine (Ep. 54,) supposed it to be among the festivals instituted by the apostles them- selves, but it was not observed in the church until the third cent…
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ASCHE 455 ASH above, a Gnostic way of viewing the relations between God, man, and nature, tending to dualism and to the confounding of sin with the very nature of matter. See Zockler, Kiitische Gesckickte der Askete (Frankf. 1863, 8vo); Schafij Church History, § 94; Mercersburg Review, 1858, p. 600; Coleman, Ancient…
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Ash Ci*^, o'ren, probably tremulous, from the mo- tion of the leaves) occurs only once in Scripture as the name of a tree, in connection with other trees, of whose timber idols were made, Isa. xliv, 14: "He heweth him down cedars, and taketh the cypress and the oak, which he strengtheneth for himself among the trees of…
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1 isaiBStfl ; Sept. o Acov^Xi v. r. Aavftijc.i, Vulg. f. Batan. iv, 252) identifies it with Flacourtia sepiaria of Roxburgh, a tree, however, which has not been found in Syria. It appears to agree in some respects with the Salcadora Persica, but not in all points, and therefore it requires further investigation by som…
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shrine in this city it was that the captured ark was de- posited and triumphed over the idol (1 Sam. v, 1-9). Ashdod was assigned to Judah (Josh, xv, 47); but many centuries passed before it and the other Philis- tine towns were subdued (1 Kings iv, 2-1) [see Philis- tines] ; and it appears never to have been permanent…
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Ashdowne, William, an English Unitarian, who wrote a number of controversial pieces toward the close of the 18th century, viz. An Essay Concerning the true Meaning of Jesus in his Parables (Canterbury, 1780, 8vo): — The, Unitarian, Arian,and Trinitarian Opinions respecting Christ tried by Scripture (Canterbury, 1789, 8…
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a distan if live or >i\ miles from the shore. The bound trj then ran northward from the valley of Jiph- thah-el (Jefat) to thai of the Leontes, and reaching Zidi.u.it turned and came down by Tyre to Achzih (Ecdippa, now es-ZiV). See Tribe. It is usually stated that tie- whole of the Phoenician territories, in- cluding…
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j the very close of the history, departed not from the Temple, but 'served God with fastings and prayers ■ night and day' " (Stanley, Palest, p. 261). { The inhabitants of the tribe were also called Asher- ites (lieb. Asheri' , ^rx, Sept. iv 'Aai/p, Judg. i, 32). 2. A city on the boundary of the tribe of Manasseh, ne…
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Ash'erite (Judg. i, 32). See Asher. Ashes (properly 1SX, e'pher, from its whiteness, (TirodoQ; twice "1SS, aphar', Num. xix, 17; 2 Kings xxiii, 1, elsewhere "dust;" also yiH, de'shen, \\t. fat- ness, i. c. the fat ashes from the victims of the altar, Lev. i, 16; iv, 12; vi, 10, 11; 1 Kings xiii, 3, 5; or of corpses bu…
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Ash'ima (Heb. Ashima, X^dX, etymology un- known ; Sept. 'Aaipah), is only once mentioned in the Old Testament as the god of the people of Hamath, whose worship the colonists settled by Shalmanezer introduced into Samaria (2 Kings xvii, 30). Tho ASHKELOX 461 ASHKELOX Babylonian Talmud, in the treatise Sanhedrin (cit…
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It was a port on the Mediterranean coast between Gaza and Jamnia (Joseph. War, iv, 11, 5), 12 geogr. miles N. of the former, 10 S. by W. from Ashdod, and 37 W.S.W. from Jerusalem (comp. Reland, Palast. p. 443). Ashkelon was assigned to the tribe of Judah (Josh, xiii, 13 ; comp. Judg. i, 18) ; but it was never for any l…
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Ash'kenaz (Heb. Ashkenaz' ', t32'^3X, signif. un- known [comp. Ashpenaz] ; Sept. 'A<TYav«£, Gen. x, 3, v. r. 'Ao~xsv&Z in 1 Chrun. i, 6; 'Aa\avaZcuoi v. r. '.\\(ira^'-oi in Jer. Ii, 27; in both the latter passages Autli. Vers. " Ashchenaz"), the first named of the three sons of Corner, son of Japhet (B.C. cir. 2478), a…
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2. Another town, certainly in Judah, mentioned between Jiphtah and Nezib (Josh, xv, 43); apparent- ly in the region immediately south and east of Eleu- theropolis (comp. Keil, Comment, in loc), probably not very far from this last; possibly the present licit A lam, a ruined village on a low mound (Robinson. /,'< st arc…
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Ashton, Wm. Easterly, a Baptist minister, was born May 18, 1793, in Philadelphia, licensed as a preacher in 1814, and was ordained pastor of the Bap- tist Church at Hopewell, N. J., the following year. In 1816 he removed to Blockley, Philadelphia count}', Pa., where he labored successfully for seven years. Mr. Ashton d…
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reth was probably confounded with Juno, because she is the female counterpart to Baal, the chief god of the Syrians — their Jupiter, as it were ; and with Venus, because the same lascivious rites were com- mon to her worship and to that of Ashtoreth and her cognate Mylitta (Creuzer, Synibolik, ii, 23). But so great is …
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The word Ashtoreth cannot be plausibly derived from an)' root or combination of roots in the Syro- Arabian languages. The best etymology, that ap- proved by Gesenius (Thes. Heb. p. 1083), deduces it from the Persian sitdrah, star, with a prosthetic gut- tural (i. q. 1ttt>X, "Esther," aorrip). Ashtoreth is feminine as t…
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Lent, but was granted at all times, whenever the bishop thought the penitent qualified for it. In Borne the spectacle on this occasion is most ridiculous. Af- ter giving themselves up to all kinds of gayety and licentiousness during the Carnival, till twelve o'clock on Tuesday night, the people go on Ash-Wednes- day mo…
1,031 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.