PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 1
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,247,856 words · 1227 reading sections
Section 301
and several dukes distinguished themselves in the defence of German Protestantism. Until 1590 Lu- theranism prevailed in the whole country, but in that year the controversies arising from the Formula of Concord (q. v.) induced the princes, with a large number of the clergy, to go over to the Reformed Church. How large …
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Clean Qr.MiKUPF.D8. (Diahav. Antelope ] %?h ( Tsebiydh (female), Deer, Aycrf. Gazelle j //"/^roe-buck). (Salr, ) I Tragos, } (buck). Tsaphir,) GoaU Eriphos. I Ez (female). Gedi(Wh. I Yaal (wild). {Shor (bull). Elcph. Lous. Dakar (beeve). Par (bullock). Egel (calf). Rehn (wild). (Ayit. Sheep { Probafon. ( Seh (floc…
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Anise (awj&ov, anethum) occurs in Matt, xxiii, 23, ""Woe unto you— for ye pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin." By the (ireok and Roman writers it was employed to designate a plant used both medici- nally ••nid us an article of diet (Pliny, xix, 01 ; xx, 74 Apicius, vi, 5, 9). The Arabian translators of the Greek me…
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1. The wife of Tobit, whose history is contained in the apocryphal book that bears his name (Tob. i, 9 sq.). 2. An aged widow, daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe of Asher. She had married earhT, but after seven years her husband died, and during her long widow- hood she daih' attended the morning and evening ser- vices…
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eked has been set on foot at different periods, and has recently been revived. See Annihilationists. Annihilation! sts, a name given to the holders of the theory that the, wicked will not be kept in eter- nal misery, but will suffer a total extinction of being. See Annihilation. 1. There are only a few traces of this…
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that everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord, and from the glory of his power, should con- stitute only a part, and a small part, of future punish- ment ; and such too as, after a series of torment, must, next to being made happy, be the most acceptable thing that could befall them ? Can this be the objec…
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are not warranted in concluding, as some have done \ Anniversary, in the Greek and Romish Church- so positively concerning the question, as to make it j es, a name given to the day on which a martyr or saint a point of Christian faith to interpret figuratively the is commemorated. Also, those days on which special 'dea…
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Annunciade, the name of two orders of nuns. 1. That founded at Bourges in 1500, by Jeanne, queen of France, after her divorce from Louis XII. These nuns also call themselves the nuns of the ten virtues, viz., the virtues exhibited, as they say, in the mysteries which the Roman Church commemorates in the ten festivals …
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Ancient Egyptians (as Representatives of Iloru*) anointing a King. the cap and crown upon their heads. Some of the sculptures introduce a priest pouring oil over the mon- arch (Wilkinson's Anc. Egyptians, iv, 280). It is from this that the high-priest, as well as the king, is called " the anointed" (Lev. iv, 3 ; v, 16…
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Aucient Egyptian Servant purfuinii | self, and to anoint his head" (Wilkinson's Anc. Egyp- tians, iv, 279 ; ii, 213). See Spikenard. It is prob- able, however, that the Egyptians, as well as the Greeks and Jews, anointed themselves at home, be- fore going abroad, although they expected the observ- ance of this etiquet…
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6. Religious Significance of the Act. — It is somewhat remarkable that the first Biblical instance of anoint- I ing — that of Jacob's unction of his pillow at Bethel ; (Gen. xxviii, 18) — has reference to an inanimate ob- ject ; yet the sacred import of the ceremony is obvi- ous, and must have been derived from primeva…
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THE ANOINTED. The prophets, priests, and kings were anointed at their inauguration ; but no man was ever dignified by being anointed to hold the three of- fices in himself, so no person ever had the title of the Messiah, the Christ, the Anointed One, but Jesus the Saviour. He alone is king of kings and lord of lords : …
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2. Abbot of St. Michael's (probably at Beauvais) ; was sent in 870 by Charles the Bald as ambassador to Rome ; appointed in 871 archbishop of Sens, and used as a tool by the pope against the clergy. John VIII appointed him in 876 primate of the French Church and vicar-general of the apostolic see, but a synod of Pontio…
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which properly belongs to him, and must therefore give satisfaction for it, i. e. he must restore to God the glory which is his ; for the divine justice would not al- low of forgiveness out of pure compassion, apart from such reparation. This reparation must be commen- surate with the enormity of the sin ; yet it is no…
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He tried to prevail on the canons of his cathedral church to submit to the common life, but met with so decided a resistance that he had to leave again his see. Leo IX sent him as his legate to Lombardy, where he died at Mantua, March 18, 1086. He wrote an apolo- more forcible light than earlier writers, the nature gy…
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mengeschichte, p. 510; Neander, Ch. Hist, iv, 237, and Hist, of Dogmas, ii, 516, et al ; Hagenbach, Hist, of Doctrines (Smith's ed.), § 180; Bushnell, Vicarious Sacrifice (N. Y. 1866); Meth. Quar. Review. Oct. 1853, ists: "And Jesus answered &nd said." It is a Hebrew idiom (Job iii, 2 ; Cant, ii, 10 ; Zech. iii, 4 ; i…
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regard to Solomon's words respecting the ant, Kirby and Spence are of opinion ' ' that, if they are properly considered, it will be found that the interpretation which seems to favor the ancient error respecting ants has been fathered upon them rather than fairly de- duced from them. He does not affirm that the ant, wh…
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To some readers it may seem strange that ants should be considered four- winged insects, whereas they may have never seen a winged individual among the thousands of ants they may have looked upon. The fact is, this tribe presents the curious anomaly (paralleled also in the Termites, or white ants, of an- other order) o…
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The scriptural notices show [see Adam] that the fa- ther of men was something more than " the noble sav- age," or rather the grown-up infant, which some have represented him. He was an instructed man ; and the immediate descendants' of a man so instructed could not be an ignorant or uncultivated people. It is not neces…
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That the antediluvians were acquainted with music (q. v.) is certain ; for it is expressly said that Jubal (while Adam was still alive) became "the father of those who handle the TiS3, kinnor, and the 331", ugab" (Gen. iv, 21). The former [see Harp] -was evidently a stringed instrument resembling a lyre ; and the lat- …
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Marriage (q. v.), and all the relations springing from it, existed from the beginning (Gen. ii, 23-25) ; and, although polygamy was known among the ante- diluvians (Gen. iv, 19), it was most probably unlaw- ful ; for it must have been obvious that, if more than one wife had been necessary for a man, the Lord would not …
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and with the noose, and styled 1XH (tao, to, theo). To this species may be referred more particularly some of the notions respecting unicorns, since, the forehead being narrow, and the horns long and slender, if one be broken off near the root, the remaining one stands so nearly on the medial line, that, taken in conne…
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Anthem (from avri, in return, and v/ivog, a song), a psalm or hymn, sung in parts alternately, and cor- responding to the antiphonal singing of the primitive Church. It was introduced by Ignatius among the Eastern Churches and by Ambrose in the "West. In modern times the word is used in a more confined sense, being ap…
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passion for relics. His words are thus reported by Athanasius: "Do not let them carry my body into Egypt, lest they store it in their houses. One of my reasons for coming to this mountain was to hinder this. You know I have ever reproved those who have done this, and charged them to cease from the custom. Bmy, then, my…
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Anthony, St., of Padua, born at Lisbon in 1195, was at first an Augustinian monk; joined in 1220 the Franciscans, went in 1221 as missionary to Africa, lived for some time as hermit in Sicily, labored with great effect as preacher of repentance throughout It- aly, and was the leader of the rigorous party in the Francis…
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12 ANTHROPOLOGY the abbey-in-ehief of the order of St. Anthony, which in after ages received vast possessions and privileges. After many disorders, the fraternity fell into decay in the 18th century, and was united in 1775 to the order of Malta, which it enriched by the addition of 42 houses. The Antonians soon repent…
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2. The term is also used to denote that figure of speech by which the sacred writers attribute to God parts, actions, and affections which properly belong to man ; as when they speak of the eyes of God, his hand, etc. Anthropomorphism (avSrp(Dw6pop(poc;) differs from anthropopathy (dv9pu)TroTra9t'ic) in this : the firs…
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Anthropopathy. See Anthropomorphism. Antibaptists (from avri, against, and /SairTiZ^, to baptize), those who opjwse baptism. Of this descrip- tion there are two sorts : (1.) Those who oppose it al- together, as the Friends, usually called Quakers, who have from the beginning rejected it as an ordinance, declaring it t…
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3. The Little Horn (Dan. vii). Here the four beasts indicate four kings ; their kingdoms are supposed to be the Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, and Syrian (some say Roman) empires. The last empire breaks up into ten, after which the king rises up and masters three (ver. 24) of them. It is declared (ver. 25) that "he shall …
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of the Antichrist that was " to come" in the last times, according as they had been orally taught, who would be the antitype of these his forerunners and servants." Comp. also 1 John iv, 1-3 ; 2 John v, 7. " From John and Paul together we learn (1) that the Antichrist should come ; (2) that he should not come until a c…
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(2) The Second Beast and the False Prophet (Rev. xiii, 11-18; xix, 11-21). In these passages we find described a second beast, coming up out of the earth, who is accompanied by (or identical with) "the False Prophet." The following views are from Smith, s. v. : "His characteristics are [1] 'doing great wonders, so that…
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ANTICHRIST 25> 1682) ; of Victorinus, A.D. 270 (MM. Pair. Magna, iii, 136, Col. Agrip. 1618); of Lactantius, A.D. 300 (Div. Inst, vii, 17) ; of Cyril of Jerusalem, A.D. 315 (Catech. xv, 4) ; of Jerome, A.D. 330 (Op. iv, pars i, 209, Pari- siis, 1G93); of Chrysostom, A.D. 347 (Comm. in 11 Thess.) ; of Hilary of Poitie…
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3. Middle- Age Views. — In the Middle Age it was the prevailing opinion that Antichrist would either be brought forth by a virgin, or be the offspring of a bishop and a nun. About the year 950, Adso, a monk in a monastery of Western Franconia, wrote a treatise on Antichrist, in which he assigned a later time to his com…
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The Waldenses have a treatise (given in Leger, Hist, chs Eglises Vaudoises) concerning Antichrist of the 12th century (Gieseler, Maitland, and others, dis- pute the date, but the best authorities now agree to it). It treats of Antichrist as the whole anti-Chris- tian principle concealing itself under the guise of Chris…
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ANTICHRIST 259 ANTICHRIST First Scries, p. 33, Camb. 1842) ; and the theologians of the 17th century did not repudiate it, though they less and less dwelt upon it as their struggle came to he with Puritanism in place of popery. Bishop An- drewes maintains it as a probable conclusion from the Epistle to the Thessalon…
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YI. Jeuifh and Mohammedan Traditions of Anti- christ.— Of these we take the following account from Smith, s. v.: 1. "The name given by the Jews to Antichrist is (^b^'IN) Armillus. There are sev- eral rabbinical books in which a circumstantial ac- count is given of him, such as the ' Book of Zerubba- bel,' and others pr…
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2. Mussulmans, as well as Jews and Christians, ex- \< set an Antichrist. They call him Al Dajjal, from a name which signifies an impostor, or a liar; and they hold that their prophet Mohammed taught one of his disciples, whose name was Tamini Al-Dari, every thing relating to Antichrist. On his authority, they tell us t…
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Antidicomarianites or Antimarians, a sect of Christian disciples who appeared in Arabia at the end of the fourth century, and taught that Man- had children by Joseph after the Lord's birth. They were not heretics, but doubtless honest opponents of the growing Mariolafcry of the time. — Gieseler, Ch. Jhst. div. i, § 97 …
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ANTILEGOMENA 262 ANTILEGOMENA considered as the compositions of orthodox men, writ- ten with good intentions, but calculated by their titles to mislead the ignorant, who might be disposed to ac- count them as apostolical productions, to which honor they had not even a dubious claim. (See Eusebius, Hist. Eccles. iii,…
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cially to those who need an elementary introduction ; hence we know that it has been already in public use in our churches, and I have also understood, by tra- dition, that some of the most ancient writers have made use of it" (iii, 3). Origen speaks of The Shep- herd as " commonly used by the Church, but not re- ceive…
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nities ; for it seems evident that the general or oecu- menical council of Nice, which met in the year 3:25, formed no catalogue. The first catalogue, indeed, which has come down to us is that of an anonymous writer of the third century. He reckons thirteen epistles of Paul, accounts the Epistle to the Hebrews the work…
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upon them as of doubtful authority Euse- bius Pamphilus, in his Ecclesiastical History, says that at Ephesus there are two monuments, one of John the Evangelist, and another of John, an elder, who wrote two of the Catholic epistles, the second and third inscribed after this manner, ' The elder to the elect lady,' and …
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Antilib'anus (AvTtXiijavor, opposite Libanus, Judith i, 7), the eastern of the two great parallel ridges of mountains that enclose the valley of Cade- Syria proper (Strabo, xvi, 754 ; Ptol. v, 15, §8; Pliny, v, 20). It is now called Jebel esh-Shurki. The He- brew name of Lebanon (Sept. Aijiavog, Vulg. Libanus), which …
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■'!. Similar sentiments were maintained in England during the protectorate of Oliver Cromwell, especially by his chaplain Saltmarsh, and some of the so-called "sectaries," who expressly maintained that, as the ^lcct cannot fall from grace nor forfeit the divine fa- vor, the wicked actions they commit are not really sin…
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In the eighteenth century Antinomianism again showed itself, both in the Church of England and among the Dissenters, as an offshoot of what was called High Calvinism. Its most powerful opponents were John Fletcher, in his Checks to Antinomianism {Works, N. Y. ed. 4 vols. 8vo) and John Wesley, Works (N. Y. ed. 7 vols. 8…
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ANTIOCH 267 ANTIOCH ^4 ■JHflBP&* the Diocletian perse- cution, A.D. 312 (Ne- ander, Allgemeine Ge- schichte, i, 3, p. 1237 ; Gieseler, Lehrbuch, i, 272; Lardner, Credi- bility, pt. ii, ch.55, 58). Libaniua (born A.D. 314), the rhetorician, the friend and pane- gyrist of the Emperor Julian, was a native of Antioch …
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ANTIOCH 20S ANTIOCH die of the fifteenth century the three patriarchs of Al- exandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem convoked a synod, and renounced all connection with the Latin Church (see Cellar. Notlt. ii, 417 sq. ; Richter, Wallfahrt, p. 281 ; Mannert, VI, i, 467 sq.). Coins of Antioch in Syria, with Heads of R Knni…
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ANTIOCH 209 ANTIOCH this. But the period now referred to, namely, the age of Chr}'sostom, toward the close of the fourth cen- tury, may be considered as the brightest of its history subsequent to the apostolic age, and that from which the Church at Antioch may date its fall. It contin- ued, indeed, outwardly prosper…
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Till within a very recent period Antioch was sup- posed to have been situated where the town of Ak- Sheker now stands (Olivier, vi, 390) ; but the research- es of the Rev. F. Arundell, British chaplain at Smyr- na in 1833 {Discoveries, i, 281), confirmed by the still later investigations of Mr. Hamilton, secretary of t…
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12. Antiochus VI, Dionysus (a minor), son of the preceding. He was murdered by the usurper Trypho, who contested the kingdom till 137. 13. Demetrius II, Nicator, son of Demetrius Soter, reigned 140- 141, when he was captured bv the Parthians. 14. Antiochus VII, Sidctes, his brother, 141-128. 15. Demetrius II, Nicato…
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pedition against Asia Minor, in which he subdued the greater part of it, and even crossed the Hellespont into Europe. By this means he became (B.C. 192) involved in a war With the Romans (Liv. xxxv, 13 ; Justin, xxxi, 1), in which, after many reverses, he was finally compelled, by an unfortunate battle at Magnesia, in …
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priest, persuaded the king to transfer the high-priest- hood to him, and at the same time bought permission (2 Mace, iv, 9) to carry out his design of habituating the Jews to Greek customs (2 Mace, iv, 7, 20). Three years afterward, Menelaus, of the tribe of Benjamin [see Simon], who was commissioned by Jason to car- r…
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; time was come when an outward struggle alone could decide whether Judaism was to be merged into a ra- tionalized paganism, or to rise not only victorious from the conflict, but more vigorous and more pure. There were many symptoms which betokened the approach- ing struggle. The position which Juda?a occupied on the b…
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4. Antiochus (V) Eup.vtor (Einrarwp, having a noble father) succeeded, in B.C. 104, while yet a child (of nine years, Appian, Syr. 00; or twelve years, ac- cording to Porphyr. in Euseb. Chron. Arm. i, 348), his father Antiochus Epiphanes, under the guardianship of Lysias (Appian, Syr. 40; 1 Mace, iii, 32 sq.), al- thou…
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Coin of Antiochus SUletes, with the Figure of Minerva. 7. Antiochus (VIII) Grtpus (TpvrroQ, from his aquiline nose), and <>n coins E/n'jdiaurs, was the second son of Demetrius Nicator and Cleopatra. After the murder of his brother Seleucus by his mother, she placed him on the throne, as being likely to submit to her d…
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son, also called Antiochus Epiphanes, was betrothed. A.D. 43, to Drusilla, the daughter of Agrippa (Jo- sephus, Ant. xix, 9, 1). He assisted Titus in the final siege of Jerusalem (Josephus, War, v, 11, 3; Tacitus, Hist, v, 1). But in A.D. 72 lie was accused by Psetus, governor of Syria, of conspiring with the Parthians…
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Antip'ater (Avrhrarpoe, instead of his father), the name of several men in the Apocrypha and Jose- phus. 1. The son of Jason, and one of the two ambassa- dors sent by the Jews in the time of the Maccabees to renew the league with the Romans and Lacedaemoni- ans (1 Mace, xii, 16 ; xiv, 22). 2. The father of Herod the …
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ANTIPHILUS 277 ANTIPOPE of a plain, and not at Arsiif where the Crusaders sup- posed they had found it (Will. Tyr. ix, 19 ; xiv, 16 ; Vitracus, c. 23 ; Brocard, c. 10 ; comp. Reland, Palcest. p. 569, 570). On the road from Ramlah to Nazareth, north of Ras el-Ain, Prokesch (Reise ins Heilige Land, Wicn, 1831) came to…
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Antiphonarium or Antiphonary, a Roman service-book containing all the anthems, responsaries, collects, and whatever else was said or sung in the choir, except the lessons. It is sometimes called the responsorium, from the responses contained in it. The author of the Roman antiphonary was Gregory the Great. We read of n…
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The study of biblical antiquities, viewed as an aid! in the interpretation of the books of the Old Testa- ment, began probably on the return from the Baby- lonish exile, when a lengthened past already stretch- ed out to the Israelitish nation as they looked back toward their origin ■ and. from the new circumstances in …
818 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.