PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 1
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,247,856 words · 1227 reading sections
Section 961
applied to the Arabs and their country generally. States, the punishment is or shall be declared to be mY. , . . e .. • , .. J ■ -P .- i 4.u » » o t>i i . sr , ■ Ihe onlv positive instance oi this 1 itter signification death. See Blackstone, Comuu ntnriis. iv. 28. . T- , . ™ , ,lt. i clergy shall not be used or allo…
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Benezet, Anthony, an eminent philanthropist and opponent of slavery, was born at St. Quentin, Picardy, France, January 31, 1713. His parents, driv- en from France by Popish persecution, removed to London in February, 1715, and during their residence there became Quakers. The family came to Philadel- phia in November, 1…
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Bengel was the first Lutheran divine who applied to the criticism of the New Testament a grasp of mind which embraced the subject in its whole ex- tent, and a patience of investigation which the study required. While a student, he was much perplexed by the various readings, which led him to form the determination of ma…
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and forced him to make " streets" in Samaria for Syrian residents. — Kitto ; Smith. See Ahab. 2. Another king of Syria, son of the preceding. Some authors call him grandson, on the ground that it was unusual in antiquity for the son to inherit the fa- ther's name. But Ben-hadad seems to have been a religious title of …
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Ben-ha'il (Heb. Ben-Cha'yil, ^"3, son of strength, i. e. warrior; Sept. translates o\ viol rwv Sv- var&v), one of the "princes" of the people sent by Je- hoshaphat to teach the inhabitants of Judah, and car- ry out the reformation begun by him (2 Chron. xvii, 7). B.C. 910. Ben-ha'nan (Heb. Ben-Chanan, "Jin- *jS, son o…
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BENJAMIN 752 BENJxVMIN and Hapham [Huppim], enumerated as the sons of the latter, although they do not appear in the list of Be- cher's sons, must be Buch under other names, but — like Bela's in the same list — undistinguishable, as Jediael had but one son. and the restare otherwise identified), and finally Kapha (w…
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(2.) No less important than these eminences are the torrent beds and ravines by which the upper country breaks down into the deep tracts on each side of it. They formed then, as they do still, the only mode of access from either the plains of Philistia and of Sharon on the west, or the deep valley of the Jordan on the …
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do. Beth-car. Hill. Beth-eL Town. Beth-hoglah. do. Bozez. Cliff. Chephar-haammonai. Town. Cliephirah. do. Cherith. Brook. Cliidon. Threshh Ebenezer. Stone. El-Bethel. Town. Eleph. do. Emmaus. do. En-shemesh. Spring. Ephraim, or Ephron. Town. Gaba. do. Gallim. do. Geba. do. Gebim. do.…
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the Benjatnites resisted the sti gesl appeal of Saul to betray the movements of David; and after those 1 tmenta bad I „ revealed by Doeg the Edomite (worthy member ag |,.. „,,,., ha'v„ Beeme<] tl, them— of an act uraed race!) they still firmly refused to lift a band against those who bad assisted him (sec Niemey- c…
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Gate of Benjamin (Jer. xxxvii, 13; xxxviii, 7; "Benjamin's gate," Zech. xiv, 10; " hi^h gate of Ben- jamin," Jer. xx, 2) was doubtless on the northern side of Jerusalem, probably the same elsewhere called "the gate of Ephraim" (1 Kings xiv, 13), and apparently coinciding nearly in position with the present "Da- mascus …
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pelled to Buhmit, was readmitted into the faculty, and made dean. Benoit had been confessor to the unhap- pv Mary, Queen of Scots, whom be accompanied into Scotland. He died at Paris March 7th, 1C08. He * published an immense number of works, among which may be specified, 1. Stromata in Uuirersa Biblia (Co- logne. 1508…
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Bentham, Jeremy, was born in London, Febru- ary 15, 1748. He received his early education at Westminster School; and when yet a boy, being little more than twelve years of age, he went to Owen's Col- lege, Oxford, where he took his master's decree in 1766. He studied law, and was called to the bar in 1772, but devoted …
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archdeaconry of Ely was conferred upon him. Of his contributions to Greek literature we have not room to speak; but, in the midst of personal quarrels, his liter- ary activity for many years was wonderful. In 1713 he published, under the signature of Philoleutheros Lipsiensis, a reply to Collins's Discourse of Frt > th…
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Be'rea (Bipsa), a place in Judea apparently not very far from Jerusalem, where Baechides, the general of Demetrius, encamped shortly before the engage- ment in which Judas Maccabants was slain (1 Mace. ix, 4). Other copies, however, read Berza/h (Berfp^ad, BiT)pSa£, lu/olV/3-, etc., see Grimm, in loc), from which Behin…
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BERENICE 759 BERIAH him for charging Scotus with heresy for his opinion that the bread and wine are not changed in substance by consecration in the Eucharist, and declared that in doing so he equally condemned Ambrose, Jerome, Au- gustine, and others of the fathers. This letter fell into the hands of Pope Leo IX, wh…
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Be'ri (Heb. Ben', "na, q. d.fonlanus, for 'nxa, Beeri; Sept. Bapi v. r. BopiV), a chief warrior, the fourth named of the eleven sons of Zophah, a descend- ant of Asher (1 Chron. vii, 36). B.C. perh. 1016. Beri'ali (Heb. Beriah', on the signif. see below), the name of four men. 1. (Sept. Brcpia.) The last named of the…
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built in tl ppression, are probably Semitic. In the Book of Joshua, Shihor, the Nile, here the Pelusiac branch, is the boundary of Egj'pt and Canaan, the Philistine territories apparently being considered to extend from it (Josh, xiii, 2, 3). It is therefore very probable that many Philistines would have settled ina p…
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Berkeley, George, bishop of Cloyne, was born at Kilcrin March 12, 1G84, and educated at Trinity Col- lege, Dublin. In 1707 he published A ritlnnetlca absque A 'gebra aut Euclide demonstrate ; and in 1709 appeared his well-known Theory of Vision, the first work in which an attempt was made to distinguish the imme- diate…
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Bernard of Tiron, St., founder of a new congre- gation of Benedictines (q. v.), viz. the Tironensians (q. v.), was born at Ponthieu about A.D. 1040. He was at first abbot of St. Cyprian's, but in 1109 found- ed the abbey of Tiron and the new congregation named from the place. The monks gave themselves to si- lence, man…
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added a sermon in reference to the crusade. Toward the conclusion of his discourse, be turned to the em- peror, and addressed him frankly, as though he hud 2 BERNARD been a private man. He described the day of judg- ment, when the men who had received such innumera- ble benefits from God, and yet had refused to minis…
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filment of the papal office : " Consider that the Church of Rome, over which God hatli placed you as supreme, is the mother, and not the mistress of other churches ; and that you are not a sovereign lord over the other bishops, but only one among them ,• that you are a broth- er of those that love God, and a companion …
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Bernard, Ptolomei, St., founder of the Olivetans (q. v.), was born at Sienna 1272, died August 20, 1318. He descended from one of the first families of Sienna, and had filled the highest positions in his country. In consequence of a vow to leave the world if he should be cured from a sore eye, he sold all he had, distr…
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Berne, Synod op, an assembly of the clergy of Berne, Switzerland, to consolidate the work of the Reformation, held in 1532. It was the first of the Re- formed synods of Berne, and was attended by 230 of the clergy, June l. 1 I, 1532. A Church Director}' and Manual fur Pastors were adopted, cont lining many ex- cellent …
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Bero'dach-bal'adan (I-Ieb. Berodak' Baladan', T7 - . ? ~^^"1? i Sept. Bapwcux [v- r- Mapuoax] BaXaSdv; Vulg. Berodach Baladan), the king of Babylon who sent the friendly deputation to Hezekiah (2 Kings xx, 12), called in the parallel passage (Isa, xxxix, 1), apparently more correctly, Merodach Baladan (q. v.). Berce'a…
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Berosus (perhaps from Bar-Osea, the son of Oseas), a priest of Belus and historian at Babylon, lived, ac- cording to some, at 250 B.C., according to others, at the time of Alexander the Great. He wrote a history of Chaldrea, which he compiled from the temple ar- chives of Babylon, of which he was the keeper. This work,…
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Berridge, John, one of the Methodist reformers of the Church of England, was 1 orn at Kingston 1716, and entered at Clare Hall 1734, and in 1755 became vicar of Everton. In 1758 he invited Wesley to visit his parish, and a widespread reformation broke out, attended by some irregularities r.nd excesses, Ber- ridge soon …
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Berthold, a Calabrian who went to Mount Carmel about the middle of the 11th century and founded the order of Carmelites (q. v.). Berthold, the apostle of Livonia, died in 1198. After the death of the first missionary and bishop of the Livonians, Meinhard (1196), Berthold, who was at that time abbot of the Cistercian c…
1,045 wordsSECTION 988Section 988
Berti, Giovanni Lorenzo, an Augustinian monk, born 1696, in Tuscany. He was called by the Grand- duke of Tuscany to the chair of theology at Tisa, where BERTIUS he died, May 26, 1766. His principal work is a course of theology, printed at Rome, from 1739 to 17!:.. in 8 vols. It", under the title De Theologieis DUcipl…
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Beryllus, bishop of Bostra, in Arabia, 3d century. Our only definite knowledge of him is derived from a passage in Eusebius (Hist. Eccl. vi, 33), which says that he held that "our Lord did not exist, in the proper sense of existence, before he dwelt among men ; neither had he a proper divinity, only that divinity which…
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The modern city is thus described by Dr. Robinson {Researches, iii, 437 sq.): "Beirut is situated on the north-west coast of the promontory of the same name, about an hour distant from the cape, directly upon the sea-shore. There was once a little port, now filled up, so that vessels can anchor onlj' in the open road. …
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■■'<. 124. His life was written by Bandini i Rome, K77. lto). Among his published writings is a treatise, Contra Calumniatorem Platonis (Rome,1469), against George of Trebis 1. who bad attacked Plato. His treatise />< Sacramento Eucharistice is given in ca Patrum, vol. xvi. In this he asserts that tl"' bread and wi…
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Betll- (Heb. Beytk, the "construct form" of Fl*1?, ba'yith, according to Fiirst, from 1^2, to lodge in the night; according to Gesenius, from il52, to build, as So/iug, domus, from ci/no), the name of the second let- ter of the Hebrew alphabet, corresponding to our B, which was derived from it. As an appellative, it is…
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Beth'-anath (Heb. Beyth-Anath', r:"T"2, house ! of response ; Sept. Bifiavaiy v. r. Bai^Ba/je and BaiSta- va\), one of the "fenced cities" of Xaphtali, named with Bethshemesh (Josh, xix, 38) ; from neither of which were the Canaanites expelled, although made tributaries (Judg. i, S3). It is mentioned by Eusebius and Je…
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a square tower apparently of old date, though certain- ly qoI of the age of the kings of Judah, to which De Saulcj assigns it <i, 128)— the latter a deep vault ex- cavated in the limestone rock, the bottom reached by twenty-Six BtepS. The hOUSe of Simon the leper i< also exhibited. As to the real age and character of…
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Beth-ar'bel (Heb. Beyth Ariel', Jj&fa'lK PPa, house of God's court or courts), a place only alluded to by the prophet Hosea (x, 14) as the scene of some great military exploit known in his day, but not re- corded in Scripture: "All thj' [Israel's] fortresses shall be spoiled, as Shalman spoiled Beth-arbel (Sept. wq upx…
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Beth-ba'rali (Heb. Beyth Barak', rria fi^a, prob. for "T^a? H^a, Beih-Abarah, i. e. house of cross- ing, q. A. ford; Sept. Bififiiipd v. r. BaiSnjpd), a place named in Judg. vii, 24 as a point apparently south of the scene of Gideon's victory (which took place at about Bethshean), and to which spot "the waters" (CI'HJl…
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1. I Sept. li,,--,-,,;,,/,,. v. r. BayaoHjX.) A city in the Iowcountry(5Af/efaA)0fJudah (Josh, xv, 41, where il i- oamed between Gederoth and Naamah), and there. for.- not f.„- from the Philistine territory, with which it- name implies o connection. From the absence of the copulative conjunction bofore this name, ii ha…
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1. A city of central Palestine, memorable as a holy site from early times. Many have inferred (from Judg. i, 23, 2G; Josh, xviii, 13) that it was the same place originally called Luz (q. v.), but from other pas- sages it appears that they were different, although contiguous (see below). Of the origin of the name Bethel…
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BETHEL 1 of the kingdom. It was during this period that Elijah visited Bethel, and that we hear of "sons of the prophets" as resident there (2 Kings ii, 2, 3), two facts apparently incompatible with the active existence of tli • < alf-worship. The mention of the bears so close to t!i • town (Hi, 23, 25) looks, too, as…
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Professor Robinson {Biblioth. Sac. 1843, p. 456 sq.) thinks that Bethel may be identical with the Bether, not far from Jerusalem, where the revolt under Bar- cocheba (q. v.), in the time of Adrian, was finally ex- tinguished (Euseb. Hist. Ecc. iv, 6) ; the Betarum, which lay 18 Roman miles from CVsarea toward Lydda {It…
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more than state the popular legend as he found it, without vouching for its truth, except so far as it ex- plained the invalid's presence there. Eusebius and Jerome — though unfortunately they give no clew to the situation of Bethesda — describe it in the Onomasticon (s. v. BnZ,a$d, Bethesda) as exist- ing in their ti…
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Beth-e'zel(I!eb. Beyth ha-E'tsel, fesitfl r^S, house of ilr firm root, i. c. fixed dwelling; Sept. translates oIkoq i xpptvoc, avrije, "neighboring house," as in our margin), a town in Judsea, mentioned Mic. i, 11, where there i, an allusion to Die above etymology. Ephraem Svru understands a place near Samaria; but the…
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Beth-ho'ron (Heb. Beyth Clwron' ', "jinn rP3 or "pin ma, once [1 Kings ix, 17] "pH FPSl, in Chron. fully 'j'hin rP2, house of the hollow; Sept. BijSwpwv or BaiSr ojpwv ; BcuS'wp'w, BatSrwpa, and BtScopov), the name of two towns or villages (2 Chron. viii, 5), an "upper" ("P"1?"^) and a "nether" Cji^Plfiftrt) (Josh, xvi…
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BETII-JESIIIMOTH 780 BETH-LEIIEM it parts into three, diverging north to Caphar-Saba (Antipatris), south to Gaza, and west to Jaffa (Joppa). Beth-jesh'imoth or (as it is less correctly Angli- cized in Num. xxxiii, 49) Beth-jes'imoth (Heb. Beyth h i-Yednmoth' , r'-Z-^Ti r"3 [in Num. xxxiii, 49, r^'w^n r*2~}, house of…
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! as a person — the wife of Caleb and mother of Hur (~!in) (ii, 19, 51 ; iv, 4); the title of "father of Beth- lehem" being bestowed both on Hur (iv, 4) and on Sal- ' ma, the son of Hur (ii, 51, 54). The name of Salma I recalls a very similar name intimately connected with Bethlehem, namely, the father of Boaz, Salma…
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The elevation of David to the kingdom does not ap- pear to have aft'ected the fortunes of his native pi ice. The residence of Saul acquired a new title specially from him, by which it was called even down to the latest time of Jewish history (2 Sam. xxi. G ; Josephus, War, v, 2, 1, ra/3a9oaov\n), but David did nothing …
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BETII-LEIIEM 782 BETH-LEHEM lem, first took possession of Bethlehem, at the entreaty of its Christian inhabitants. In A.D. 1110, King Baldwin I erected it into an episcopal see, a dignity it had never before enjoyed; but, although this was confirmed by Pope Pascal II, and the title long re- tained in tin' Romish Chu…
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1 Tradition is in its favor, but facts and probabilities are against it. It is useless to deny that there is much force in a tradition regarding a locality (more than it would have in the case of a historical fact), which can be traced up to a period not remote from that of the event commemorated ; and this event was s…
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Bethlehem has been more or less fully described by most travellers in Palestine (comp. also Keland, Palsest. p. 643 sq. ; Rosenmuller, Alterth. II, ii, 276 sq. ; Ver- poortenn, Fascic. Dissert. Coburg, 1739 ; Spanheim, Be prcesepi Bom. nostri, Berl. 1695 ; Wernsdorf, Be Bethlehemo ap. Hieron. Vitsb. 1769). Treatises on…
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Bethlehemites. 1. An order of knights, estab- lished by Pope Pius II. on Jan. 18, 1459. The chief mission of this order was to fight against the Turks, and to oppose their farther advance in Europe. Their chief seat was to lie at Lemnos. They were to have an elective grand master, and to embrace knights and priests. Th…
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Beth-mar'caboth (Heb. Beyth Markaboth', F^S iTYiaa'HTa, house of chariots, in Chron. ; Sept. Ba&uap- \<i;)c'j v. r. Bat$uapiuii& ; or with the art. in Josh., 7)'< th-hara-marhaboth' , ra2"i"sn~n*a, house of the char- iots; Sept. B/;5<(/(tpY«/3oj^ v. r. BaiSrf.iaxto.ij'i, and Bai&afxuapxdafiwSi), one of the towns of Sim…
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Betho'ron (Ba&mpwv), a Grascized form (Judith Jv, 4) of the town Beth-horon (q.v.). Beth-pa'let (Heb. Beyth Pe'kt, dbs P^3, house of escape, but found only "in pause," Beyth Pa let, -33 pl^S [or "f^S] ; Sept. Bifity'tXiS and ti>fi(pa\ciT or BaiScpaXdS), one of the towns in the extreme south of Judah (i. e. assigned to…
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Beth'-plielet (Neh. xi, 26). Sec Beth-palet. Beth'-rapha (Heb. Beyth Rapha', NSn ma, aottst <>f Rapha, or r/"the giant; Sept. Ba9pt(pd v. r. Badpata . a name occurring in the genealogy of Judah as apparently the eldest of the three sons of Eshton, '• men of Rechah" (1 Ohron. iv, 12). B.C. post 1618. There is a Rapha i…
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( hrist fed the 5000, and also, probably, where the blind BETHSAIDA 787 BETH-SHEAN man was restored to sight. This appears also to have been the Bethsaida of Gaulonitis, afterward called Ju- lias, which Pliny (Hist. Nat, v, 15) places on the east- ern side of the lake and of the Jordan, and which Jo- sephus describ…
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Beth'Eamos (BaiidT^uou v. r. BaiSarr/iw^, a place of which 42 inhabitants are stated to have re- turned from the captivity (1 Esdr. v, 18) ; evidently the Beth-Azmavetii (q. v.) of the genuine text (Neb. vii, 28 ; simply Azmaveth in Ezra ii, 24). Beth'san (Ba&aav), a Graecized form (1 Mace, v, 52 ; xii, 40, 41) of the…
1,041 wordsSECTION 1016Section 1016
S BETH-SHEMESH of the abundance of water, and the exuberant fertility of the soil consequent thereon, as well as in the power of using their chariots, which the level nature of the country near the town conferred on them (Josh, xvii, 1G), resides the secret of the hold which the Canaan it es retained on the place. So …
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By comparison of the lists in Josh, xv, 10 ; xix, 41, 43, and 1 Kings iv, 9, it will be seen that Ir-siiemesii (q. v.), "city of the sun," must have been identical with Beth-shemesh, Ir being probably the older form of the name ; and again, from Judg. i, 35, it appears as if Har-cheres, "mount of the sun," were a third…
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The simple name of Tappuah was borne by another town of Judah, which lay in the rich lowland of the Shefela (Josh, xiv, 34). See Tappuah. Also by one on the border between Manasseh and Ephraim (Josh, xvi, 8). See En-tappuah. Betlru'el (Heb. Bethuel' ', bx^a), the name of a man and also of a place. 1. (For ?X_:ir*0, i…
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the region indicated, which requires a location in the extreme S.W., possibly at the present water-pits call- After an academical education in New York, he pur- sued his collegiate studies at Dickinson College. Car- ed Themail (Robinson, i, 209), or rather the ruins just Hsle, Pennsylvania, at that time under the pre…
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Beth-Zechariah. See Bath-Zacharias. Beth'-zur (1Kb. Eeyth-Tmr', l^-rva, house of the rock ; Sept. Bijjaoi'p, in 2 Chron. BcaBcroi'pa, in 1 Chron. v. r. BatSaoi/p ; Apocrypha and Josephus B&vovpa'), a town in the mountains of Judah, named between Halhul and Gedor (Josh, xv, 58). So far as any interpretation can, in the…
915 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.