PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 1
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,247,856 words · 1227 reading sections
Section 1021
Betkiiis, Joachim, a German pastor, noted for fervent piety in a time of spiritual declension, was born in Berlin 1601, studied at Wittenberg, and was pastor of the village of Linum for 30 years. He died 1663. Me was one of the few German pastors of his time (be- fore the rise of Pietism [q. v.]) who preached and en- j…
908 wordsSECTION 1022Section 1022
Friends (Lond. 1811) :— A Vindication of the Authenticity if the Xarra/ivet contained in the first two Chapters of the Gospel of St. Matthew and St. Luke (Lond. 1*22). The latter work is directed against the objections of the ed- itors of the Unitarian version of the New Testament. Beverage. The ordinary drink of the …
1,338 wordsSECTION 1023Section 1023
Beverley, John of, a celebrated English ecclesi- astic of the 7th and 8th centuries. He was one of the first scholars of his age, having been instructed in the learned languages by Theodore, archbishop of Canter- bury, and he was himself tutor of the Venerable Bedc. The following works arc attributed to him : 1. Pro L…
1,058 wordsSECTION 1024Section 1024
Beyond. The phrase " beyond Jordan" (~\"2$ •jl-^n, iripav tov 'lopcc'ivov) frequently occurs in the Scriptures, and to ascertain its meaning we must, of com'-", attend to the situation of the writer (see Kuinol, ( 'omrm nt. in John i, 28). With Moses it usually signi- fies the country on the western side of the river, …
1,081 wordsSECTION 1025Section 1025
BEZA '95 BEZA deaf." Catharine requested him to remain in France on the plea that his presence would tend to maintain tran- quillity, and that his native country had the best title to his services. He consented, and after the promulga- tion of the edict of January, 1562, often preached pub- licly in the suburbs of P…
1,090 wordsSECTION 1026Section 1026
"In the following February the duke of Guise, the lieutenant general of the kingdom, was assassinated before Orleans. When the assassin was seized, he accused Beza, among other leading Huguenots, as having been privy to his design. Beza declared that, notwithstanding the great and general indignation aroused against th…
1,045 wordsSECTION 1027Section 1027
constituted, or abrogate ancient ones ; or that it was lawful for bishops to appoint any new thing without the judgment and will of their presbytery." — Eiig.Cyc; Bib. Sac. 1850, p. 501 ; Cunningham, Reformers, Essay vii(Edinb. 1862, 8vo); Hook, Eccles. hi>g. ii, 3^4 sq. Beza's MS. See Cambridge Manuscript. Be'zai (H…
934 wordsSECTION 1028Section 1028
2. (Sept. Baodp v. r. Baadv.) The sixth named of the eleven sons of Zophah, of the descendants of Asher (1 Chron. vii, 36). B.C. post 1658. Be'zeth (Bi£i6), a place at which Bacchides en- camped after leaving Jerusalem, and where there was a "great pit" (rb typiap to /i<sy«, 1 Mace, vii, 19). By Josephus (Ant. xii, 10…
903 wordsSECTION 1029Section 1029
j of a genial nature, of a lofty spirit, of a strong will, and of inexhaustible patience. He died at Scranton, Penn., on the 6th of July, 1859, of disease of the heart. —Peck, Early Metho lism (N. Y. 1800, 12mo, p. 489). Bibbins, Samuel, a Methodist Episcopal minis- ter, one of the fathers of the Black River Conferenc…
928 wordsSECTION 1030Section 1030
8 BIBLE learned father probably borrowed from 2 Maccabees, ii, 13, where Nehemiah is said, in " founding a library" (J3i/3\ioQr)Krj), to have "gathered together the acts of the kings, and the prophets, and of David, and the epistles of the kings concerning the holy gifts." But although it was usual to denominate the …
747 wordsSECTION 1031Section 1031
Itself to the minds of men. As regards a large portion of the writings of the New Testament, it is not too much to say that they claim an authority not lower, nay, even higher than the Old. That which had not been revealed to the "prophets" of the Old dispensa- tion is revealed to the prophets of the New (Eph. iii, 5).…
939 wordsSECTION 1032Section 1032
1. The Law, Torah', iT"HFl, j'o/joc, naturally con- tinued to occupy the position which it must have held from the first as the most ancient and authoritative portion.. Whatever questions may be raised as to the antiquity of the whole Pentateuch in its present form, the existence of a book bearing this title is traceab…
1,009 wordsSECTION 1033Section 1033
The Sept. presents the following titles of these last: ¥a\uoi, napoipiai, a,,,,.,,, *Aff/ti« aofidrotv, 'EkkXv- otaorric, U.apa\tiir6ixtva (i. e. things omitted, as being supplementary to the books of Kings). The Latin ver- sion imports xane of the titles, and translates others; Psalmi, Proverbia, Threni, Canticum Cant…
964 wordsSECTION 1034Section 1034
1. The Eebrexo of the Old Testament.— It is hardly possible to conceive of the liturgical use of the Looks of the Old Testament without some kind of recognised division. In proportion as the books were studied and commented on in the schools of the rabbins, the division would become more technical and complete, and hen…
1,028 wordsSECTION 1035Section 1035
(3.) The chief facts that remain to be stated as to the verse divisions of the Old Testament are that they were adopted by Stephens in his edition of the Vulgate, 1555, and by Frellon in that of 1556 ; that they appeared, for the first time in an English translation, in the Geneva Bible of 15G0, and were thence transfe…
1,264 wordsSECTION 1036Section 1036
(2.) With the New Testament, however, as with the Old, the division into chapters adopted by Hugh de St. Cher superseding those that had been in use previous- ly, appeared in the early editions of the Vulgate, was transferred to the English Bible by Coverdale, and so became universal. The notation of the verses in each…
916 wordsSECTION 1037Section 1037
2. Secondary attributes, such as flow indirectly from the same sources : (1) Necessity of Scripture, as the truth could be preserved and handed down neither by tradition nor by the " inner light." (2) Integri'y, i. c. that no part essential to the canon has been lost. (3) Purity, i. e. the uncorrupted preservation of t…
1,015 wordsSECTION 1038Section 1038
The career of the B. and F. B. Society has not been without vigorous opposition. The first attack came from the High-Church clergy of the Establishment, "specially Ur. Wordsworth, Bishop Randolph, and aft- erward Bishop Marsh. These assaults had no other effect than to diminish the interest of the Established Church in…
995 wordsSECTION 1039Section 1039
2. Iiir.LE Societies on the Continent of Eu- rope.—1. The Cans/tin J ibk Institute was founded in 1710 by the Marquis of Canstein, to print and circu- late the Word of God at a cheap rate. Up to 18-13 it had circulated nearly live millions of Bibles, and near- ly three millions of Testaments. See Canstein. 2. The Nun …
1,150 wordsSECTION 1040Section 1040
II. Constitution and Officers. — A constitution was adopted and officers of the society were elected. The Hon. Elias Boudinot, LL.D., though not at the con- vention, was chosen president, and twenty-three vice- presidents were chosen from various states in the Union ; the Rev. Dr. J. M. Mason was elected secre- tary fo…
921 wordsSECTION 1041Section 1041
VIII. Paid Secretaries. — The original executive of- ficer- received no remuneration for their service. The first paid officer was Mr. John Nitchie, agent and ac- countant Iron, 1810, clergymen of New York render- in- voluntary service as secretaries until 1826, when Mr. John C, Brigham, now the Rev. Dr. Brigham, wis e…
1,183 wordsSECTION 1042Section 1042
"Resolved, That this society's present standard English Bible be referred to the standing committee on versions for examination ; and in all cases where the same differs in the text or its accessories from the Bibles previously published by the society, the com- mittee are directed to correct the same by conforming it …
994 wordsSECTION 1043Section 1043
BIBLE, TRANSLATIONS OF 803 BIBLIANDER lation, have been printed with the common English version and the Greek text in parallel columns, with the authorities for the proposed changes, and the re- maining portions of the New Testament are rapidly ap- pearing. All these incipient revisions are placed in the hands of a …
982 wordsSECTION 1044Section 1044
Biblia Pauperum {Bible of the Poor'). (I.) The title given to a Bible Manual, or Picture-Bible, pre- pared in the Middle Ages for the use of children of the poor, whence its name. It consisted of forty to fifty pictures, giving the events of the life of Christ, and some O. T. events, each picture being accompanied by a…
1,170 wordsSECTION 1045Section 1045
eludes the statements of doctrine made in the creeds tian faith and life in its finished form, as set forth by the apostles, finally and for all time; while the latter ought to take note of the development of revelation, in its various stages, from the time of Abraham to that of the apostles." He therefore makes Bibli…
915 wordsSECTION 1046Section 1046
Bibliomancy (JiifiXlov, uavrda), divination (q. v.) by means of the Bible; sometimes called, also, 8ortes biblical or sortes sacrat. It consisted in taking passages of Scripture at hazard, and drawing thence. indications of future things. It was used occasionally in the consecration of bishops, and was evidently bor- r…
958 wordsSECTION 1047Section 1047
(II.) In 1648 Francois Combefis published at Paris, in two vols, fol., Graco-Eat. Patrum Bibliotheca Novum Auctu vrium, and iii 1672 his Bibliotheca' Gnecorum Pa- trum Auctuarium Novlssimum, in two parts. (III.) In 1677 appeared at Lyons (27 vols, fol.) the Bibliotheca Patrum, which generally, and deservedly, bears th…
1,189 wordsSECTION 1048Section 1048
Biddle, John, one of the first preachers of Socin- ianism in England, and cruelly persecuted on that ;;c- count. He was born at Wotton, Gloucestershire, in 1615. In 1041 he took the degree of M.A. at Oxford, and was appointed master of the grammar-school of Gloucester. He soon began to exhibit his Socinian bias, and wa…
916 wordsSECTION 1049Section 1049
converted in Vermont at nine, removed to Worthing- ton, O., in 1812, and at nineteen received license to exhort. His first circuit was in Kentucky in 1814. After filling with honor every office in the Church but that of bishop, he died in triumph at Columbus, Ohio, in 1835. His early education was limited by his cir- c…
988 wordsSECTION 1050Section 1050
Bil'gah (Ilcb. Bilgak', Ha!?a, prob. cheerful, but according to Furst, jirst-born; Sept. BtAyfic and Bn\- yac), the name of two priests. 1. The head of the fifteenth sacerdotal course for the temple service, as arranged by David (1 Chron. xxiv, 14). B.C. 1043. 2. A priest who returned from Babylon with Ze- rubbabel a…
932 wordsSECTION 1051Section 1051
Billroth, Joiiaxx Gustav Friedricii, a German theologian, was born in 1808 at Lubeck, became in i 1834 professor of philosophy at Halle, and died there in i 1836. He wrote, among others, the following works : Beitrage zur wisst nsch ftlichen Kritik der herrschenden Theohgk ( Leipz. 1813) ; Commentar zu denBriefen des A…
1,177 wordsSECTION 1052Section 1052
Bingham, Joseph, one of the most learned and laborious divines the Church of England has ever produced, was born in 1668 at Wakefield, in York- shire. He studied at Oxford, and became a fellow of University College, where he had for his pupil Potter, who afterward was archbishop of Canterbury. When called upon to preac…
961 wordsSECTION 1053Section 1053
nard, Sale, and others (10 vols. fol. 1734-1741). It in- cluded a new translation of Bayle, besides a vast quan- tity of fresh matter. In 1742 he published Thurloe's State Papers (7 vols. fol.). He published Livis of Abp. TiUotson and the Hon. Rob. Boyle in a separate form, and edited new editions of their works. He al…
969 wordsSECTION 1054Section 1054
Birdseye, Nathan, a Congregational minister, was born in Stratford, Conn., Aug. 19, 1714, graduated at Yale 1736, and became pastor of the church in West Haven 1742. He resigned June, 1758, and retired to a farm in the town, where he spent the rest of his life. Once, after he was a hundred years old, he con- ducted dev…
1,050 wordsSECTION 1055Section 1055
The disease called empneumatosis, or false conception, docs not appear to have been so unfrequent among the BIRTH 817 BIRTHRIGHT Hebrew women as among tlwse of Europe. If it had i been so, it probably would not have made its appear- ance on the pages of Hebrew writers in the shape of a figure of speech. The Hebrews…
1,029 wordsSECTION 1056Section 1056
2. A "double portion" of the paternal property was allotted by the. Mosaic law (Deut. xxi, 15-17), nor could the caprice of the father deprive him of it. There is some difficulty in determining precisely what is meant by a double portion. Some suppose that half the inheritance was received by the elder brother, and tha…
1,106 wordsSECTION 1057Section 1057
In the early Church, the title was employed cither in relation to the pastor of one church or assembly of I Christians, or to the superintendent of a number of churches. The former is the meaning attached to the word by Presbyterians and Congregationalists, and the latter by the various Episcopal churches of Christend…
1,251 wordsSECTION 1058Section 1058
" The apostles themselves, it is held by some, were the real bishops of that day, and it is quite evident that they performed many episcopal functions. It may ; well be true that the onty reason why no bishops (in the modern sense) were then wanting was because the apostles were living; but it cannot be inferred that i…
958 wordsSECTION 1059Section 1059
bishop S20 BISHOP witnessed a gradual chaii^ ■ in th ■ application of the ■words, and in the epistles of Ignatius, even in their least interpolated or must mutilated form, the bishop is recognised as distinct from, and superior to, the pres- byters (Ep. ml Smyrn. viii; ad Trail, ii, iii, viii; ad Magn. vi). In those…
1,028 wordsSECTION 1060Section 1060
2. The work of teaching, both publicly and privately I (1 Thess. v, 12; Tit. i, 9 ; 1 Tim. v, 17). At first, it appears from the description of the practices of the Church in 1 Cor. xiv, 26, the work of oral teaching, whatever form it assumed, was not limited to any body of men, but was exercised according as each man…
1,172 wordsSECTION 1061Section 1061
Stanley, Ap. Age, 63-77; Neander, Planting, etc., i, 168; Cunningham, Hist. Theol. ch.viii. Seealso Episcopacy. II. Ecclesiastical Usages respecting J 'lishops. — 1. Names and Titles. — In the early centuries the following titles were employed with reference to the bishops: The scriptural appellations Trpdiarafxtvoi, T…
907 wordsSECTION 1062Section 1062
it to the bishops of the province, the consent of all of whom was required to the election; after which the bishop elect was confirmed and consecrated by the metropolitan. In the Roman Church bishops arc'nom- inated by the chapter of the Cathedral ; in some coun- tries by the clergy of the diocese, and in others by the…
1,024 wordsSECTION 1063Section 1063
? " ,' ",, '' ","■ '" "'" Church of England and demands an explication of his faith, desiring him now nt Episcopal Church, the bishops alone toexpls' " am his views on the subjects of the Incarnation, of the Substance of the Son and Word of God, and how i many Natures there are in Christ. After his replv he era ana a…
927 wordsSECTION 1064Section 1064
Then the arehiiixhop, sitting in his chair, shall say to him that is to be consecrated: "Brother, forasmuch as the holy Scriptures and the ancient canons command that we should not 1)0 hasty in laying on hands, and admitting any person to government in the Church of Christ, which lie hath pur- chased with no less price…
910 wordsSECTION 1065Section 1065
Then the arehbisho]) shall proceed in the Communion ser- vice, with whom the new consecrated bishop (with others) shall also communicate. Then follow prayer and the benediction. See Bergier, s. v. Eveque ; Bingham, Orig. Eccles. bk. iv, ch. ii ; Schaff, Ch. Hist. § 108, 109 ; Landon, Ec- cles. Dictionary, s. v. ; Herz…
1,150 wordsSECTION 1066Section 1066
Bith'ron (more accurately "the Bithron," Heb. hab- Bithron , ■j'Tltlilil, thebrolcen or divided place, from 1F3, to cut vp ; Sept. ») 7rapartii'ovaa ; Vulg. Beth- horon), a place — from the form of the expression, "all the Bithron," doubtless a district — in the Arabah or Jordan valley, on the east side of the river (2…
929 wordsSECTION 1067Section 1067
Bitter Herbs (B^TS, merorim', literally bitters; Sept. niKi/totc. ; Vulg. laciucm agrestes), occurs in two places in Scripture, both having reference to the Pas- chal meal. In Exod. xii, 8, Moses commanded the Jews to eat the lamb of the Passover "with unleav- ened bread, and with bitter herbs (merorim) they shall eat …
863 wordsSECTION 1068Section 1068
Bittern C"IBp or llSp, kippocf; Sept. t\ivoc, i. e. hedgehog) occurs but three times in Scripture, in con- nection with the desolations of Babylon, Idumaea, and Nineveh (Isa. xiv, 23; xxxiv, 11; Zeph. ii, 14), and has been variously interpreted owl, osprey, tortoise, porcupine, otter, and, in the Arabic, bustard. Bocha…
1,158 wordsSECTION 1069Section 1069
BIZJOTIIJAH 827 BLACKBURN word used in describing the building of the walls of Babylon, which we know were cemented with bitumen (Gen. xiv, 10 ; xi, 3). These pits or fountains appear to have been of considerable extent. The valley in which they were situated is indeed called Siddim ; but it is said to have been adj…
1,130 wordsSECTION 1070Section 1070
Black, "William, a Methodist missionary, was born in Huddersfield, Eng., in 17G0, and removed with his parents to Nova Scotia 1775. In 1786 he entered the ministry. He made up by industry for the lack of early education, and acquired the Hebrew and Greek languages after commencing his ministry. After sev- eral years' f…
933 wordsSECTION 1071Section 1071
was published by Mackenzie, author of the "Man of Feeling," with a life. There is also an edition of his poems, with life, by Professor Spence (Lond. 1756, 4to, 2d ed.).— Allibone, Diet, of Authors, i, 196. Blackman, Learner, an eminent pioneer of American Methodism, was horn in New Jersey, and entered the ministry in…
1,073 wordsSECTION 1072Section 1072
Blair, James, D.D., was born in Scotland 1656, and died at Williamsburg, Va., 1743. He was one of the most eminent of the earlier Episcopalian ministers in America. Having been sent as missionary to Vir- ginia in 1685, he rendered himself highly acceptable, and in 1689 was appointed commissary — the highest ecclesiasti…
955 wordsSECTION 1073Section 1073
BLASPHEMY S30 BLASPHEMY cated his errors to the King of Poland, Sigismund Au- gustus. He afterward went to the court of John Si- gismund, prince of Transylvania, and in 15GG he held at Wei senburg (Alba Julia') a public conference with the Lutherans, and with such success that he persuaded that prince and man}- of t…
902 wordsSECTION 1074Section 1074
There can be no blasphemy, therefore, where there is not an impious purpose to derogate from the Divine Majesty, and to alienate the minds of others from the love and reverence of God. The blasphemer is no other than the calumniator of Almighty God. To con- stitute the crime, it is also necessary that this species of c…
1,288 wordsSECTION 1075Section 1075
direct application of a Jewish phrase in allusion to a Jewish error, and will not bear the inferences so often extorted from it. According to the Jewish school no- tions, the person blaspheming the name of God could not be pardoned by sacrifice, nor even the day of atonement, but could only be absolved by death. In ref…
984 wordsSECTION 1076Section 1076
Bleek, Friedeich, a distinguished German theo- logian, born in 1793 at Arensbok in Holstein, died at Bonn Feb. 21, 1859. He studied theology at the uni- versities of Kiel and Berlin ; in the latter place under De Wette, Schleiermacher. and Neander. In 1818 he commenced giving theological lectures at Berlin, was appoint…
1,029 wordsSECTION 1077Section 1077
■1. David says, "I will take the cup of salvation, and call upon the name of the Lord" (Psa. cxvi, 13). The phrase appears to be taken from the custom of the Jews in their thank-offerings, in which a feast was made of the remainder of their sacrifices, when, among other rites, the master of the feast took a cup of wine…
1,056 wordsSECTION 1078Section 1078
Blindness is a term often used in Scripture to denote ignorance or a want of discernment in divine things, as well as the being destitute of natural sight (Isa. vi, 10 ; xlii, 18, 19 ; Matt, xv, 14). " Blindnesc of heart" is the want of understanding arising from the influ- ence of vicious passions, while "hardness of …
1,208 wordsSECTION 1079Section 1079
fishes does not appear to be interdicted. The words in Lev. vii, 26, only expressly mention that of birds and cattle. This accords, however, with the reasons assigned for the prohibition of blood, inasmuch as fishes could not be offered to the Lord, although they formed a significant offering in heathen religions. To t…
1,116 wordsSECTION 1080Section 1080
4. In a slightly metaphorical sense, "blood" some- times means race or nature, by virtue of relationship or consanguinity: God "hath made of owe blood all nations of men" (Acts xvii, 26). It is also used as the symbol of slaughter and mortality (Isa. xxxiv, 3; Ezek. xiv, 19). It also denotes every kind of prema- ture d…
1,005 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.