PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 1
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,247,856 words · 1227 reading sections
Section 361
The earliest treatise in the English language ex- pressly on the subject of Jewish antiquities was writ- ten by Th. Godwyn, B.D. (Moses and Aaron, Civil and Ecclesiastical Rites used by the Ancient Hebrews ob- served, etc. 4to, 1614). This work passed through many editions in England ; was translated into Latin by J. I…
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III. Other treatises on Biblical archaeology in gen- eral: Muller (Giess. 1830); Ugolini (Venet. 1744-69) ; Bellermann (Frf. 1787 and 1812); Ackermann (Wien, 1826); Schmidt (Neust. 1834). On Hebrew antiqui- ties: Iken (Brem. 1732, etc.); Wanner (Gott. 1743); Warnekros (Weim. 1782, etc.); Faber (Halle, 1773); Babor (Wei…
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II. The Middle Ages. — There arc few traces of Anti- trinitarian doctrines in the church history of the Mid- dle Ages. Amalric of Bena, and his disciple, David of Dinanto, regarded the names of Father, Son, and Holy Ghost as expressions for three different ages of the world. The Paulicians, the Catharists, and soma oth…
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Antitype, that which answers to a type or figure. The corresponding Greek word, (ivt'itv-koc, occurs twice in the New Testament (Heb. ix, 24 ; 1 Peter iii, 21), where it is rendered "figure" (q. v.). A type, in its primary and literal meaning, simply denotes a rough draught, or less accurate model, from which a more pe…
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2. The name of several orders. See Anthony, orders OF. Antoniewicz, Charles Bolaz, a Polish poet and pulpit orator, born at l.emberg, Nov. 6, 1807, died atObra, Nov. 14, 1852. He early distinguished him- self as a 1 t, and look an active part in the Polish revolution of 1830. After the death of his wife he en- tered,…
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Antonio, Augustine, of Saragossa, in Aragon, son of the vice-chancellor of that kingdom ; studied at Salamanca, whence he passed into Italy, and made himself master of law, ecclesiastical history, languages, etc. At twenty-five years of age he published Emen- ditiones et Opiniones Juris CivUis. Paul III made him audito…
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3. A captain of the Roman garrison at Ascalon, at- tacked by the Jews in the beginning of the final strug- gle (Joseph. War, iii, 2, 1). It is uncertain whether he was the same with the centurion who lost his life during the siege of Jotapata by the treachery of one of the Jews who had fled into the neighboring caves (…
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A'nub (Heb. Anub', tVliS, bound together ; Sept. 'Ewiu/3 v. r. 'Evw/3), the first named of the two or three sons of Coz of the tribe of Judah (1 Chron. iv, 8). B.C. post 1618. Anubis ("Avoufiig, derivation unknown), the name of an Egyptian deity, who had a temple in Home, where Mundus, Im- personating the god, through…
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Medal of Apamea Cibotus. ed. Still, as they are from different dies, yet all re- ferring to Apamea, it seems that their authors had a knowledge of the tradition of commemoration respect- ing the ark preserved in this city. See Ark. Many more such commemorations of an event so greatly affecting mankind were no doubt ma…
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Some species of baboon may be denoted by the term Q^I'rN shedim', or daemons ("devils") in Deut. xxxii, 17 ; Psa. cvi, 37 ; and perhaps by the CH"1"'^, sc:irim' ', or hairy ones (goats, "satyrs") of the desert (Isa. xiii, 21; xxxiv, 14), since these animals (see Rich's Bab- ylon, p. 30) are still found in the ruins of …
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sq.) to another region for security and political exten- sion. Ewald (Isr. Gesch. iii, 375), following Gesenius, regards the name as only another for the Persians themselves, adopted out of hostility to the Jews (ib. p. 120), and in a three-fold form to enhance their own importance. Aphar'sites (Chald. Apharsaye' ', i…
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Aphe'kah (Ileb. Ap>hekah', i"!£EX, fern, of Aphek; Sept. 'Abated v. r. <£>aKovK~), a city in the mountain tract of Judah, mentioned between Beth- tappuah and Humtah (Josh, xv, 53). Raumer (Pa- last, p. 170) and others confound this with the Aphek of Josh, xii, 18; but the Heb. accentuation of the names is different. Sc…
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Mummied Dull. From Abbott's Cullectiun of Egyptian Antiq- uities. Apoc'alypse, the Greek name of the Book of Revelation (q. v.). Apocalypse, Knights of the, an association founded in 1092 at Rome by Agostino Gobrino, for the purpose of defending the Catholic Church against the pope, whom it considered to be the Antic…
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APOCRYPHA 290 APOCRYPHA would include canonical books whose authors were un- J Christian Church for edification, although not consid- known or uncertain, or even pseudepigrapkal. Origen, ered of authority in controversies of faith. These on Matt, xxii, had applied the term apocryphal in a sim- j were also termed ecc…
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In the Bibliotheque Sacree, by the Dominicans j contact with the feelings that prevailed among the Richard and Giraud (Paris, 1822), the term is defined j Christians of Palestine, there the influence of the rig- to signify (1,) anonymous or pseudepigraphal books; orous limitation of the old Hebrew canon is at once (2,)…
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I. 1 Esdras. II. '2 Esdras. HI. Tobit. IV. Judith. V. The rest of the chapters of the Book of Esther, which aro found neither in the Hebrew nor in the Ohaldee. VI. The Wisdom of Solomon. VII. The Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach, or Ecclesiasticus. VIII. Baruch. IX. The Song of the Three Holy Children. X. The …
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4. The free exercise of the imagination within the domain of history led to the growth of a purely le- gendary literature. The full development of this was indeed reserved for a yet later period. The books of tin- Apocrypha occupy a middle place between those of tin- Old Testament in their simplicity and truthful- ness…
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7. The loss of the simplicity and accuracy which APOCRYPHA 293 APOCRYPHA characterize the history of the. Old Testament is shown also in the errors and anachronisms in which these hooks abound. Thus, to take a few of the most strik- ing instances, Hainan is made a Macedonian, and the purpose of his plot is to trans…
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Some of the apocryphal books have not been with- out their defenders in modern times. The Ajwstolical Canons and Constitutions, and the various Liturgies as- cribed to St. Peter, St. Mark, etc., and published by Fabricius in his Codex Apocryphus Novi Testamenti, were considered by the learned and eccentric William Wins…
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The "History of Antiociius" Epiphanes (Heb.). This ap- pears to be a garbled Hebraic version of the accounts of that tyrant in the books of the Maccabees (see Fabrieius, Codex Pseudepigr. V. T. i, 1105 sq., where a Latin trans- lation is given of it). The "History of Asenath," Joseph's Wife (Lat. Given by Fabrieius, i…
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Pi»f. in Comm. in Matt.). (3.) The "Traditions of Matthias" (Clem. AI x. Strom, ii, p. 3S ; iii, 430 ; vii, 74S). The " Gospel of Merinthus" (Epiphan. Hceres. Ii, 7). The "Gospel according to the Na/.arenes." (See above, "Gospel according to the Hebrews.") (I.) The "Acts of Paul" (Origen, de Princip. i, 2; in Joan. …
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(Gr.). The "Sibylline Oracles" (Gr.). The "Acts of Paul and Tiiecla" (Gr). The "Gospel of Thomas" the Israelite (Gr. and Lat.j. IV. Literature. — The best accounts of these and other apocryphal documents will be found in Fabricii Codex Pseudipigraphus Y. T. (Hamb. and Lpz. 1713 and 1741), and Codex Apocryphus N. T. (H…
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Apollinarians, followers of Apollinaris, or Apol- linarius (q. v.). Apollinaris or Apollinarius, Claudius, bish- op of Hieropolis in Phrygia, in the second century, an apologist (q. v.) of Christianity, and an opponent of Montanism (q. v. . He was well acquainted with the classic literature of the Greeks, and a prolif…
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APOLLINARIS 297 APOLLO Apollinarist. t. i, cap. xiii, p. 73G). Thus we have in Christ, as man, the three component parts, and can call him the avOpioTrog irrovpdi'tog, only with this dif- ference, the Divine occupies the place of the human voug" (Neander, Hist, of Docti-incs, i, 320). Athana- sius wrote against Apol…
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Apollinarists. See Apollinarians. Apollo (' AttoXXcov, the destroyer, so called because his shafts, the rays of Phrrbns or the sun. inflict dis- ease or "the sun-stroke" in Oriental climates), one of the great divinities of the Greeks, according to Homer APOLLODOTTS 298 APOLLONIUS (JUad, i, 21, 316) the son of Jup…
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4. Surnamed by Josephus (Ant. xiii, 4, 3) Daiis (A«oc, from a people called Dahas or Dai in Sogdi- ana), a Syrian viceroy in Coele-Syria, who, taking sides with the usurper Demetrius (B.C. 147), attacked Jonathan, the ally of Alexander (Balas), but was ut- terly defeated by him (1 Mace, x, 69 sq.). Accord- ing to the G…
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on the necessity of faith, and repeats his opinion re- specting the character of Apollonius. Lardner and Ritter think that Phiiostratus did not write with a po- lemical reference to Christianity. Dean Trench has made a few remarks in reference to this question (Notes to Miracles, p. 62). Baur maintains that Apollonius,…
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Apol'lyon ('AttoWviov'), the Greek equivalent (Rev. ix, 11) of the Ileb. title Abaddon (q. v.). Apologetics, a branch of theology which has for its object the science of defending Christianity agains t the assaults of its enemies. A system of Christian doc- trines (dogmatics), as such, presupposes the truth of Christi…
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APOLOGETICS 301 APOLOGY the divine agencies it claims. Thus we reason from the character of Christ, from the superhuman excel- lence of Christian doctrine, from the supernatural ef- fects of this religion in the individual and in the world ; giving the external evidences their due subordinate position as mere proofs…
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III. Of books properly to be called Apologetics, as defined above, there are none in English, though Far- rar, Critical History of Free Thought (1863), covers the ground generally. Many manuals of apologetics have been issued in Germany, of which the following are the most important: Stein, Die A pologetik des Christen…
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Christians in general, this last charge was so clearly unfounded that it is not noticed even by Celsus and Lucian. The senseless accusation that they worship- ped an ass's head may have arisen, as Tertullian al- ready intimates, from a story of Tacitus respecting some Jews who were once directed by a wild ass to fresh …
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II. The Middle Age (seventh century to the Refor- mation).— In this period we find little to note for the first four centuries. In the Dark Ages, the public mind and thought were nominally Christian, or, at least, were not sufficiently educated to admit of doubts that might create a demand for apoloj;etic;il works. The…
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APOLOGY 304 APOLOGY Reformed Churches led also to apologetic as well as controversial works. Among these, one of the earliest and most important is the AidoKeipig tie fundamentals dissensu Doctrine? Lutherans et Caloinianee (Viteb. 162G, etc. ; best edit. 1663). In the Romish Church the dif- ferences between the Jan…
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The life of Jesus by Dr. F. Strauss (1885), who de- clared the Biblical account of the life of Jesus a myth, and, in his "Christian Doctrine in its Historic Devel- opment," attacked even the belief in the personality of God and the immortality of the human soul, called forth a large number of apologetic works, which, m…
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The Abbe Migne has published a vast collection of the Christian apologists in 18 vols., with an introduc- tory volume, and a concluding volume on the present state of apologetic science and of scepticism, making 20 vols, in all. We deem it worth while to give the whole title of this great work, which is a repository of…
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evidence arising from early testimonies, which could be gathered to corroborate the facts and to vindicate the honesty of the writers, or of the internal critical evidence of undesigned coincidences in their writings. The first of these occupied the attention of Lardner (1684-1768). His Credibility was published 1727-5…
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Apostasy (airoaraaia, revolt), a forsaking or re- nouncing religion, either by an open declaration in words, or a virtual declaration by actions. The Greek term is employed by Paul to designate the "falling away" (// cnrooTarriu), which in his time was held in check by some obstacle (ro KaTt%ov, o Karsx<»v), 2 Thess. i…
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We, in these latter times, may apostatize, though under different circumstances from those above de- APOSTATE 308 APOSTLE scribed. The term "apostasy'" is perverted when it is applied to a withdrawal from any system of mere polity ; it is legitimately used only in connection with a departure from the written truth …
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The word " apostle" occurs once in the New Testa- ment (Heb. iii, 1) as a descriptive designation of Jesus Christ : " The apostle of our profession," i. e. the apos- tle whom we profess or acknowledge. The Jews were in the habit of applying the term rp?d, from FlPEJ, to send, to the person who presided over the synagog…
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the apostles on this occasion not a word of their pro- claiming his own mission as the Messiah of the Jew- ish people; their preaching was at this time strictly of a preparatory kind, resembling that of John the Baptist, the Lord's forerunner. Jesus early informed the apostles respecting the solemn nature, the hardshi…
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S. Under the eyes of the apostles, and not without personal sacrifice on their part, the original Christian membership at Jerusalem erected themselves into a community within the pale of Judaism, although irre- spective of its sacred rites, with which, however, they maintained a connection (Acts iii-vii), and the apos-…
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5. The characteristic features of this highest office in the Christian Church have been very accurately APOSTLE 311 APOSTLE delineated by M'Lean, in his Apostolic Commission. " It was essential to their office — (1.) That they should have seen the Lord, and been eye and ear witnesses of what they testified to the w…
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The apostolical office seems to have been pre-emi- nently that of founding the churches, and upholding them by supernatural power specially bestowed for that purpose. It ceased, as a matter of course, with its first holders ; all continuation of it, from the very conditions of its existence (comp. 1 Cor. ix, 1), being …
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Apostolic, Apostolical, belonging or relating to the apostles, or traceable to the apostles. Thus we say, the apostolical age, apostolical character, apostol- ical doctrine, constitutions, traditions, etc. The title, as one of honor, and likely also to imply authority, has been falsely assumed in various ways. Thus the…
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APOSTOLIC AGE 313 APOSTOLIC AGE ties to the Romans, Corinthians, and Galatians. Its opponents therefore showed that we find in these epis- tles the basis (1) of the historical appearance and the divine-human nature of Christ, which is more full}' de- veloped in the Gospels ; (2) of a congregation which the Lord hims…
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The chief opposing systems, in conflict with which the apostolic age developed both its doctrine and its life, were Ebionitism and Gnosticism, the one teaching a Pharisaic confidence in man's own works, and the other a spiritualistic contempt of all works. The apostolical age is commonl}' divided into three periods, o…
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The Church of Rome claims to be exclusively the apostolical church. The Church of England and the | Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States claim to be apostolical churches, but not exclusively such, as they admit the "apostolicity" of the Greek and Roman churches, while the)' deny the title to all non-prelat…
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Of the writings attributed to these fathers, some at least are of doubtful genuineness (on this point, see the individual titles referred to). There can be no question of the value of these writ- ings to church history, and even to our knowledge of Scripture, not so much for the facts they contain, for these are of sl…
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'. has; Ign. Eph., for Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephe- sians ; Ign. Magn., Ignatius to the Magnesians ; Ign. ' Tral., Ignatius to the Trallians ; Ign. Pom., Ignatius to the Romans; Ign. Phil., Ignatius to the Philadel- phians ; Ign. Smyrn., Ignatius to the Smyrnseans ; Ign. Pol., Ignatius to Polycarp; Pol., for Epist…
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III. Many passages are died with substantial accura- cy, but without indications of quotation. — Bar. 19: "Give to every one that asketh thee" (Luke vi, 30, lit., if, with MSS. B K L, 131-57, £k be omitted, and Tip with B ; Matt, v, 42, nearly). — Ign. Rom. 3 : " For the things which are seen are temporal, but the thi…
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V. Besides the above, there are many exjiressions ap- parently taken from the N. T. ; also allusions and ref- erences too inexact to be called quotations, which sin- gly might appear insignificant, but occurring on eveiy page are weigthy arguments. Westcott {Canon N. T. p. 30, 40, 47) gives many examples of coincidence…
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nocent, with the elect thou shalt be elect, and with the froward thou shalt be froward" (Psa. xviii, 26; very loosely). — Bar. 7: Ceremonies are quoted from "the prophet" which are only to be found in tradition. (Comp. Justin. Dial. c. Tryph. n. 40 ; Tertul. adv. Jitd. c. xiv ; adv. Mare, iii, 7.) Our conclusions from …
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Apostolical King or Apostolical Majesty, a title of the kings of Hungary conferred by Pope Syl- vester II in 1000 upon Duke Stephen I on account of his zeal for the propagation of the Christian faith. It was renewed in 1756 by Clement XIII for Maria The- resa and her successors on the throne of Austria ; abol- ished in…
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Apostolius, Michael, a learned Greek of the 15th century. He delivered the funeral oration over the body of the Emperor Constantine Pahrologus, who was killed in the storming of the city of Constantino- ple by the Turks. When the city was taken by the APOSTOOL 319 APPAREL Turks in 1-153 he escaped to Italy, where, …
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Inhabitants of Nablotis (Shechem). APPAREL 320 APPAREL for the most part by single pieces of female attire, and especially by ornaments, and moreover the costliness of material in the head-dresses made a distinction be- tween the sexes sufficient to meet the demands of the law (Deut. xxii, 5) forbidding men to wear…
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of Lebanon. APPAREL 321 APPARITOR Morgenl. iii,140), although even children (Gen. xxxvii, 3 ; comp. Rauwolf, lieisen, p. 89) were habited in them (for so the Q^SS T.HS, ketho'neth passim', Gen. xxxvii, 23, 32; 2 Sam. xiii, 18, 19, is probably to be understood, with the Sept., Onkelos, Saadias, and oth- ers, rather …
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The malignant leprosy (r^X^ M^S, tsaraath' mime'reih, fretting scab), which attacked not only clothing, but also skins and leather, consisted of green and reddish spots; but its true character has not yet been explained. It was probably some form of mould engendered by dampness or confinement. Michaelis {Mos. R. iv, 26…
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Of the later practice, before and after the time of Christ, we have some clearer knowledge from Jose- phus and the Talmudists. After the institution of the Sanhedrim the final appeal lay to them, and the va- rious stages through which a case might pass are thus described by the Talmudists— from the local consistory be…
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During the appeal the sentence of the inferior court is suspended ; and it is usual for the superior court, at the instance of the appellant, to grant an inhibition to stay the execution of the sentence of the inferior court until the appeal shall be determined (Bingham, Orig. Eccl. bk. ii, ch. xvi, § 1(3). In the Met…
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According to the astronomical formula, the duration of distinct twilight at that time of the year in the lati- tude of Jerusalem (supposing there were no unusual refracting influences in the atmosphere) is 1 hour 40 minutes, which would make extreme daybreak occur about four o'clock, as it was near the time of the ver-…
1,003 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.