PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 1
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,247,856 words · 1227 reading sections
Section 181
1 rebotensis ; written about 796, at the request of the ab- bot Rado. •A.Vita Beatissimi Richardi, Presbyteri. 5. De Vita S. Wilhbrordi Tvajectensis Epis. libri ii. 6. One hundred and fifteen letters, exclusive of many fragments of letters given by William of Malmesbury. 7. Pocmata et Versus de pJuribus SS. Many of the…
978 wordsSECTION 182Section 182
Aldhelm or Adelme, an early English bishop, born in Wessex about 656, educated by Adrian in Kent, embraced the monastic life, and founded the abbey of Malmesbury, of which he was the first abbot. He became bishop of Sherborne 705, and died 709. He is said to have lived a very austere life, "giving him- self entirely to…
948 wordsSECTION 183Section 183
ALEMETH 138 ALEXANDER His unnatural parents exposed him, soon after his birth, near the church of St. Jean le Rond, and hence his Christian name. After he became eminent, his father recognised him and gave him a pension. In childhood he displayed great precocity of talent, and in 1730 he entered the College Mazarin,…
1,030 wordsSECTION 184Section 184
Alexander was born at Pella B.C. 356 (eomp. 1 Mace, i, 7; Euseb. Chron. Ann. ii, 33). At an early age he was placed under the care of Aristotle ; and while still a youth he turned the fortune of the day at Cha?ronea (B.C. 338). Philip was killed at a marriage feast when Alexander was about twenty. After he had performe…
959 wordsSECTION 185Section 185
But admitting the incorrectness of the details of the tradition as given by Josephus, there are several points which confirm the truth of the main fact. Justin says that "many kings of the East came to meet Alexan- der wearing fillets" (xi, 10) ; and after the capture of Tyre "Alexander himself visited some of the citi…
1,184 wordsSECTION 186Section 186
Tetradrachm (Attic Talent) of one of the Successors of Alex- ander.— Obverse; Head of Alexander the Great as a young Jupiter Ammon. fteveme: Pallas seated, holding a Victory, with Monogram and Letter (I); Inscription (in Greek), " Of King Lysimachna." In the prophetic visions of Daniel the influence of Alexander is ne…
1,021 wordsSECTION 187Section 187
Tetradrachm (Ptolemaic Talent) of Alexander Balas.— Ob- verse: Bust of King. Reverse : Eagle upon Rudder, and Palm-branch, with the Monogram and Symbol of Tyre; Date TEP (103 JEr. Seleurid), etc. ; Inscription (in Greek), u Of King Alexander." 3. Surnamed Zebina (or Zabinas, Zaftivac, said to signify "purchased," from…
999 wordsSECTION 188Section 188
ALEXANDER 142 ALEXANDER him than ever, and a civil war shortly ensued, in which he killed above 50,000 persons. All his en- deavors to bring about a reconciliation proving fruit- less, Alexander one day asked them what the}- would have him do to acquire their good-will. They an- swered unanimously " that he had noth…
951 wordsSECTION 189Section 189
6. The son of Jason, sent to Rome to renew friend- ship and alliance between the Jews and Romans : he is named in the decree of the senate directed to the Jews in the ninth year of Hyrcanus's pontificate, B.C. 60 (Josephus, Ant. xiv, 8, 5). 7. The son of Dositheus, another Jewish ambassa- dor on the same occasion (Jos…
984 wordsSECTION 190Section 190
In the mean time, Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, and father-in-law of Alexander, informed of what was passing in Judaea, came to Jerusalem for the purpose of effecting, if possible, a reconciliation between Herod and his son. Knowing the violence of Herod's tem- per, he feigned to pity his present situation, and to con…
1,070 wordsSECTION 191Section 191
16. A Jew of Ephesus, known only from the part he took in the uproar about Diana which was raised there by the preaching of Paul (Acts xix, 33), A.D. 54. As the inhabitants confounded the Jews and Jewish Christians, the former, apprehensive lest they might be involved in the popular commotion as oppo- nents of the prev…
1,129 wordsSECTION 192Section 192
ALEXANDER 145 ALEXANDER and was appointed by Alexander governor of Bene- vent. The opponents of Alexander elected, however, another antipope (Sept. 29, 1178), who assumed the name of Innocent III, but was soon after captured by order of Alexander, and imprisoned in a monastery, where he died. In 1179 Alexander held …
1,002 wordsSECTION 193Section 193
Alexander VI. ity of Burchard, master of ceremonies to Alexander VI, who left a journal, which was afterward published in 1696 (Hanover, ed. by Leibnitz) in part, and has recently been published in full (Florence, 1854, 8vo). Burchard states the price paid by Roderic for the votes of the cardinals as follows : to Card…
918 wordsSECTION 194Section 194
VIII, Pope (originally Ottoboni), born at Venice 1610, made pope 1689, died 1691, having held the chair long enough to advance hie own family, and secure for himself an enduring reputation for avarice and du- plicity. He declared the decrees of 1682 which guar- aranteed the independence of the Gallican Church, to be nu…
920 wordsSECTION 195Section 195
The Summa was written at the command of Pope In- nocent IV, and enjoined by his successor, Alexander IV, to be used by all professors and students of theol- ogy in Christendom. Alexander gave the doctrines of the Church a more rigorously syllogistic form than they had previously had, and may thus be considered as the a…
908 wordsSECTION 196Section 196
Alexander Natalis. See Natalis. Alexander Nevski, one of the saints of the Rus- sian calendar, second son of the Grand-duke Jaroslaus II, was born in Vladimir A.D. 1218. In 1238 ho was made governor of Novogorod, which he defended against the Tartar hordes, who at that time grievous- ly oppressed Russia. In 1239 an ar…
905 wordsSECTION 197Section 197
the Presbyterian Church at Princeton. He was li- censed to preach by the Presbytery of New Brunswick in 1821, and soon after became pastor of the same church in Charlotte Co., Va., in which his father had commenced his ministry. In 1828 he accepted a call to the First Presbyterian church in Trenton, N J. In 1832 he res…
1,230 wordsSECTION 198Section 198
Alexandra (A\t%av£na, fern, of Alexander), the name of several women in Josephus. 1. Surnamed (or rather, perhaps, originally named) Salome, first married to Aristobulus, and afterward the wife of Alexander Janna3us, his brother. In the account of the latter prince we have noticed the ad- vice which he gave upon his d…
1,062 wordsSECTION 199Section 199
reign of Ptolemy Philadelphia. The city was built upon a strip of land between the sea and the Lake Mareotis, and its ground plan resembled the form of a Greek chlamys, or soldier's cloak. The two main streets, 240 feet wide, left a free passage for the north wind, which alone conveys coolness in Egypt. They crossed ea…
1,250 wordsSECTION 200Section 200
Alexandrian ship on a Coin of Commodus. | the country. Mohammed Ali dug a canal, called El- Mahmoudieh (a compliment to Mahmoud, the father of the present sultan, Abd-el-Mejid), which opened a water communication with the Nile, entering that river at a place called Fouah, a few miles distant from the city. All about t…
1,158 wordsSECTION 201Section 201
We find (Acts ii, 10) that, among those who came up to Jerusalem to keep the feast of Pentecost, there were Jews, devout men from Egypt, and the parts of Libya about Cyrene. Of this city, Apollos, the elo- quent convert, was a native (Acts xviii, 24) ; and of the Jews that disputed with Stephen and put him to death, ma…
943 wordsSECTION 202Section 202
ALEXANDRIA 153' ALEXANDRIA rights, which Philo neglects to record, but which gave some pretence for the excesses which followed. At all events, the Alexandrians, regarding them as abandon- ed by the authorities to their mercy, openly proceeded to the most violent extremities. The Jews were forcibly driven out of all…
1,257 wordsSECTION 203Section 203
ALEXANDRIA, CHURCH OF. Christianity was early introduced into Alexandria, probably by some of the Jews converted by the preaching of Peter on the day of Pentecost; but its progress was slow ; for it had to struggle against all the varieties of wor- ship and opinion known to exist, and the spirit of the Neo-Platonic phi…
935 wordsSECTION 204Section 204
ALEXANDRIA, COUNCILS OF. The following councils were held at Alexandria: 1, A.D. 231, in which Origen was deposed from the priesthood ; 2, A.D. 235, against Ammonius ; 3, A.D. 258, against No- vatus ; 4, A.D. 263, against Nepotianus and Cerinthus {Fabric, ii, 292) ; 5, A.D. 305, 306, or 308, against Me- letius, bishop …
1,142 wordsSECTION 205Section 205
was begun, and not at the taking of Alexandria by the the space being proportioned to the break in the sense. Arabians, under the Caliph Omar in A.D. 612. The Capital letters of various sizes abound at the begin- story, at least, is ridiculously exaggerated which re- ning of books and sections, not painted as in later …
1,076 wordsSECTION 206Section 206
The N. T. portion of this Codex was published by Woide, from facsimile letters cast expressly for the purpose, under the title 'Woo, Test. Grcec. e Cod. Alex- andr." (Lond. 1786, fob); revised by Cowper (Lond. 1860). The O. T. part was printed from the same characters by Baber (4 vols, fob Lond. 1*16-28). On its critic…
916 wordsSECTION 207Section 207
II. Jewish. — For some time the Jewish Church in Alexandria was in close dependence on that of Jeru- salem. Both were subject to the civil power of the first Ptolemies, and both acknowledged the high-priest as their religious head. The persecution of Ptolemy Philopator (B.C. 217) occasioned the first political sep- ara…
1,026 wordsSECTION 208Section 208
The proposition thus enunciated was thoroughly con- genial to the Alexandrine character; and henceforth it was the chief object of Jewish speculation to trace out the subtle analogies which were supposed to exist between the writings of Moses and the teaching of the schools. The circumstances under which the philo- sop…
905 wordsSECTION 209Section 209
character seemed to Eusebius to present so clear an image of Christian virtues that he claimed them as Christians ; and there can be no doubt that some of the forms of monasticism were shaped upon the model of the Therapeutae (Euseb. //. E. ii, 16). At the beginning of the second century the number of Christians at Al…
907 wordsSECTION 210Section 210
Schaff gives the following brief but clear account of the influence of the Alexandrian school on theolo- gy : " From this school proceeded a peculiar theology, the most learned and genial representatives of which were Clement and Origen. This theology is, on the one hand, a regenerated Christian form of the Alex- andri…
1,041 wordsSECTION 211Section 211
Alexandroschene (for 'A\e%di>$pov OKtjvi), Al- exander's t(n/), a place mentioned in the Jerusali m Itinerary as 12 B. miles from Tyre, and the same dis- tance from Ecdippa ; evidently the ruin now called Tskanderuna, at the southern foot of Ras el-Abiad on the Mediterranean. Alexas CA\it,ac, contracted from Alexander…
901 wordsSECTION 212Section 212
ALISGEMA 161 ALLATIUS In the earlier periods of the Hebrew state, persons ■who were natives of another country, but who had come, either from choice or necessity, to take up their residence among the Hebrews, appear to have been placed in favorable circumstances. At a later period, viz., the reigns of David and Solo…
1,052 wordsSECTION 213Section 213
Alkoran. See Koran. Allah (contracted from the Arabic al ilah, " the God"), the usual name for God among the Mohamme- dans. It is commonly used in connection with one or several of the 99 epithets or attributes of God. Allah. See Oak. Allan, William (Cardinal), born in Lancashire in 1532, and educated at Oriel Colle…
1,026 wordsSECTION 214Section 214
plied to other facts and circumstances, of which they have been described as representative. According to the other, these facts and circumstances have been de- scribed as mere emblems. The former is warranted by the practice of the sacred writers themselves; for when facts and circumstances are so applied, they are ap…
1,073 wordsSECTION 215Section 215
Allen, Cardinal. See Allan. Allen, David Oliver, D.D., a Congregational minister and missionary, was born in 1800 at Barre, Mass. He graduated at Amherst College in 1823, studied theology in Andover Theological Seminary, .1824-27, went, with his wife, as missionary to India in 1827. In 1844 he took charge of the print…
916 wordsSECTION 216Section 216
ALLEN 164 ALLENITES Allen, Richard, first bishop of the African Meth- odist Episcopal Church, was born in 17G0. After 17 years' service in the Methodist ministry, to which he had been ordained by Bishop Asbury, he was elected bishop of the newly-formed "African Methodist Epis- copal Church" (q. v.) in 1816. He died …
931 wordsSECTION 217Section 217
Allen, "William, a member of the Society of Friends, and a distinguished Christian philanthropist, was born, in 1770, at Spitalfields. He founded, in 1797, with Mr. Philips, the "Spitalfields Soup So- ciety," exerted himself for the abolition of the slave- trade, and of capital punishment in the case of minor offences,…
1,059 wordsSECTION 218Section 218
On the first establishment of the Israelites in Pal- estine, lest the example of foreign nations should draw them into the worship of idols, intercourse and alli- ance with such nations were strongly interdicted (Lev. sviii, 3, 4 ; xx, 22, 23). For the same object of po- litical isolation a country was assigned to the…
1,211 wordsSECTION 219Section 219
<)u the restoration of independence, Judas Maeca- baius sought an alliance with the Romans, who were then gaining an ascendency in the East, as a counter- poise to the neighboring state of Syria (1 Mace, viii ; Joseph. Ant. xii, 10, 6) : this alliance was renewed by Jonathan (1 Mace, xii, 1; Ant. xiii, 5, 8), and by Si…
990 wordsSECTION 220Section 220
ALLIANCE 167 ALLOX (Gen. xxxi, 52). Presents were also sent by the par- ty soliciting the alliance (1 Kings xv, 18 ; Isa. xxx, C ; 1 Mace, xv, 18). The event was celebrated by a feast (Exod. xxiv, 11 ; 2 Sam. iii, 12, 20). The fidelity of the Jews to their engagements was conspicuous at all periods of their history…
1,228 wordsSECTION 221Section 221
Allocution (Lat. allocutio, i. e. an "address') is applied, in the language of the Vatican, to denote specially the address delivered by the pope at the Col- lege of Cardinals in a public consistory. The publica- tion of the resolutions taken in the secret consistories is generallj* accompanied by an allocution, and fr…
993 wordsSECTION 222Section 222
All-souls' Day, a festival held by Roman Cath- olics on the day after All-saints' Da}', for special pray- er in behalf of the souls of all the faithful dead. It was first introduced in 998, by Odilon, abbot of Clugni, who enjoined it on his own order. It was soon after adopted by neighboring churches. It is the day on …
916 wordsSECTION 223Section 223
Almericians or Amauricians, a short-lived sect of the thirteenth century, which derived its name from Amalric (Almeric or Amauric, of Bena), a theo- logian whose doctrines (approaching to Pantheism) were prohibited and condemned at Paris by a public decree in the year 1204. The followers of Almeric, after his death, le…
941 wordsSECTION 224Section 224
ALMON 170 ALMONER I'Hist. des Arabes avant I'Islamisme, i, 33 sq., 168, 194 sq.), one of whom is said to have married the daugh- ter of Ishmael (Pococke, Specim. p. 80) ; while anoth- er named Modar was the grandson of Adnan (Pococke, p. 46; Ibn Coteiba, in Eichhorn's Monum. Arabum, p. 63). Gesenius (Thes. Ileb. p. …
992 wordsSECTION 225Section 225
Almoner is the name given originally to that member of a religious order who had the distribution of the money and other things set apart for alms, which, by canonical law, was to amount to at least a tenth of the revenues of the establishment. After- AlmnnJ Branch. ALMS 171 ALMS ward, those ecclesiastics also rec…
791 wordsSECTION 226Section 226
on which the need probably introduced the practice (Gesenius, Carm. Samar. p. 63). In Dan. iv, 24, we find the Chald. word np*I^ (tsidkah' ' , lit. righteousness), rendered iXirjpoavvai in the Sept., and the ensuing member of the sentence puts the meaning beyond a question : " O king, break off thy sins by righteous- n…
1,228 wordsSECTION 227Section 227
Accordingly, we find that the duty of relieving the pour was not neglected by the early Christians (Luke xiv, 13 ; Acts xx, 35 ; Gal. ii, 10). Every individ- ual was exhorted to lay by on the Sunday in each week some portion of his profits, to be applied to the wants of the needy (Acts xi, 30 ; Rom. xv, 25-27 ; 1 Cor. …
919 wordsSECTION 228Section 228
ALMUG 173 ALOE thorough investigation. — Chalmers on the Scottish Poor- laws (Ed. Rev. xli, 228). See Hospitals; Pauper. Al'mug (Heb. only in the plural almuggim', d^SppX, according to Bohlen, from the Sanscrit mi- cata, a similar wood, al- being the Arab, article, 1 Kings x, 11, 12 ; Sept. tci £i>\a rd 7ri\tKi]rd, …
1,002 wordsSECTION 229Section 229
Al'nathan ('AXvaSrav v. r. 'EXvaSav), one of the popular chiefs at the return from Babylon (1 Esdr. viii, 1G) ; evidently the first Elnathan (q. v.) of the parallel text (Ezra viii, 44). Aloe, Aloes, or Lign-Aloe, an Oriental tree, having a fragrant wood, but entirely different from the plant from which the bitter res…
928 wordsSECTION 230Section 230
Alombrados, a mystic sect in Spain since 1575, who considered neither the sacraments nor good works necessary, and rejected the ministerial office. They were exterminated in Spain by the Inquisition in 1623. One part of them emigrated to France, where they were likewise suppressed by royal order in 1635. A'loth (1 Kin…
904 wordsSECTION 231Section 231
favor of the first (Kopp, Bilder und Schriften, ii, 147; Hoffmann, Gram. Syr. p. 61) are based on the very early civilization of Babylon ; on numerous passages which attribute the discovery to the 2dpot, Syri, and ALPHABET 176 ALPH^EUS X«\<^i7<n (quoted in Hoffmann, 1. c.) ; and especially on the existence of a Bab…
968 wordsSECTION 232Section 232
ALPHAGE 177 ALTAR were known to their friends and countrymen, and by the other to the Romans or strangers. More prob- ably, however, the double name in Greek arises, in this instance, from a diversity in pronouncing the H in his Aramajan name, "'S^Pt (chalphay', changing, as in the Talmudists, Lightfoot, ad Acts, i,…
1,264 wordsSECTION 233Section 233
Heb. xiii, 10, " We have an altar," etc., Macknight explains thus : " Here, by a usual metonymy, the al-' tar is put for the sacrifice, as is plain from the apostle's adding 'of which they have no right to cat.'1 This is the sacrifice which Christ offered for the sins of the world ; and the eating of it does not mean c…
906 wordsSECTION 234Section 234
In the entire painting, of the birds or ibises one i.< lying down at ease, another is standing up without fear or apprehension ; a third, perched on some paling, is looking over the heads of the people ; and a fourth is standing on the back of a Sphinx, nearly adjacent to the temple, in the front of it. It deserves not…
1,273 wordsSECTION 235Section 235
[some~] unknown God, was placed upon them ; and that one of these altars was seen by the apostle, who, not knowing that there were others, spoke accordingly. To this we may add the notion of Kuinol (Comment. in loc), who considers it proved that there were sev- eral altars at Athens on which the inscription was written…
1,033 wordsSECTION 236Section 236
In Exod. xxvii, 3, the following utensils are men- tioned as belonging to the altar, all of which were to be made of brass. 1. m'TO, siroth' ', pans or dishes to receive the ashes (q. v.) that fell through the grating. 2 G"1"?! yalm', shovels (Vulg. forcipes), for cleaning the altar. 3. nip^T^, mizrakoth' (Auth. Vers, …
928 wordsSECTION 237Section 237
According to Lev. vi, G, the fire on the altar of burnt-offerings was not permitted to go out (Buxtorf, Uistoria ignis sacri, in bis Exercit. p. 288 sq. ; and in Dgolini Tkesaur. x; Horeb, De igne Sacro,ia Dgo- lini Tkesaur. xxxii; Bohn, De igne Gentilium sacro in Israel, sacra injurio, in (Jgolini Tkesaur. x; comp. De…
965 wordsSECTION 238Section 238
„ „ .. . covered over with Various Altars. 1, 2. 1-^vptian, from . bass-reliefs (Rossellini). '3. Assyrian, maglc formulas or found at Khorsabad (Layard). 4. cuneiform inscrip- Babylonian, Biblintheque Rationale flons This is also (Layard). 5. Assyrian, from Khorsa- . , '. . "c bad (Layard). tlle A lew oi ^esc- nius…
969 wordsSECTION 239Section 239
no shrines, the}- simply replied, " Shrines and altars we have not." The more common word employed I fix is placed on the altar. There is a copy, written in a ALTAR 184 ALTING legible hand, of the Te igitur, a prayer addressed only to the first Person of the Trinity. * The altar is fur- nished with a little bell, …
969 wordsSECTION 240Section 240
Altenburg, Duchy of. See Saxe-Altenburg. Alter, Franz Carl, a German Jesuit, and pro- fessor of Greek at the gymnasium in Vienna, was born at Engelberg, in Silesia, Jan. 27, 1749, and died March 29, 1804. He published a new critical edition of the New Testament (Novum Testamentum, 2 vols. Vienna, 1786-87) on the basis…
920 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.