PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 1
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,247,856 words · 1227 reading sections
Section 661
■J. The Scripiurt doctrim of the vicarious sacrifice of Chrisl is taughl in the passages above cited, and indeed seems t" underlie the whole " gospel" of salva- ntaincd in the teaching of Christ and his apos- tles. Ii may be Btated further (1) that the sacrifices of the < ». T. were (at hast many of them) expiatory [se…
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The teaching of the New Testament, and the agree- ment of the statements of Christ with those of his apostles on this subject, are thus set forth (without re- gard to theological distinctions) by Dr. Thomson, bish- op of Gloucester: "God sent his Son into the world to redeem lost and ruined man from sin and death, and …
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ATONEMENT 51S ATONEMENT substituting Satan for the Demiurge. But Dorncr shows clearly that [rcnams, with entire knowledge of Gnosticism, repelled all its ideas, and that Baur's charge rests upon a misinterpretation of a passage (tidv.ffcer. v. 1, 1) in which, although the Satanic idea is prominent, it is far removed…
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.'!. From the Reformation. — All the great confessions —Greek, Roman, Lutheran, Reformed, and Methodist — agree in placing the salvation of the sinner in the mediatorial work of Christ. But there are various modes of apprehending the doctrine in this period (sec Winer, Comparat. Darstt Hung, ch. vii). The Council of Tr…
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Extent of the Atonement. — One of the most important questions in the modern Church with regard to the atonement is that of its extent, viz. whether the bene- fits of Christ's death were intended by God to extend to the whole human race, or only to a part. The for- mer view is called universal or general atonement; the…
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on the other hand, Owen, the so-called strict Cal- vinists of England, and the Old-School Presbyterian church in America, adhere to the Westminster Confes- sion, interpreting it as maintaining limited atonement. Their doctrine on tin' whole subject in substance is, that the atonement was made and intended only for the …
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jays en the atonement by eminent New England di- vines. A summary of it is given in the Bibliotheca Sacra for Jan. 1858, and is noticed in the Methodist Quarterly, April, 1858, p. 311. "Dr. Griffin held that the atonement was not a literal suffering of the penal- ty, nor a literal satisfaction of the distributive justi…
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due to man for sin and transgression. As Christ died for sin, so we must die to sin, or we cannot be saved by the death and sufferings of Christ." Barclay treats redemption as twofold : one wrought out in the body of Christ upon the cross, the other wrought in man by the spirit of Christ (Apol. Thes. vii, 3). Zinzendor…
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The semi-infidelity which has recently sprung up in high places in the Church of England, so far as it re- firs to the atonement, may be represented by Jowett as follows: "The only sacrifice, atonement, or satis- faction with which the Christian has to do is a moral and spiritual one ; not the pouring out of blood upon…
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ATONEMENT 523 ATONEMENT Unitarian views, Christian Examine?; :, SG7 ; xviii, 142; xxviii, C3 ; xxxiv, 1-16; xxxvi, 3M ; xxxvii, 403. See Expiation; Redemption; Satisfaction. ATONEMENT, DAY OF (d^MSl dl'i, yom hak- kippurim' ', rfa?/ n/7Ae expiations ; Sept. i)pina i£i\aofiov, Vulg. f/tVs expiationvm or'dies propitia…
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2. The high-priest after this returned into the holy place, bathed himself again, put on his usual garments of office, and offered the two rams as burnt-offerings, one feu- himself and one for the people. He also burnt upon the altar the fat of the two sin-offerings, while their flesh was carried away and burned outsid…
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out what remained at the foot of the altar of burnt-of- fering. 5. Most careful directions are given for the prepa- ration of the high-priest for the services of the day. For seven days previously he kept away from his own house and dwelt in a chamber appointed for his use. This was to avoid the accidental causes of p…
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8. The Mishna gives very strict rules for the fasting of the people. In the law itself no express mention is made of abstinence from food ; but it is most likely im- plied in the command that the people were "to afflict their souls." According to Yoma, every Jew (except invalids, and children under thirteen years of ag…
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In considering the meaning of the particular rites of the day, three points appear to be of a very distinc- tive character: 1. The white garments of the high- priest. 2. His entrance into the Holy of Holies. 3. The scape-goat. The writer of the Epistle to the He- brews (ix, 7-25) teaches us to apply the first two par- …
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Atrium. In ancient churches, between the first porch, called the propylaum, or vestibulum magnum, and the church itself, was a lar^e area or square plot of ground, which the Latins called atrium or impluvi- H, <i. because it was a court open to the air without any com rin.;. It was surrounded by cloisters. In this plac…
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Atterbury, Francis, bishop of Rochester, was born March 6th, 1GC2, at Milton-Keynes, Bucks, where his father was rector. See Atterbury, Lewis, be- low. He began his studies at Westminster, and fin- ished his course at Christ Church, Oxford. He first distinguished himself by the publication, at Oxford, in 1687, of a "Re…
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ever, thought at the time that no man understood bet- ter than he the points in dispute between the Church I of England and the Church of Rome, as well as the | dissenters of all denominations. Atterbury has been ■ somewhat absurdly charged, on the strength of an im- ! probable anecdote which Dr. Maty says Lord Chester…
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Atterbury, Lewis, eldest son of the preceding, was born at Caldecot, in Bucks, on the 2d of Ma}', 1056. He was educated at Westminster School under Dr. Busby, and at Christ Church, Oxford. He was or- dained deacon in September, 1670. In 1683 he served as chaplain to Sir William Pritchard, lord-mayor of London. In Febru…
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Atthar'ates (ATZanariic), given (1 Esdr. ix, 49) as a person's name ; evidently by a mistake of the translator (comp. Athakias) for the title Tirshatha (q. v.) of the original text (Neh. viii, 9). Atticus, St., patriarch of Constantinople in 406, during the life of the rightful patriarch, Chrysostom ; he succeeded Ars…
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2. The mantle or robe, a comprehensive term that appears to include several Heb. words, signifying not Ll only a long flowing outer garment, but sometimes also a wide under-garment or double tunic. See Kobe. It sometimes approaches the signification of "veil" (see below), as this was often like a modern cloak, or at …
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4. The turban, of which there were various kinds : Ancient Oriental Modes of Attire. 1. Egyptian — a. Royal. 6. Female, c. Sacerdotal. :'. Assyrian — a. King. e. l'riest. /. Sceptre-bearer (EunuchJ. ATTIRE 531 ATTIRE Modern < (riental Modes of Attire. Bedouin, b. Mamelook. c, Bethlehemite Women. (1.) Among the an…
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ATTIRE 532 ATTIRE pos. p. 213). Only at the paschal meal were the Is- raelites td keep their shoes on (Exod. xii, 11), in order to complete their equipment for travelling, since for a journey and on going out persons of course assumed their sandals (Acts xii, 8). It was customary in very early times, however, to wal…
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7. The armlet, or band for the wrist (I^EX, tsamid', or n*!*1"^, tsamidah'}, was a very favorite ornament, not only of all ancient nations (Plin. xxxiii, 10, 12; xii, 42 ; vii, 29 ; Liv. x, 44 ; Suet. Ner. 30), but espe- cially of Orientals (so much so that gold and silver ones are forbidden in the Koran, xviii, 30; xx…
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10. Ear-rings were universal in the East with wom- en (Exod. xxxii, 2; Ezek. xvi, 12; Jud. x, 4) and children of both sexes (Exod. xxxii, 2 ; comp. Buck- ingham, Trav. p. 241, 342). Travellers have found them sometimes small and closely fitting the ear, some- times very large and heavy (Mandelslo, Reisen, p. 21 ; in N…
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and again placed in the water (comp. Bruce, ii, 314). Such a ring is likewise called Pin, ckach, or Hit"!, cho'- ach (Job xl, 26 [21] ; comp. 2 Kings xix, 28 ; Isa. xxxvii, 29 ; Ezek. xix, 4 ; xxix, 4 ; xxxviii, 2), by the Arabs Chizdm. — Winer, ii, 137. See Nose-jeavel. Attitude. From the numerous allusions in Scrip-…
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II. Supplication, when addressed externally to man, cannot possibly be exhibited in any other forms than those which are used in supplication to God. Uplifted hands, kneeling, prostration, are common to both. On the Egyptian monuments suppliant cap- tives, of different nations, are represented as kneeling or standing w…
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< Mental Blessing of one knei ling. I V For the attitude at meals, see Accubation. Atto. See IIatto. Attributes of God. See God. Attrition, in the Romish theology, means imper- fect contrition. See Contrition. The term was in- troduced by the schoolmen in the twelfth century, to make a distinction between a perfect…
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Aubertin, Edmund, one of the most learned di- vines of the French Protestant Church, was born at Chalons-sur-Marne in 1596, and became minister at Chartres in 1618. He was called to Paris in 1631. and died there April 5th, 1652. He wrote Conformite de la Creance de Veglise et de St. Augustine sur le Sacrement de VEucha…
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Auditores (hearers'). The Manichaeans were di- vided into electi and auditores, corresponding, accord- ing to some writers, to clergy and laity, and, accord- ing to others, to the faithful and catechumens. By the Manichsean rule a different courseof conduct was prescribed to the elect from that of the auditors. The lat…
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AUGSBURG CONFESSION 539 AUGUSTA in the mean while the Confession was not to he printed without imperial permission. The Protestant princes promised to comply with this ; but when, soon after the reading, an erroneous edition of the Confession appeared, it became necessary to have both the Latin and German texts publi…
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The ApcAogy of the Augsburg Confession contains six- teen articles, which treat of original sin, justification by faith, fulfilment of the law, penitence, repentance, confession, satisfaction, number and use of the sac- raments, human ordinances, invocation of the saints, communion in both kinds, celibacy, monastic vow…
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Augustine, bishop of Hippo, in Africa, was born at Tagaste, in Numidia, November 13th, 354. His Monica, was a Christian and a woman of piety, who took c re to have her eon instructed in the true faith and plac id among the catechumens. His father I, and appears to have cared more I i ce his son in worldly knowledge: he…
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His whole career, after his profession of the Chris- tian faith, was consistent with his high calling; the only faults with which he can be charged are an oc- casional undue severity in controversy and the share which he bore in the persecution of the Donatists (q. v.). His intellect was acute, vigorous, and com- prehe…
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AUGUSTINE 542 AUGUSTINE inite church system. The union of their mental ele- ments would, without doubt, have made the most com- plete church teacher. Nevertheless, many qualities were united in Augustine, which we find scattered in Beparate tendencies of theological development, and hence we Bee the various periods …
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may will God works without us ; but when we will, and so will as to do, lie co-works with us ; yet, unless he either works that we may will, or co-works when we do will, Ave are utterly incapable of doing any thing in the good works of piety.' " These are but very slight specimens of the mode in which learned and ingen…
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In the year 412 Augustine began to write against the doctrines of Pelagius, a native of Britain, who had resided for a considerable time at Rome, and ac- quired universal esteem by the purity of his man- ners, his piety, and his erudition. In the defense of his opinions Pelagius was seconded by Celestius, a man equally…
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AU(iUSTINE 544 AUGUSTINE to introduce into his system a limitation with respect to baptism, and to preserve the opinions concerning it from interfering with those which flowed from the doctrine of predestination. He accordingly taught that baptism brings with it the forgiveness of sins; that it iiii.il that the omis…
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! thor of a Life of St. Augustine and numerous other ! works, has commenced (18G4), in connection with abbe Eaulx, a translation of the complete works of St. Au- gustine. The translators claim that this is the first complete French translation of the great church fa- ther. The work will be completed in twelve vol- ume…
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Augustinian Monks are divided into two class- es: I. Canons Regular. — In the year 1038, four can- ons of the Church of Avignon, called Arnaldus, Odelo, Pontius, and Durandus, being desirous of hading a more strictly religious life, betook themselves, with the permission of the bishop Benedict, to a solitude, where th…
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The Augustinians have never been able to gain the same importance as the other mendicant orders, and j at present they exert no great influence in the Church i of Roma. The most remarkable men, besides Luther, j which the order has produced, are Onuphrius Panvini (of the sixteenth century), Cardinal Korris, Abraham j a…
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These are the principles of Augustinism. Its an- thropological principle, of the native corruption of man, and of his utter incapacity to do good apart from divine grace, has remained fixed in the church to this day. Pelagius maintained, on the contrary, that "every man, in respect to his moral nature, is born in preci…
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destination (see Mohler, Symbolism, ch. iii, § 10). I Some of the forerunners of the Reformation during the Middle Ages, as Wickliffe and Savonarola, were strict Augustinians ; but others, e. g. Wessel, urged the necessity of a free appropriation of divine grace on the part of man as a conditio sine qua non. Luther was…
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affability and clemency toward the populace, strength- ened the supremacy which Augustus, uniting in his own person the highest offices of the republic, main- tained with imperial power, but without a regal title. To Herod, who had attached himself to the party of Antony, he was unexpectedly gracious, instated him as k…
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Auranltis. See Hauran. Aura'nus (Avpavoc.), given as the name of the leader in the riots at Jerusalem against Lysimachus (2 Mace, iv, 40), where he is described as '"a man far gone in years, and no less in folly." Other MSS., however (followed by the Vulg.), read Tupavvog, Tij- rannus, which may be takeii either as a …
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AURICULAR CONFESSION 550 AUSTIN confession, or, rather, the publication by the priest of flagrant sins confessed, and permitted, and even en- joined with some earnestness, that confession should rather be private, and confided to the priest alone. The evil most obviously proceeding from this relaxa- tion was the gene…
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4. The Protestant churches reject auricular confes- sion. The Lutheran Church, however, allows confes- sion, only with this difference, that while the Catholic Church requires from the penitent the avowal of his particular and single crimes, the Lutheran requires only a general acknowledgment, leaving it, however, at t…
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Austria, one of the principal states of modern Eu- rope (q. v.), with an area of 11,751 geogr. sq. miles, and a population in 1857 of 35,040,810 souls. I. Church History. — For the introduction of Chris- tianity into those countries which now constitute Aus- tria, and for their early church history, we refer to the ar…
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9. The General Synod advances claims on the funds of the normal schools in favor of the Protestant schools; 10. It demands the admission of Protestant teachers in the medial Catholic schools; 11. The institution of Protestant catechists in the schools; 12. The incorpo- ration of the Protestant theological faculty into…
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Autas'as (AiJratVu), one of the Levites who ex- pounded the law as read by Ezra (1 Esdr. ix, 48) ; ev- idently a corruption for the Hodijah (q. v.) of the true text (Neh. viii, 7). Autenrieth, Ix Hen. Fred, vox, M.D., was born at Stuttgart, 20th October, 1772, and died 2d May, 1835, at Tubingen, where he was professor…
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Fader uren thu artli in heofnum, sic gehalgud noma thin : to cymeth ric thin ; -it- will., thin siuels inlieofne & in eortlio; hlaf ne ol'i i Ai-tlir scl us toihog: <t for-cl'us sevlda usnu |" ii-uin : am! in- inlttd usih in cos- tunge oh gefrigusich from yfle. The Rush/worth Gloss, having the Anglo-Saxon word place…
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Scborham's version of the Psalms could scarcely have been completed, when another was undertaken by Richard Rolle, chantrv priest at Hampole, near j Doncaster, who died in 1349. Of this work of Rolle, to which he subjoined a commentary, there were copies which differed from each other, showing that the orig- inal must …
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And tiie izen of bothe weren opened; and whanne thei knewen that thei weren nakid, thei sewiden the leeues of a fige tre, and maden brechis to hem silf. And whanne thei herden the vois of the Lord God goynge in paradijs at the wynd after myd-dai, Adam and his wijf bidden them fro the face of the Lord God in the middia …
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When he was in bethania in the housse off Simon the le- per, even ae lie sate att meate, there cam a woma with an ala- blaster boxe of oyntmeut, called narde, that was pure and costly, and she brake the boxe ad powred it on his heed. There were souk; that disdayned i themselves, and sayde : what neded this waste of oyn…
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Myi.i.s COVBRDALB was the first to publish, if not to translate, the. whole Bible into English. He com- menced this work in November, 1534, and it was print- ed, probably at Zurich, in October, 1535. Though AUTHORIZED VERSION" 557 AUTHORIZED VERSION Coverdale had evidently the Hebrew- and Greek be- fore him, he free…
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In 1538, several editions of Coverdale's new version of the New Testament were published. He also is- sued several editions of the English New Testament, together with the text of the Latin Vulgate. The printing of this Diglott Testament was executed witli ' great carelessness, so that Coverdale had it speed' ily repri…
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The only impressions of anjr portions of the Scrip- tures which were printed during the remainder of the reign of Henry appear to have been the Epistles and Gospels for the Sundays, in 1542, probably an edition of tiie Pentateuch in 1544, Joye's book of Daniel and the books of Solomon in 1545, and the New Testament acc…
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AUTHORIZED VERSION 559 AUTHORIZED VERSION reprinted in this country, and was for many years the popular version in England, having been only gradu- ally displaced by King James's translation, which ap- peared fifty-one years afterward. From the peculiar reading in Gen. iii, 7, the editions of the Geneva ver- sion ha…
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The scepter shal not be taken away from, Ivdas. and a dvke ovt of his thigh, til he doe come that is to be sent, and the same shal be the expectation of the gentiles. In the modern editions of the Douay Bible and the Rhemish Testament, many changes have been intro- duced, some of which approximate to the authorized ve…
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5. Th? Four (,'osp,ls, Acts if th? Apostles, Ajiocilyps? ; these eight at Oxford- Dr. Ravis, dean of Christ Church, af- terward bp. of London. Dr. Abbott, master of University Coll., afterward archbp. of Canterbury. Mr. Eedes. Mr. Thomson. Mr. Savill. Dr. Peryn. Dr. Ravens. Mr. Harmer. ii. Th? Fpisths if St. Paul, and…
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IV. Critical Estimatt if the Authorized Version, — It has often been affirmed that "King James's Bible is in no part a new translation taken directly from the originals, but that it is merely a revision of the earlier English versions, and compared with various Conti- nental translations." These remarks are not strictl…
1,010 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.