PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 1
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,247,856 words · 1227 reading sections
Section 421
It is a difficult matter to say with any degree of cer- tainty what is the specific tree denoted by the Hebrew word tappuach. The Sept. and Vulg. afford no clew, as the terms uijXov, malum, have a wide signification, being used by the Creeks and b'omans to represent al- most any kind of tree-fruit; at any rate, the use…
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" A grove sprung up— laden with fair fruit— greedily they plucked The fruitage, fair to sight, like that which grew Near that bituminous lake where Sodom rlamed. This more delusive, not the touch, but taste Deceived. They, fondly thinking to allay Their appetite with gust, instead of fruit Chewed bitter ashes, which …
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Appleton, Nathaniel, D.D., an eminent Con= gregational minister, was born at Ipswich, Mass., Dec. 9, 1693, graduated at Harvard in 1712, ordained at Cambridge in 1717, in which year he was also elected a fellow of Harvard, which 54 years afterward confer- red upon him the second degree it had ever granted of Doctor of …
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Aq'uila ('.W'Xnc, for Lat. aquila, an eagle, see Simon. Onomasf. 0. T. p. 588 sq.), a Jew with whom Paul met on his first visit to Corinth ; a native, of Pontus, and by occupation a tent-maker (Acts xviii). Wolf, Cura>, on Acts xviii, 2, shows the name not to have any Hebrew origin, and to have been adopted as a Latin …
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Aquila, author of a Greek version of the O. T., was originally a heathen, born at Sinope, a city of Pontus. Having seen the professors of the Christian religion work many miracles, he became a convert to it, probably on the same ground with Simon Magus. Refusing to quit the practice of magic and judicial as- AQUILA 3…
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IX of France used to ask his advice in affairs of state. On one occasion he invited him against his will to dinner, when he was occupied with a very difficult in- quiry. During the meal he became quite abstracted, and all at once cried out, 'Now at last I have found it!' His prior reminded him that he Avas seated at th…
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The following summary of the doctrines of Aquinas is chiefly condensed from Neander, History of Dogmas, vol. ii. (1) As to the necessity of revelation, Aquinas inferred it from the super-terrestrial destiny of man, which goes beyond the limits of human reason. He denied any contradiction between philosophical and theol…
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reward his own grace as a thing excellent in itself" (Shedd, History of Doctrines, ii, 330). (0) As to the sacramenK lie taught that they are the necessary media of the application of Christ's merits to men. lb- endeavors to prove the necessity of the seven sac- raments on the principle that the whole life should he co…
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The collected writings of St. Thomas fill twenty- three folio volumes. The following is the list of them, as given by Cave : 1. Exp-isitio in Ar/stofelis libros, etc. (Venice, 1496) :— '2. Comment, in 4 lib. Sent. P. Lombardi (Basle, 1492; and often): — 3. Qnrestioms disputtit r, 111, de Potentiu Dei; 1G, Di Malo, etc.…
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A'ra (Heb. Ara ', !>OX, perhaps lion; Sept. 'Apa), the last named of the three sons of Jether of the tribe of Asher (1 Chron. viii, 38) ; apparently the same with the Ulla whose three sons are named in the ensuing verse. B.C. ante 1017. A'rab (Heb. Arab', a^N, ambush; Sept. 'Epj/3 v. r. Alpep), a city in the mountains…
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pears to have been disregarded by even the earliest commentators and interpreters of the Sacred Books, has within our own times been identified with the deep-sunken valley or trench which forms the most striking among the many striking natural features of Palestine, and which extends with great uniformity of formation …
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The mountains which form the walls of this vast valley or trench are the legitimate successors of those which shut in the Ghor, only in every way grander and more desert-like. On the west are the long hor- izontal lines of the limestone ranges of the Tih, " al- ways faithful to their tabular outline and blanched desola…
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To Dr. Robinson is due the credit of having first ascertained the spot which forms at once the southern limit of the Ghor and the northern limit of the Ara- bah. This boundary is the line of chalk cliff's which sweep across the vallej- at about six miles below the south-west corner of the Dead Sea. They are from 50 to …
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2. A city of Benjamin (Josh, xviii, 18), elsewhere (Josh, xv, CI ; xviii, 22) called more fully Betii-Ara- haii (q. v.). Arabatti'nS (1 Mace, v, 3). See Acrabattixe. Ara'bia (Ileb. Arab', -■?".. 2 Chron. ix, 14; Isa. xxi, 13 ; Jer. xxv. •_' I ; Kzek.'xxvii, 21 ; 'Apa/3i'o, Gal. i, 17; iv, 23; also 2 K-dr. xv. 29; 1 M…
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2. We find the name S*I3>, Arab', first beginning to occur about the time of Solomon. It designated a portion of the country, an inhabitant being called Arahi, an Arabian (Isa. xiii, 20), or, in later Hebrew, i3"i", Arbi' (Neh. ii, 19), the plural of which was Ar- bim'~(2 Chron. xxi, 1G), d^l?, or Arbiim' (fciSOS"??, A…
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I c. Arabia Petr.ea (Gr. Uirpaia) appears to have derived its name from its chief town Petra (i. e. a rock), in Heb. Sela ; although (as is remarked by Burckhardt) the epithet is also appropriate on account ARABIA 336 ARABIA ' mjje^- ^t? '-£-% L AIU S T A"N m~irie rfti-i •' , r-i , — ,»t,jt t'ai , v'lviued;,]-, …
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2. Modern geographers find it more convenient to divide the country, agreeably to the natural features and the native nomenclature, into A rabia Proper, or Jezirat el-Arab, containing the whole peninsula as far as the limits of the northern deserts; Northern Arabia, or El-Badieh, bounded by the peninsula, the Euphrates…
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[1.] The Yemen embraced originally the most fer- tile districts of Arabia, and the frankincense and spice country. Its name, signifying " the right hand" (and therefore " south," comp. Matt, xii, 42), is supposed to have given rise to the appellation evSaifiwv (Felix), which the Greeks applied to a much more extensive …
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ARABIA 339 ARABIA from 2 Chron. xvii, 11 ; and elsewhere there are indi- cations of such tribute (comp. the passages referred to above). (3.) Western Arabia includes the peninsula of Sinai (q. v.) and the desert of Petra, corresponding gener- ally with the limits of Arabia Petrsea. The latter name is probably deriv…
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(b) Abrahamites, divided into: [1.] Hagarenes or Hagarites, so called from Hagar the mother, otherwise termed Ishmaelites from her son ; and yet in course of time these names appear to have been applied to different tribes, for in Psalm Ixxxiii, 6, the Hagarenes are expressly distinguished from the Ishmaelites (comp. …
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tant archaic monuments of the country ; and they il- lustrate both its earliest people and its greatest king- doms. Mareb, or Seba (the Mariaba of the Greek ge- ographers), is one of the most interesting of these sites (see Michaelis's Questions, No. 94, etc., in Niebuhr's Arabia). It was founded, according to the gene…
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The principal Joktanite kingdom, and the chief state of ancient Arabia, was that of the Yemen, found- ed (according to the Arabs) by Yaarub, the son (or descendant) of Kahtan (Joktan). Its most ancient capital was probably Sana, formerly called Azal, after Azal, son of Joktan (Yakut, ut sup.'). See Uzal. The other capi…
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Although these were the principal Joktanite king- doms, others were founded beyond the limits of the peninsula. The most celebrated of these were that of El-Hireh in El-Irak, and that of Ghassan on the confines of Syria ; both originated by emigrants after the Flood of El-Arim. El-Hireh soon became Ish- maelitic : Ghas…
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4. Language— Arabic, the language of Arabia, is the most developed and the richest of the Semitic lan- guages, and the only one of which we have an exten- sive literature ; it is, therefore, of great importance to the study of Hebrew. Of its early phases we know nothing ; while we have archaic monuments of tho Himyarit…
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have, from remote antiquity, been divided into two great classes, viz. the townsmen (including villagers), and the men of the desert, such being, as we remark- ed, the meaning of the word " Bedaicees" or Bedouins, the designation given to the " dwellers in the wilder- ness." From the nature of their country, the latter…
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To the settled Arabs these remarks apply with the difference that the primitive mode of life is in a great degree lost, and the Jewish practices are much more observable ; while intermixture with foreigners, es- peclally with Abyssinian and negro concubines in the Yemen and the Hejaz, has tended to destroy their puri- …
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ARABIA 345 ARABIAN steam navigation has now restored the ancient route for travellers by the Red Sea. See Commerce. IV. Literature. — The principal European authori- ties for the history of Arabia are, Schultens' Hist. Imp. Vetus. Joctanidarum (Hard. Gel. 1786), containing ex- tracts from various Arab authors ; and…
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ARABIA, COUNCIL OF [Concilium Arabicum], was held in 247(?) against the Elkesaites (q. v.), who held that the soul, dying with the body, was to be raised with it at the resurrection. Origen was invited to this council, and boldly combated the Psyehopanni- chites (Hypnopsychites), Eus. vi, c. 37; torn, i, cone, p. 650. …
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ARABIC LANGUAGE 347 ARABIC LANGUAGE NAME. SIMPLE FORM. CONNECTED WITH THE LETTER POWER IN ENGLISH. HF.BHEW REPRESENTATIVE. Preceding. Following. With Both. 'Alif t L > X Ba o V* J A b a CTa Id) c^. 3 A t n ( Tha CJ 6. j' A th n Jim CHha | ( Kha (Dal c c 4> e e e j hh kh d n …
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III. Relations to Hebrew. — " The close affinity, and consequently the incalculable philological use of the Ar- abic with regard to the Hebrew language and its other sisters, ma}' be considered partly as a question of the- ory, and partly as one of fact. 1. The following are the theoretical grounds : First, the Arabs o…
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less, the language received a peculiarly ample devel- opment in a certain direction. The limited incidents of a desert life still allowed valor, love, generosity, and satire to occupy the keen sensibilities of the chiv- alrous Bedouin. These feelings found their vent in ready verse and eloquent prose ; and thus, when I…
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IV. Literature. — The native works in Arabic are . exceedingly numerous and varied, embracing philolo- gy, philosophy, natural science, poetiy, history, etc. Many are still unpublished. A compendious view of the literary productions of Arabic authors ma}' be found in Pierer's Universal Lexikon (Altenb. 1857 sq.), s. v.…
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(1) That of the Pentateuch first appeared, in Hebrew characters, in the folio Tetraglot Pentateuch of Con- stantinople, in the year 1546. The exact title of this exceedingly rare book is not given by Wolf, by Masch, nor by De Rossi (it is said to be found in Adler's Biblisch-kritische Reise, p. 221) ; but, according to…
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d. The very close and almost slavish version of the Pentateuch, by some Mauritanian Jew of the thir- teenth century, which Erpenius published at Leyden in 1622 — the so-called A rabs Erpenii. e. The Samaritan Arabic version of Abu Sa'id. According to the author's preface affixed to the Paris MS. of this version (No. 4…
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b. That of the Psalms (according to the Sj-rian re- cension) which is printed in Justiniani's Psalt. Octa- plum. (Genoa, 1516"), and in Liber. Psalmor. a Gabr. Sionita et Vict. Scialac. (Rome, 1G14). c. That version of the Psalms which is in use by the Malkites, or Orthodox Oriental Christians, made by 'Abdallah ben a…
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2. Aram'-Maakah', hSSB tnx (l Chron. xix, 6), or simply Maakah (2 Sam. x, G, 8), which, if formed from ?IS73, to "press together," would describe a country enclosed and hemmed in by mountains, in contradistinction to the next division, Aram-beth- Rehob, i. e. Syria the wide or broad, fT^a being used in Syria for a " di…
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ARAMAEAN LANGUAGE 354 ARAMAEAN LANGUAGE according to the text, the Aramaeans are spoken of as possessing Elath on the Red Sea ; but the Masoretic marginal reading has "the Edomites," which is also found in many manuscripts, in the Septuagint and Vulgate, and it is obviously the correct reading (Ge- senius, Thes. ffe…
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] the Aramaisms of the book of Judges and of some J others are derived. It also had always a closer con- junction, both by origin and by intercourse, with 1 Aramaic than with Arabic. But in liter times great political events secured to Aramaic the complete as- cendency; for, on the one hand, after the deportation of …
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Gramm. Heb. Chald. Syr. et Arab. (Heidelb. 1658, 4to) ; Walton, Tntrod. ad Lingg ^ Orient. (Lond. 1655) ; Schaaf, Opus Aramamm (Lugd. Bat. 1686, 8vo) ; Opitz, Syriasmus Hebraismo et Chaldaismo harmonicus (Lips. 1678) ; Fessler, Instil, lingg. Orient. (2 vols. 8vo, Vra- tisl. 1787, 1789); Hasse, llandb. d. Aram. (Jen. 1…
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The language which is denominated in the N. T. //. 6r< w, and of which a few specimens are there given, seems, so far as can be judged from the scanty mate- rials preserved, to have been substantially the same as the Chaldee of the Targums (Pfannkuche, On the Language of Palestine in the Age of Christ and his Apos- tle…
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6. The Egypto-Aramaic. — This is found on some ancient Egyptian monuments, proceeding probably* from .lews who had come from Palestine to Babylonia. Among these is the famous Carpentras inscription, so called from its present location in the south of France : this, Gesenius thinks, is the production of a Syrian from th…
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But though it may be concluded with tolerable cer- tainty that the land which has thus become intimately connected with the name Ararat is to be identified with Mount Ararat, from the Plain of Eriv; ARARAT 358 ARARAT a portion of Armenia, we possess no historical data for fixing on any one mountain in that country…
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Eighty — that being the number (and not eight) saved from the flood according to the Mohammedan belief (Abulfeda, Anteislam. p. 17). The historian Elmacin mentions that the Emperor Heraclius went up, and visited this as " the place of the ark." Here, or in the neighborhood, was once a famous Nestorian mon- astery— "the…
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25° -west of Erivan (Researches in Armenia, p. 2G7) ; and remark, in describing it before the recent earth- quake, that in no part of the world had they seen any mountain whose imposing appearance could plead half so powerfully as this a claim to the honor of having once been the stepping-stone between the old world an…
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2. Returning to the broader signification we have assigned to the term "the mountains of Ararat," as co-extensive with the Armenian plateau from the base of Ararat in the north to the range of Kurdistan in the south, we notice the following characteristics of that region as illustrating the Bible narrative: (1.) Its el…
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(note the plur. "poets"). See Schmid, De Arato (Jen. 1G91). Arau'nah (Heb. Aravnah', ilSI^H, 2 Sam. xxiv, 16-24 [ver. 1G flS'lfX, ver. 18 rrrnN], perhaps anoth- er form of Oman ; Sept. 'Opvd) or Or'nan (Heb. Or- nau ', "3"1X, nimble; 1 Chron. xxi ; 2 Chron. iii, 1; Sept. 'Opvd), a man of the Jebusite nation, which pos…
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He took an active part in the various controversies of the time, and was employed in the preparation of the " Book of Discipline." In 1583 he received a presen- Eusebius and Jerome (Onomast. s. v.) as situated be- \ tation to one of the churches of St. Andrew's, but was yond Jordan, near Pella ; doubtless the present …
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ARC.E CUSTODES 362 ARCAXI DISCIPLINA feet of this is extremely beautiful. But the most ex- quisite arches are those of the Geometrical period, where each arch is often surmounted by a crocketed pediment, and the higher efforts of sculpture arc tasked for their enrichment, as in the glorious chapter-houses of Salisbu…
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2. The disciplina arcani gradually fell into disuse; no precise date of its end can be given. Rothe (Her- zog, Real-Encnldopiidie, i, 471) remarks that so long, on the one hand, as the church stood in the midst of a heathen world, and as long, on the other hand, as, within the church, delay of baptism (the procrasi nat…
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4. The Bomanists, as remarked above, have at- tempted to press the disciplina arcani into their ser- vice to account for the silence of the early church •writers as to penance, image-worship, and other of their corruptions. The Jesuit Schelstrate first at- tempted this in his Antiquitas illustrata (Ant. 1G78), but was…
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Ancient Kgyptian arched Door-ways. Until within a few years it was common to ascribe a comparatively late origin to the arch ; but circum- stances have come to light one after another, tending to throw the date more and more backward, until at length it seems to be admitted that in Egypt the arch already existed in th…
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That the Greeks likewise understood the principle of the construction of the arch in very ancient times is evident from monuments as early as the Trojan war (Smith's Diet, of Class. Ant. s. v. Arcus), a cut of ono of which is subjoined. Antique Arch in the Wall of Tiryns. Triumphal arches were frequently erected by t…
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2. Departments of Biblical Archeology (see gener- ally the extensive Bibl. Archaol. of Jahn, Wien, 1790- 1805). — a. The Geography of Bible lands, including not only Palestine and its immediate neighborhood, but also Egypt, the high interior of Asia, Mesopota- mia, Asia Minor, and to some extent Greece and Ita- ly, wit…
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stand-point. It is a great arsenal for the upholders of prelacy ; the true organization of the original church is not to he gathered from it. But, with all its faults, it is still indispensable to the student of archaeology. It was translated into Latin, and the originals of the quotations added, by Grischovius (liaise…
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Archbishop (npxi£7r((7KC7ro&)) cluef of tDe clergy of a whole province. I. Epiphanius (IJcer. 68) speaks of Alexander of Alexandria, who lived about 320, as archbishop of that see, and this is the first mention of that title on record ; nor is at all clear whether Epiphanius in that passage is not rather speaking afte…
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| have it that the archbishop of York was originally ARCHBISHOP 3G9 ARCHDEACON primate of the British Church ; for London never was a Roman colony, or the seat of the Roman emperors, as York was, where both Severus anil Constantius Chlorus lived and died, and where Constantino the Great was born ; and from hence th…
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j The Episcopal Church of Scotland has at present no I archbishop, but the presiding bishop has the title of i primus, or metropolitan. In the English colonies, the I bishops of Calcutta, Sydney, New Zealand, Montreal, j Capetown, each of whom presides over an ecclesiastical province (a number of dioceses), have the ti…
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came dangerous to the bishops, and thus a reaction was called forth. Many of the synods of the thir- teenth and fourteenth centuries, as those of Tours (1239), Liege (1287), Mentz (1310), took from them some of their powers, reserving them to the bishop and his vicar-general. This limitation of their pow- ers was confi…
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Archelaus is also the name of several other per- sons mentioned 1))' Josephus. 1. The last of the kings of Cappadocia by that name, who received the throne (B.C. 34) from Marc Antony, and was afterward held in great esteem by Augustus and the succeeding emperors, but at length fell under the displeasure of Tiberius, a…
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Archicapellarms, i. e. Archchaplain, was the title of the highest dignitary in the old Prankish em- pire. His duty was to make a report to the king on all ecclesiastical matters which were brought before thegovi rnment. Generally an archbishop was charged with this oilier, and gradually it became connected with c t in …
1,006 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.