PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 4
James Hastings · 1,396,759 words · 1386 reading sections
Section 781
The fragments of ancient historians quoted by Josephus (Ant. Vlll. ii. 6), by Eusebius of Ca>sarea (Prwp. El', ix. 34), and by Clemens Alex. {Strom. i. 386) add little, if anything, to our knowledge of Solomon beyond what is stated in Kings and Chronicles. The narrative of Josephus himself in Ant. vm. i.-viii. depends …
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VOL. l1l.—■^6 There is no definite inform.ition given us as to how far or in wliat ways he was induenced by his mother ; but tiiere can be no reasonable doubt that her inlluence was considerable. To have retained the hold which she had upon David and the rank which she held among his wives, she must have been more tha…
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The first concern of Solomon as king naturally was to make his seat secure. The Chronicler characteristically says nothing regarding the way in which he established himself in his kingdom. The whole account, however, in 1 K 2'^-3* seems worthy of credence. It represents Solomon as acting with great decision and vigour,…
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7. Solomon's judgment. — According to his bio- graplier in Kings, lie was soon attbrded an oppor- tunity of disjilaying the wisdom whicli he liad asked for and received. From Gibeon he returned to Jerusalem, where the ark of the covenant waa now located in the tabernacle erected by David on Mount Zion, and there also p…
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temptation to attempt to create a powerful Seiiiilic empire, which, if unified and vivified by faitli in J", niiglit liave anticipated Islam by a millennium and a half and given the history of Israel a very ditl'erent direction. Yet Solomon, far from being a feeble or incapable monarch, was an able, shrewd, and enterpr…
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Next in importance to the Tyrian was the Eg>jp- tian alliance (1 K 3'). The Pharaoh witli whom Solomon entered into alliance is not named in tlie Bible, but must have been one of the last of the Tanitc Pharaohs (perhaps the last — Pasebcbanu II., called by Manetho •if ovaevfj^). Solomon obtained a daughter of the Phara…
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I According to Eu]iolemus, as quoted by Eusebius {Prctp. Ev. Ix.), David began the maritime trade. Thestatemeri appears to be merely a conjecture suggested by the fact recorded m 'i 3 8^*, 1 K 111*- 16, and 1 Ch lsi3, that David conquered the kingdom of Edom. Possibly David foresaw and suggested the use to which his co…
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12. The foregoing observations raise the ques- tion, Wluit really wrnt the wisdom which lite liihliral historians attributed to Sidomon ? Cer- tainly it was not wisdom in the higher significa- tions in which the term is useil either in the OT or the NT. There is teaching in .lob, Proverbp, Ecdesiastes, and a few of the…
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• For an admirable comparative study of Hebrew and Greek proverbial literature see H. Bois, La Poisie Gnomique cliez lei Hetjreux et les Grecs : Salomon et Thetxjnis^ Toulouse, 1S06. A careful comparative study of Hebrew and Egyptian proverbial wisdom is a great desideratum. Wisdom books akin to the Proverbs of the OT,…
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The above is, in subsUance, all that is related of the famous visit of the Sabx'aii queen to Solomon ; and it is also the oriyrin and basis of all that has been fabled about herself and her visit by the Kabbis, Arabs, Persians, and Abvssiiiians. Many modern critics pronounce even the Biblical account of it (1 K lOMy, r…
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Solomon evidently desired to render the service in the temple beautiful and impressive, the temple itself the chief and central sanctuary in the land, and Jerusalem not only the royal residence and national capital, but the holy city. He thereby, however, displeased those who disliked changes in religion and preferred …
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17. Clune uf Solomon's Career. — Before his death Solomon had largely lost the popularity which he had enjipyed in the earlier years of his reign. He had overta.xed and overburdened his subjects, and made a lavish and wasteful use of the nation.il resources, and the sellishness which led him to do 80 had defeated its o…
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The remark made respecting the family names of the Nethinim must be repeated here. They indicate a foreign origin. There can have been only a small number of persons in each of the families, as will be seen \>y dividing (he total number l)y that of the families. The spelling of the names varies slightlv in the two list…
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or some such sense Ls that riven in_ the next P^^ragraph^ S^TTirn intenirets less equivocally «' M ■"" Ji-votc-riw.™., aa fCugh Ihe rTferenie wasV the profligate sons of the upper or ™Sn| classes. Some modem Jewish c°n"!«"'^*°„7'^'j.'^-''?he Dr Field (Hexapla, i. 22), make the 'sons of God -the descendants of Seth, and…
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It V ill be seen how the most advanced science of our time is by degrees giving back a full equiva- lent for the old naive conception that would make the passages above quoted direct unmediated pre- dictions of the persjonal Messiah. As ajiplica to the Messiah the.se prophecies are not unimili.ited. The steps are one t…
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1. Tllli GOSPELS.— {a) Use of the term ' iion of God.' — The use of this term is perhaps more sixiring than we might suppose. And the number of in- stances on which we can really lay stress will be found to shrink .sotnewhat on exannnation. (i.) Incidental k.vc.s. — Only in the Fourth Gospel (6«» Q" [var. Icct.] 10*« …
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If the common reading is to be preferred, then the first hall of the words presents a coincidence with Ps 'T', the second half with Is 421. The words heard at the Transfiguration also pre- sent a general resemblance to Ps 2. That psalm ia directly quoted in Acts and Hebrews. /S. The nature of the Manifestai ion. — It …
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Now, in the lirst place, we note that the passages just referred to are not the only evidence for winging the use in question within the cycle of Synoptic language. We may fairly add to these for this purpose Ac l*- ' 2-" ; for not only is the author of Acts the author also of one of our Synoptic Gospels, but it is pro…
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674 SON OF GOD SUN OF GOD (6) The titles 'Father' and '5.-n.'— In the Pro- logue to the Fourth Gospel we are in tlie region of Iiigli theology. Uut the fundamental assumptions of the Epistles (Pauline, Petrine, Johannean, Hebrews) are on the same plane. From the first we have in the greetings of such as begin with g…
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(iv.) The dijciples. — The highest point of recog- nition of our Lord's true nature was no doubt reached in St. Peter's confession. We have seen that there is some presumption (the extent of which we would not exaggerate, though it seems to us real) that St. Peter liid actually use the words attributed to him by Matthe…
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pxnlain these utterances? If the narratives are well founded, we are not limite in our explanation by any inquiry as to the current contemporary interpretation of such texts a" Ps 2^ Is 4-i', Dt 18'», however much the v'rds said to 'have been spoken contain rem.nis^ cences of or allusions to t-l><'f,,^^ext3. 1 or Uie…
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So, too, with the title ' Son of God.' Its meaning was very far from being exhausted by the holding of a certain office or function, such as that of the Messiah. For Jesus the phrase means the absolute fulness of all that it ouglit to mean — the perfection of Sonship in relation to God ; in a word, just all that sum of…
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SON OF GOD SOX OF GOD 577 wliicli they point is not a passing phase, but some- thing that goes deep don'n into the essence of being. Or perhaps the case might be stated thus. The burden of proof really seems to lie with those who would refuse to associate the idea of pre-existence with that of Sjnship. The many exa…
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Ro 8', where the Son does not become the Son by being sent, but is already ' God's own Son ' (emphatic) before He is sent, tends the same way. In the Epp. of St. John there is nothing quite conclusive. We are really at tlie same level as in the Gospel. But, as there, the absolute use of ' the Father ' and ' the Son ' …
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Another quite clear passage is Herm. Sim. ix. 12. 2, where the Son of God, co nomine, is described as 'anterior to all creation, so that he became the Father's ad\-iser in his creation ' (6 /lif vl&s toS 6eoO TrdtTT/s r^s KTiVews aiVoD Trpoyey^^yrepds itTTiv, k.t.X.). This evidently takes up the irpuTuTOKos TrdtrTjs Kr…
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Conclusion. — From what has been said, it will be seen that the assertion of Marcellus in regard to the biblical usage was really very much in the right direction, though — as is so often the case with the ancients, when they have got hold of a riglit principle in criticism or exegesis — it is rather too sweeping and u…
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before the ancrels of God^ (came eatini; and drinking) (hath not where to lay his head) (as Jonah was three days, etc. [Mt] ; as Jonah became a sign unto the Niiiev- ites, etc. [Lk]) (he that soweth the good seed \a the Son of man) || (will send forth his angels, etc.)H (who do men say that the Son of man is?) (must …
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Eected and startling result discloses itself, which as involved students of the NT in great per- plexity. 6. Let us first, for clearness, explain briefly the usage of the expression in Biblical Hebrew. In Biblical Hebrew, din -js or oixn -ja ' sons of man' (or 'of men,' — onsj being a collective term) occurs frequent…
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The same usage prevails in the Palest. Targums on the Pent.§, and on the Hagiographa (c. 7lh cent, a.d.): see, for instance, bar ndsh in Lv 21 42 61-2.4. -jl etc. ('if a man do so and so ' : Onk. in all such passages iri'K), Ps 80i»>' (for [3 DTK) 1154 118*5- 8 1443a. 4 etc. ; U and bar ndshd in ' that man,' Lv 720i>- …
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(o) Lietzmann, as the result of a careful ex- amination of the existing evidence, literary and philological, rejecting the .solutions of his prede- cessors, reached the startling conclusion || that 'Jesus never applied to Himself the title "son of man" at all, because it does not exist in Aramaic, and upon linguistic g…
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B82 SON OF MAN SON OF MAN Bupposed, it is difficult to conjecture a motive for extending tlie usajje to a number of other passages of an entirely ditferent character (lialdensperger [§ 24], p. 254). (5) As regards the supposition that the ascription of the expression to Christ was due to the early Churcli, Dr. Drumm…
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The Aram, dialects do diller from one another in details of linguistic usage ; * and though barndsh(a,) is common in the Galila^an dialects of the 3rd or 4th cent. A.D., it may not, as Dalraan points out, liave been equally common in the 1st cent. ; and if usage had not at that time obliterated the distinctive force of…
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461 'And there I saw One who had a head of days (i.e. an aped head), and his head was white like wool (Dn 7"), and with him was another one whose face was as the appearance of a man, and his face was full of prxiciousness, like une of the holy afii,'els. '<* And t asked the angel who went with me, and sliowed me all th…
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12. Another passage, which, though of post- Christian date (probably A.D. 81-96), seems to show no traces of Christian influence (see vol. ii. p. 766"), and deserves to be quoted in the same connexion, is 2 (4) Es IS-'""-. Here Ezra is repre- sented as seeing in a dream the sea disturbed by a wind, and a 'man,' who is …
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• Schintedel, p. 204 : ' The name is (riven (viz. by Dn T'SJ ; what it eignillus is matter not tor an analytical Judgment, hut for a synthetical one,' ».e. it is to be ascertained from 'prfdicates defining the work or otflce of the Messiah.' C(. Uollziu. p. IM bottom, 264 n. ; Wellh. p. 214. t C(. H. A. W. Ueyer on Mt…
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Upon Ihia view the second art. {raZ) is pcncric or collective (Winer, 8 27. 1 ; Gn G6 ' v:i' V\ 2 S 7'», Ml< 2-1, Jn 2!»), Uie flist ftrt, (o) sjiecilies the individual of the gniHg meant (Weiss, § 10/*). 18. This opinion, that the title, viz., even though it may have been siiqrjested by Dn 7", was never- theless inte…
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686 SOX OF MAX SOX OF MAN as using it before Peter's confession at Csesarea I'hilippi. Matthew (in whom most of the pas- sages occur) is the evangelist who, generally, displays the least regard for historical sequence, and sometimes groups incidents and sayings to- gether merely on account of material resemblances ;…
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3. Hilgenfeld (if. WUs, Th. 1S63. 327-334; cf. 1894, 16f.X Not a current Mess, title. Suggested by Dn 7'3, but used by Jf'suswith the object of givingpromuience to His humanity, and vf emphasizing the humility and external lowliness which in His person were combined with the exalted dignity of the .Messiah. It thus in …
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12. Baldensperger iha« SHbAtbf.umsslgein Je^it im lAchte der iloi. Hofnunijen geiner Zeit-, l!j92) emphasizes strongly the prevalence of apocalyptic conceptions in the time of Christ. He rejects emphatically the opinion that the title concealed Jesus' Messiahship, and also the view that it was intended to express any a…
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2'2. We append a few remarks on some particular passages in which the title is used. a. Mk S-<' = Lk ll''* (' the foxes have holes,' etc.). As Sclimiedel remarks (p. 2'J3), Mej'er's ' a man ' {i.e. Jesus) t is exegetically impossible ; Lietz- mann's ' man ' (generally) J is out of the question. The contrast is evident…
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Mk32*«>. Mt 12SI. Mt 1233. Lk 1210. • All sins and Even' sin and And whoso speaketh a word And every one who shall speak blasphenues blasphemy a word shall to the sons of mtn shall unto men against the son ofman^ against the son o/marif be forgiven. be forgiven; it shall be forgiven him ; it shall be …
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S. R. Driver. SONG OF SONGS (d-i'?? •'V ; B po-mo, X C i<Tiia gV^druji', \ ^(jfj.o.ra (^fffiiiTojv ; Vulg. Canticiun Ganti- roriiii), vlience the common name Canticles; AV Song of Solomon). — i. Name and place in the Canon. II. Methods of Interpretation. An allegorical sense maintained both in Jewisli and Christian …
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One result of the triumph of the allegorical interpretation, and of the extravagant estimate of the book (so well illustrated by the above words of K. Akilia), was the introduction of the liturgical use of the Song into the Jewish Church. Canticles, along witli Until, Lamentations, Kcclesiastes, and Esther, made up the…
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* According to another interpretation. Canticles portrays Solomon's love to Wisdom. fThe last representative of this view is Rosenmiiller, in his Scholia in Vet. Test. ; the Peshitta •ubstitutes ^^"^0 for "I'l? in the title of the book). Are we to infer from Wis 83 that the author of the Wisdom, of Solomon already held…
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The attempts to convert the Song into a political allegory may be pronounced completely mist:iken. For instance, it has been supposed by J. L. Hug (1813) to be a fancy poem in which the longing of the ten tribes for a reunion with king Hezekiah is set forth under the figure of the love relations of the Shulammite with …
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The poem is supposed to describe the bond of love between the two, from the lirst uiouieiit of mutual burning passion ^1~2^, and mutual seeking and Ilndinjj (^^-S^J, down to the reahzation of the desire for love in the marriajre union (3tt-5i); and then, a(t«r a passing estrangi-inent, the mutual return (62-6^), tile p…
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It is quite true that, even upon this inter- pretation, whidi at all events docs fuller justice to the text than the traditional view adopted anew by Delitzsch, there are still ditliculties enough in points of detail. But it is question- able whether these difticulties are sufficiently great to make bliis explanation i…
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Budde attempts first of all to prove that by Solomon, or the king, the Song means not the real king Solomon, but that we have here only a tvpe, a poetical designation of any and every britlfgrooiii. In order to give a worthy title to the latter on his wedding day and in his wedding dress, the figure of Solomon is suppo…
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•By the way, Budde's view la not at all favoured by the drcumsuncc that in the Song of Songs the Shulammite or the bride is never called ' queen.^ The • daughter of a noMe ' (7') doe* not take the place of this. VOU IV. — 38 p. 171), is the so-called swortl dance of the bride on the evening before the bridal night. In…
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k in Its present torm is not fasliion, Builde is well awf here and there short pieces which [lossess, in his * This approach of the bridegroom is recalled, u Budae ex- pressly notes, by the figure in Ps 19fl. f Samson had" thirty such 'companions' about him (Jg 14"), who were headed by onf who nod the S7>ec!al title …
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It is interestins: to note the manner in which Budde supposes it possible that the book assumed its present disordered form. It was originally, as we have been told, a collection of wedding Bongs. This collection came, of course in manuscript form. into the hands of a later writer, torn into single leaves and • We sha…
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SONG OF SONGS 595 If we are to understand the poem which we call the Son'' of Sonfis, we must visit the poet's own land. 1 his is what we propose now to do. If Budde himself had continued his journey further and looked more carefully around him, he might have discovered the story of two lovers, Hahblls and ^amda, whi…
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S resent writer to have been found, from Ewald ownwards, in 8°- '. The real aim of the Song of Songs is to glorify trvc love, and, more specifically, true betrothed love, which remains steadfast even in the most dangerous and most seductive situations. The author, as we may perhaps assume with cer- tainty, found the ma…
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form, into two nearly equal parts. The dividins point is reached in 51, wlierc also the ilranmtic entan};lement readies its climax. Up till then the king is tlie suitor for the maidens love, and in 61 the course of development leads to the point where every- thin" apiiears to point to the certain consummation of the ma…
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~* It is impossible to understand the perfects in 6> as real preterites. Thev are perfects of certain expectation (per/ecla coniiileiitkF, cf.'Gcs.-Kautzsch, Gram.^ § IWin.). The mis- understanding of these perfects has been the occasion of much conhision. ,_ *,. j ♦ How kings married daughters of the people may be ga…
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So ends the dramatical development of t'j« material used in the Sonj; of Sony's. The present vriter considers that in the scheme of interpreta- tion just proposed everything proceeds in t.">od order and exhibits a perfectly natural connexion. He thinks it well to say natural, because, as a matter of fact, the dillerent…
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jiosed to necessitate the fixing of the date of composition of the Song of Songs in the early decades after the reign of Solomon. Neither of these arguments, however, proves anything, for tliere is nothing in them but what is readily explicable even on the view of a late date, especially if we may regard it as settled …
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Soothsaying, though separate from magic, is nevertheless very closely associated with it (see Magic). It niaj' be defined as involving an abnor- mal mode of obtaining knowledge. Just as magic is the abnormal method of obtaining control over persons or events by means of some supernatural Divine or demonic agency, so so…
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Amono;the Arabs, money was paid for divination, and sacrifices (as of a camel) preceded or accom- panied the divinin" ceremony. In these respects we find close parallels in the Balaam narrative, to which allusion has already been made. Accord- ingly, in this episode we do not fail to note that the deputations were prov…
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Omens were likewise derived from the particular • I'/IU ( = iiuSo>.»€) is not BO frecpiently employed lo the sing. OS the ptur. fomi of n/mi/dn, which takes the plsoa of jinn Cplur.) ('Wellh. l.c. p. 167 footnote). day of the month on whicli an eclipse takes place; from the appearances ordisajipearances of the planet…
990 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.