PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 4
James Hastings · 1,396,759 words · 1386 reading sections
Section 241
Wildebocr, while accepting this theory^^ combines with it the Idea of a festival of the dead (AU-Souls'-Day), as suggested by Lagarde above, and applied bySchwally (Leien nach dem Tode, 42 rt.). Hence the fcastings and fastings and sending of gifts- repasts and offerings for the dead being a usual accompaniment of suc…
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have not restricted ' purify '), antf have preferred ' clean ' (though ' cleanness ' is almost always ethical ) for the double oflice of ethical and ceremonial. In the Gr. usage there are similar preferences. 'Kyvbi, d-yTela, a7i'dT7;s, avuls (Pli 1" only, RV 'sincerely') are in NT exclusively ethical, though not so ex…
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G. E. Post. PURSE.— See BAG. PURTENANCE (an abbrev. of 'appurtenance,' from Lat. apcrtinere, thiough Old Fr. apartenir, apurtcnaunse) means properly whatever pertains to, and in its single occurrence in AV (Ex 12*) is used for the intestines of the Passover lamb (RV 'inwiirds'). The tr. is from Tindale. Wyclif has ' …
1,055 wordsSECTION 244Section 244
• Due to O. Eljcre in his Aegppten und <h'e Duchrr ifoce'g, p. 84, iccepU-d, e.g., tjy Stode (d« lia. vat. jl'.th.). On the weak att«nipt at contradiction by Dilimann, Bee the present writer's Aficn, p. 116. t A great nuus of earlier lltemture on the much diBcuBsed situation of this country is ariti(|uatcd. Formerly s…
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H. A. Redpath. PUTHITES (T'irn, B Mei0ci(*eiM, A 'U<pi$dv).— One of the families of Kiriath-jearim, 1 Ch 2^. See Genealogy, iv. 38. PUTIEL ('jK'cis, *owi^X).— The father-in-law of Aaron's son Eleazar, Ex 6-^ (P). About Putiel we liear nothing more in the 0 T, and the meaning of the name is uncertain. Gray (IIPN 210) …
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In tlie present passage it is clear that what is implied is that the girl was considered to be possessed of a soothsaying demon. In the lan- guage of the OT she would probably be called a D'K n'?V3 (1 S 28'). The word nix, however, is employed by itself to convey this meaning, and is reproduced in the LXX by iyyaffTplp…
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The verb ' to quarrel ' occurs in AV Preface in the transit, sense of oppose, object to. Cf. Melvill, Diary, 370, 'At the quhilk word the King in- terrupts me, and crobbotlie quarrels our meitting, alleagin" it was without warrand and seditius.' The modem intrans. meaning of the verb is found in Sir 31'", and RV introd…
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In ordinary cases of synonyms it is well to trace the usage of each word in the original ; but as in this case the same Hebrew word is used to convey • Possibly in Jg 5^ (end) '73;? should be read for S^^ (bo Ewald, (oUowed by Bertheau, Oettii, Renan, Kautzsoh. For oLher proposed emendatious of the text see Moore, ad …
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Athaliah has been already mentioned. Nehushta, from Jeremiah's bitter words in Jer 22-', apjiears to have used her ollicial position to take an active part against Jeremiah and his policy of submitting to the Chaldieans. From Jer 13" the queen-mother appears to have worn a crown (.t;?^, vriipavoi) more or less like th…
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The title Ecgina Ca-li has been given to the Vii 1,'iii Mary ; and at Mukden, the Sacred City of China, there is a temple to the ' Queen of Heaven.' Cf. ASHTORETII. LiTKRATi'RB. — See AsiiTORKTn in vol. I. p. 1C8'> note •, p. lOS'' note' ; ami luld Uiesebreclil, Jeremiah, on 7'» ; W. U. Bi;tiiR'tt, Jeremiah xxi.-lii,,…
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Elsewhere the meaning is livinr;, mostly in direct opposition to dead, as Nu 1(5^" ' If . . . they go down quick into the pit,' compared with v.^ ' They . . . went down alive into the pit' (Heb. in both □••!:, AV follows Tindale, RV 'alive' in both) ; Ps 55" ' Let them go down quick into hell' (RV 'alive into the pit')…
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There has been much discussion about the text of v.^, but the right reading is certainly aiiT-ij dircTYpatprj trpumj iyivcro rpfip-oviijovro^ ttjs 2i'p/as Kupi)fiov: 'This took place as a first enrolment, when Quirinius was governor of Syria.' t And this remark is made in order to distinguish this census from the one i…
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2. The verb came from Old Fr. quiter (mod. quitter), a derivative of Lat. quictare. In AV it IS used only refiexively, ' quit yourselves like men' (IS 4"'"', Heb. oV;!;'? vn), 'quit you like men ' (1 Co 16", Gr. ivSpli«j0(). To 'quit oneself is to discharge one's obligations ; on every man lie the obligations of a man.…
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B. Quotations are occasionally independent translations from the Heb. — (a) because they were so found in the documents which the writer incor- porates, as Lk 1" [Mai 3' and 4°- 'J (^roi/ncttrat— njs for LXX iri^Xhj/eTai ; itrkaTpixj/ai — 3'rn for diro«to- TatTT^o-ei ; ■waripuv — Ti'i^i} for Trarpis), 2'^ (see J, a); (…
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F. Combined Quotations. — These are far commoner than is often realized, and are of various kinds. Frequently we find several passages strung to- gether consecutively, as Ko S'"""", where there are six separate quotations so combined ; cf. He l'-'* etc. In Mk U" (Mt 21'», Lk 19«) a direct quotation from Is oQ' is follo…
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ence to this very translation. If, as is generally Ijelieved, James is earlier than 1 P, botn quota- tions and reference are derived from some othei document, (e) When a writer quotes a passaga twice with the same variant, as in Ro 9*' 10", He 8'° 10"" (omission of Siio-u), the most probabla explanation is that he cons…
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ably tlirou';h fault of memory ; 18" (adds ira» before /"}/*») much abridged. Tlie rest are from the Ileb., as 2" 8", though often showing the influence of LXX (see A, </), as 2"* 11'° 12»'-' 13» 21°; and often very Kiiigularlv paraphrased, as 2<i 2-3 -JT"- '" (see D ; E, d). {</) Quotatium of a ' Gospel of tlie Infanc…
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J. The bearinq of NT quotations on textual criticism. — {a) When a quotation agrees witli Heb. but has a single word or plirase agreeing with LXX, this may have come, not from LX\ itself, but/ro?n a various reading of Heb., followed also by LXX. Thus in Jn 12'" idawnai may point to a variant x;iK for k?";. In Mt 12-' t…
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V. H. Woods. R RAAMA (Ksp only 1 Ch 1») or RAAMAH (nc!;-!).— Son of Cush and fat her of Sheba (Saba) and Dedan (Gn 10', 1 Ch P), also mentioned by Ezekiel (27") as a trading community hy the side of Sheba. The LXX (in Gn A '?ena^a; in 1 Ch BA 'Feyfii; in Ezk B 'Papid, AQ 'Payij.d) identified the word with Regma, ment…
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Apart from the isolated notice in Dt 3", where a pa.ssing reference is made to it as the site of the bed or sarcophagus of Og king of Baslian, and the statement in Jos 13^ that it lay out.>-ide the ea-stern border of the tribe of Gad on the east of Jordan, no allusion is made in the OT to the capital of the Ammonites u…
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From tlie few scattered notices of Kabbah in the writings of the prophets from the 8tli cent, onwards, we gather that the city once more re- verted to the jjosscssion of the Ammonites. Thus Amos, in his denunciation of Aimiiun (1'"'), pro- phesies the destruction of the wall and palaces of Kabbah, while similar languag…
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R. W. Moss. RABBITH (n>3nn with art. ; B ha.§eip<iv, A 'PajS- Pud). — A town of Issachar (Jos 19-"), probably the modern BCiba, on the south part of the r.ange of Gilboa. See SWP vol. ii. sheet ix. ; Miihlau in Riehm's HWB 1252; Gu6rin, Samarie, i. 336; Buhl, GAP 204. 0. R. CoNDER. RABBONI.— See Rabbi. RAB-MAG (J?-3-…
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• Ct. Dn 1», where the ' master ot hit eunuchs '(Vf-lf-31, LXX ■ml Thecl. iLn:>wi»ZxM) seems to hsve hsd charge of 'the seed royal and tlit- nobles.' Assyro-Babylonian rabH-Sa-rHu, whatever opinion be held witli regard to the other pas.sages where it occurs. It is noteworthy that the sibilants are in botli cases d, fo…
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J. Massie. PACAL. — Amongst those to whom David is said (I S W^) to have sent a share of the spoil after his return to Ziklag, are mentioned 'they that were S;-;:'; but probably the last word ought to be corrected, after the LXX {iv Kap/iTj\<f), to fc^;?, 'in * It seems belter to take this word as the voc of f.taipo<,…
1,105 wordsSECTION 265Section 265
A serious difficulty, however, arises in this con- nexion. In 1 S 10- Rachel's tomb is described quite clearly as being on the ' border of Benjamin,' i.e., obviously, the N. border between Benjamin and E]nhraini, not far from§ Bethel (v.*), which was 10 nules N. of Jerusalem ; and a site in the same neighbourhood is st…
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Rages is often mentioned in the Bk. of Tol)it. Tobit left there ten talents of silver (1''' 4'), ami Tobias, accompanied by the angel Raphael, started for Rages in quest of this deposit, which was finally recovered by the angel (5^ 0"- ''■' 9-). Accord- ing to .Itli 1°" Ragau ('Payai', evidently another form of H'lgi-s…
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LXX and of Hebrews and James should be 'PaxijS in Mattliew appears at tirst improbable. But the latter has the support of Josejihus, who always speaks of Rahab as t; Paxd/S?;. A second objection w ould be more serious if it rested on the mention of Rahab alone, but it is a chronological dilhculty not ati'ected by the q…
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5. In our next example the epithet Eahah is applied to Egypt, Is 30' •"!<-;5 ]z) niy; pni "jjn Dns-! icy D.T 3rn niii; ; LXX A/7i>jrTiot iiAToia koX Ktvb. itptX^ffovffiv i/fMS' aTiyyitKov avroU 5ti fiaraia ij rapd- itXTjiris i)iu>i> airrri : RV ' for Egypt hclpeth in vain and to no purpose ; therefore liave I called he…
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Conder disputes the view that the seasons in Palestine have changed since OT times. § He says, ' As regards the seasons and the character and distribution of the water-sujjply, natural or arti- ficial, there is, apparently, no reason to suppose that any chanj^e has occurred ; and with respect to the annual rainfall (as…
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* Already at the moment of her comin-;; the great goddess (Istar) Lifted up the mighty bow • which Aim had made according to his wish.' The significance of the rainbow as a token of God's co\-enant with men may be variously viewed. n::-i3 and rb^op (Sir 43" 50') are the regular words for the bow as a weapon of war, an…
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2. (Pa/xa) One of the cities on the boundary of the tribe of Asher near Tyre (Jos 19-*). ' And the border turned to liamah, and to the fenced city of Tyre.' Robinson (iii. 64) considers there is no question (and in this he is followed by Gu6rin, GaliUe, ii. 12of., and SWP) that Ramah of Asher is represented by the mode…
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C. Warren. 5. Ramah of the South (33i nOK-i; Ba/j-id (A la/neS) Kari \l§a). — ' Height of the soutli,' a city of Simeon (Jos 19'), at its extreme southern limit, apparently another name forBAALATU-BEEK, with which it is in apposition in this passage. It appears to be the same as Ramoth of the South (1 S 30", LXX here …
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Of otiier, less probable identifications, the follow- ing may be mentioned : — (1) Ramleh. Tlie traveller of to-day, as he journeys through the Maritime Plain from Joppa to Jerusalem, is assured by his dragoman, when he reaches Ramleh (12 m. S.E. of Joppa, 2 m. S.W. of Lydda), that this is the Arimathsea of tha Gospel…
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Although it is mentioned as a well-known city, we liave no account, in the Bible or elsewhere, of its origin. The greater its importance the more conspicuous it would naturally be ; and this we find was the case, in the wars lietween the Syrian kings of Dama.scus and the Hebrews. Of "these wars we have the fullest acco…
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Gohling, Calvin's Jub, p. 579, ' It is a pity to see what man is ; for he is so frauglit \\-ith evill, that assoone as he hath a litle lihertie given him, by and by he raungeth out on the one side or on the other, and will not hold the right way, but gaddeth astray, ye even or ever he tliinke it.' The subst. signifies…
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The other interpretation, starting with isb as a propitiatory gift otlered in satisfaction for a life, makes Go^ the recipient of the ransom. Thus Ritschl, following Ps 49' and Mk 8", thinks of the life of Jesus as a precious gift, offered to God in order to ransom from death those who were unable to provide a sufficie…
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brid.il pair safe home. Before taking his leave Raphael assures Tobias that when he seemed to them to eat and drink, they were under an illusion. To 12". (5) The chief characteristic of Raphael was as a herder oj men's mrdadies. Tobias, the father of Tobit, was atllicted with leucoma in the eyes ; and Sarah was jjosses…
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The term 'orebh, as well as Kipaf, is not confined to the raven. It doubtless includes all birds after its kind (Lv 11"). Of these, besides C'orvtcs corax, L., the raven, there are in Palestine C. affinis, Riipp., the Fantail Raven ; C. comix, L., the Hooded Crow (Arab, zdgh) ; C. agricola, Trist., the Syrian Rook; C. …
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RECAH RECHAB, RECIIABITES 203 the well outside the city (v."), he prays for a sign by which he may know Isaac's destined bride ; and the damsel wno fullils it proves to be Rebekah. Lalian and Bethuel, satisfied bj' the evidence of their uncle's prosperity (vv.'-^-^-"; cf. v.'" [RVj, V.''), and of Isaacs prospective …
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The Recli.ibites appear in the UT on three occasions. Pirst, in the person of Jehonadab ben-Rechab (i.e. 'the Rechabite'), in 2K 10""-. Jehonadab showed his zeal for the exclusive wor- ship of Jehovah by associating himself with Jehu in liis fierce persecution of the devotees of Baal. Josephus reproduces the biblical n…
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tribes in Syria and Arabia claiming the name Rechabite and professing to observe the laws of Jonadab. These tribes are probably connected with the ancient Rechabites in just the same way as the Total Abstinence Society mentioned above. Moreover, as words for ' horseman,' ' camel-rider,' in Heb., Aram., and .\rab., are …
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1. 'J'/te Need of Reconciliation on the part of God. —The siibject has already so far been di-scussed, and passages have been cited both from OT and NT ascribing anger, wrath, indignation, jealousy, and even hate to God (see art. ANGER OF GoD in vol. i. J). 97 tr.). But something may be added to what IS there said of t…
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But even pathos like that will bo lost on us, unless we further see what the Fatherhood of God involves, namely, that His nature and ours are essentially akin, so that, allowance being made for our moral imiierfection, from our own experience wc m:iy 206 KECONCILIATION RECOXCILIATION safely infer His. If man was ma…
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2. But this brings us, in the second place, to what seems to many the greatest difficulty of all. That God should both require and provide pro- pitiation seems to be a contradiction, and from tlie fact that God did provide it thej' infer that He did not require it — that is, did not need to be pro- pitiated. It was pro…
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The phrase 'call to record' means 'cause to te.stify,'^ Dt 30" ' I call heaven and earth to record this day against you ' (c;; 'niyn), 31^ ; and ' take to record has the same meaning : Is 8' ' (And) I will take unto me faithful witnesses to record '("V iy;i<i); Ac 20^ ' Wherefore I take you to record this diiy, that I …
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i. Tlie preparation of the ashes of the red heifer. li. The purpose and manner of their ap]>licatioil. iii. The orisrin and significance of the rite. iv. The red heifer as a type of Christ. i. The procedure to be fulloiocd in the preparation of tlie a.slies is laid down in outline in vv.'"">. De- tailed instructions —…
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iL TXm ])urpose of the ashes prepared as above la expressly dec-lared to be ' for (the preparation of) a water of separation' (.i-i -c^ v.'; R\ m 'a water of impurity '). The meaning of these words was early misunderstood. The LXX, followed by aU the chief ancient versions, connecting rni nidddh with the Aramaic form o…
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less survival, of which innumerable parallels will occur to students of comparative religion, from the time when the fragrant woods, such as junijier and cyi)re.'<s ami the aromatic plants of the mint family, were supposed to act as a protection against the harmful unseen powers that were the cause of death * and hover…
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RED HORSE.— See Revelation (Book of), p. 239. RED SEA ('■|'D-D- Ex 10" and often ; also c-n Ex 14-"^- », Is 51""'" 63" etc. ; D-y^-^-a; Is 11"; LXX ij ipvBpa. Sd\a(r<7a, with the equivalent amongst Latin geographers Mare Rubrum, also Mare Erythrceum). — The origin of the name ' Red Sea' is uncertain, though several re…
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REDEEMER, REDEMPTION.— With two excep- tions ( AV in Ps 136-'' [p"!p, lit. to break or tear away, • The writer considers that this waa the condition of tha Isthmus at the time of the Exodus. Such a view, borne out by ot>sen'ation, renders the account of this event intelligible, but does not necessitate the inference t…
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The more common NT word is, however, XvrpoO- fiai (from X&rpov, ' a ransom'), with its derivatives, Xvrpitnijs, "KuTpiccns, d7ro\iVpw(rtj. These follow the usage of the OT Snj and ni", being sometimes used in the technical sense of ' ransom ' {e.ff. 1 P jis. 19)^ i)uf more frequently in the purely general sense of 'del…
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which grows as large as the last, and is used for similar purposes ; S. mucronatus, L. ; S. lacustris, L. ; and S. littoralis, L. ; and the Twig Rush, Cladium mariscus, L., which has been mentioned under 'agmon. The papyrus is the largest and finest of all. It grows from creeping root stocks, which produce tufts of ste…
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4. rn-ij'aroth (Is 19') is tr'' in AV 'paper reeds,' RV more properly 'meadows,' see art. Mkauow in vol. ii. I). 307 note t ; LXX x^wp<5s. There is no authority for identifjing this with the papyrus. G. E. I'OST. REED GRASS (Gn 41«'8). _RV for mx, AV • meadow.' The same word is tr'' in Job 8" ' flag,' RVm ' reed gras…
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S laces a bad character by filling them witn mur- erors. On the contrary, these six cities were of the highest rank in every Avay : thev were all Levitical cities — Shechem and Hebron Leing royal cities, and Hebron in addition a priestly city. Each city, according to the (ideal ?) legislation of • There Is also ft dou…
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The origin of the word is difficult to trace. Trench (English Past and Present, 3ii6) says un- reservedly, ' To refuse is recusnre, while yet it has derived the / of its second syllable from rrfutare j it is a medley of the two'; and perliaps he ia right. J. Hastings. REGEM (nn; B 'Vi-yefi, A ■p^7tM)-— The eponym of a…
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* Eegeneration ' characteristic of the NT. A, Old Tc-iit. AdumbratiODS. L In (a) national, (&) pereonal rellgioD. ii. In the case of Proselytes. B. New TesU Presentation. i. In the Synoptics, ii. In SL Janies. Hi. In St. Peter (relation to Baptism), iv. In Epistle to Hebrew*. V. In St. Paul. Ti. In Kt. John. C Con…
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ii. As Israel's slowness to realize the idea of regeneration was in part due to its overshadowing sense of a specially favoured relation to J" attach- ing to Abraham's seed, as such ; so we may suppose that the accession to exilic and post-exilic Israel of a growing number of those who had no such natural advantage, mu…
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REGENERATION REGENERATION 217 in Ro S""". Thore creation is represented as awaiting 'the revealing of the sons of God ' \' the Regeneration,' in the collective sense of Mt 19-'), who, as already having 'the tirst-fruits of tlie Spirit,' may themselves be styled God's lirst-fruits (cf. Rev 14* 'Jl'). Thus spiritual I…
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St. Peter seems also, by the time he \vrote 1 P, to have caught in his own wav St. Paul's deej), mystical thought in Ko 6"-, wkere identity with Christ's ' resurrection ' life, on the part of the regenerate, is made to grow out of spiritual union with Him in His death to sin (consummated in His crucifixion, see 1 P 2-*…
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seem implicitly to deny. The life in him wai above all new ; and it was of Divine initiation or grace. But that did not mean tliat there was no psj'cliological continuity between tlie old Saul and tiis faculties, and tlie new Paul and liis : nor did it exclude the responsible co-operation of his own volition througliou…
902 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.