PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 4
James Hastings · 1,396,759 words · 1386 reading sections
Section 1081
772 TIMOTHY, FIKST EPISTLE TO TIMOTHY, FIRST EPISTLE TO objects of charity, and who devote their time to prayei (5*''), and active widows who are church workers, whose names are entered on a cliurcli list, after careful examination of their antecedents (59. loj 'I'lm distinction is not, however, clearly marked. See a…
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1 for 1 '55 verses in the Past. Epp. ; 1 „ 3-66 „ „ 2 Cor. ; 1 „ 5-53 „ „ 1 Cor. ; hence the dift'erence between 2 Cor. and 1 Cor. is as great as that between the Past. Epp. and 2 Cor. (Kblling ap. Weiss, p. 51). Within the Pastorals 72 words are found in 1 Tim. only, 44 in 2 Tim. only, 26 in Titus ; 10 are peculiar …
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A comparison with other documents connected with Ejiliesus, e.g. Ac 20"''', esp. *', the Prologue of St. John (with the stress on God's creation of all things (cf. 4-'), of the manifestation of Christ in flesh (cf. 3"), of the contrast between the Law and grace and truth and glory (cf. l*"")), and with the Lp. to Eph. …
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312 may be an after-thought (cf . 1 Co 1 ) , tor o ''^But the doubt has arisen in connexion ^vith the authorship. On the theory of the Fauline authpr- Xd it has been suggested that the sections which iZv a Tate date may be later additions to a ge^le lett'er Thus ^3-- is of a cjuite genera^ Character • it has no person…
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11-2 Greeting. 3-8. Thaiik>i,'tvine for Timothy's past affection and fail)), and ueHire to see him again. A. 18-213. Exhort-ationa based mainly on St. Paul's position. B. ^*~i^. Exhortations based mainly on the position of Timothy. A. Exhortation (1) to stir up his ministerial gift (^ : reiuunibering the nature of t…
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776 TIMOTHY, SECOI\D EPISTLE TO TBIOTHY, SECOKD EPISTLE TO One 'faitliful saying' is quoted in 2"'", possiblj B. fragment of a Cliristian hymn based on lio6' 8'', Mt W-", Lk 12» (cf. CGT, ad luc. ) : the ' seals ' in 2", wliile based on the OT, were probably already stereo- typed as Christian watchwords : 2" reads li…
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V. Authorship. — The external evidence for the Pauline authorship is much the same as that for 1 Timothy, save that the allusions to its language in writers of the first quarter of the 2nd cent, are less unequivocal. It was possibly known by Ignatius, more probably by Polycarp (c. 5 = 2'-, c. 9 = 4'"), but the consciou…
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(2) Again, sections of the Epistle are personal and distinctly Paulino throughout; while others {'2"-'i") consist of va^e generalities, consistent with I'auline authorship, but not demanding it. (3) There are some amiarent contradictions, e.g. 3' a-s contrasted w ith 2" (but they are not neces- Eanly spoken of the sam…
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(2) The portrait of the Christian minister, with his work done, facing death (cf. 1 John and 2 Peter). He acquiesces gladly in the present, but his eyes are turned mainly to the past or to the future. He recalls the way in whicli he from his youth, and his ancestors before him, have worshipped God (1') : he dwells on G…
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TIRATHITES(D'nviB ; BA'ApyaOtel/x, Luc. eapa$el). — A family of scribes that dwelt at Jabez, 1 Ch 2". The passage is very obscure. See Shimeath- ITES, and cf. GENEALOGY, vol. ii. p. 12S", and Wellh. de Gentibus, 30 tf. TIRE. — The Eng. word ' tire,' which occurs as a subst. = headdress in Is 3i9, Ezk 24"- ^, Jth 10' 1…
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F. Ll. Griffith. TIRHANAH (njinB ; B Oapd/i, A Oapxi'd, Luo. Oapaavd). — A son of Caleb by his concubine, Maacab, 1 Ch 2«. XIRIA (N,-i'R, but Baer n.-jb ; B ora., A Qiipid, Luc. 'Eeptd).—A son of Jehallelei, 1 Ch 4'". TIRSHATHA (Nny-iBn).— The word occurs in five places ; the LXX omits it altogether in Neh 8" 10' ; r…
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These passages are principally interesting as showing how the Hellenistic Jews w ho translated the OT, and who wrote Juditli, connected in thought the riphatm of their scriptures with the dim and mighty figures of the Greek mythological legends. See Rephaim, Giant. W. J. Beecher. TITHE (-iff^c, SeicdTT!). — The paymen…
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(b) In the Priestly Code (P). — In the legislation of Ezekiel, which forms the transition to P, thera is no law as to tithes. P exhibits a great advance on the earlier regulations. According to Nu 18" 'all the tithe in Israel' is given to the tribe of Levi ' for an inheritance.' The Levites are in their turn to give a …
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'lovSaiiov). Mt=' This is Jesus the king of the Jews' (oDt6s i(7Tiv 'lijaoi'S 6 ^affi\eus rCitf *lov5a.iii3v). Lk='Thi8 is the king of the Jews' (6 j3airiXei)s TU3V 'loi'Saiwi' otn-os). Jn=' Jesus of Nazareth the king of the Jews' 'YovSaifjjv). It is not ea.sy to determine which of these was the original form of wor…
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and trembling : they had shown regret ifiX theii previous conduct, indignation against the otfender, enthusiasm for St. Paul : Paul's boast had been justified : Titus had been overjoyed : St. I'aul was comforted (2" 7""'').— (c) On the receipt of this news Paul wrote 2 Cor. and requested 'Titus, who gladly accepted the…
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The dates both of the visit to Crete and of the composition of the letter are uncertain. The organization of the Church is so little advanced that it might easily fall within the period covered by the Acts ; and it is possible that the visit may be that of Ac 27' (l/cavoO xp^"""), and that this letter was written early…
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1 784 TITUS, EPISTLE TO TITUS, EPISTLE TO detaUs aliout worship in 1 Tim. apparently favour the priovHv of Titus; but all the d.lferences .nay be d'rto -the dilleront circumstances othe^t^ delegates and the two Churches. Tl e.e js notlnn in the letters to make it ""P-^o^^i-'ti, L the were written on the same day and…
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LiTKKATCRB. — The same introductions and commentaries as are referred to under 1 Timotiiv are useful for this Epistle, with the exception of H. P. Lid'lon ; to the Patristic com- mentaries should be added a short coiiinientary by Jerome, and a long extract on 3"^- n from Origen's lost coinmentiiry pre- served in a Lati…
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(2) Latin Versions. — (a) Vetus Itala or Old Latin, which Ilgen, in 1800, coiTectly surmised was based on a then unknown Gr. text, which has proved to be that of K. Tliougli all codices of this Version agree substantially with N, there are clearly three recen- sions, (a) It. I., the text edited by Sabatier (Bihli- orum…
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ii. TuK Nakeative.— Tobit, a pious Jew of the tribe of Naphtali, very scrupulous as to feasts and tithes, was, with his wife Anna and his son Tobias, taken into captivity by Enemessar (Shalmaneser) to Nineveh. Even there he remained loyal to Mosaism, abstaining from eating the food of tlie Gentiles ; and yet became in …
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[.V.B.— Except when quoting from the Volg., the verses ue tboM of the RV]. PeexUxarH\e$ (if Uxt.—{m) B stands alone (except HO) In omitting the bleiwing of Oabael, 9« ; ami in its romlensation of Edna's prayer, lO'^; though IIL and Viilg. omit this entirulv. Unique readings are : glory of the great Itapho*:!, 31^ ; Jo…
1,222 wordsSECTION 1102Section 1102
Eie<'e of silver. 111 ; it cuso introduces two long original prayers, V Tobias and Sarah, in the bridal chamber, ch. 8. \'ulg- <*nly gives Sjirah's praver thus : ' Be merciful to us, O Lord, be merci- ful, and let us both grow old healthily together,' H'O.— ^,) HQ has a few unique readings: f,g. 'dust'for *dun';.'2l0; …
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V. Date of Composition. — Most Roman Catho- lic authorities, relying on 12™ 13', ascribe the book to the 7th cent. B.C. Ilgen maintains that 1-3' 13'"' was written by Tobit in B.C. 6S9, and the rest in Palestine about B.C. 280. Ewald fixes it B.C. 350. Graetz assigns it to the time of Hadrian (A.D. 130), and Kohut to A…
1,053 wordsSECTION 1104Section 1104
4. The Testament of Job has the foil, parallels : — Job's wife begged bread for him (ch. 22) : Job sang a hymn (ch. 33) ; in ch. 45 Job, when dying, says, ' Behold, 1 die ; only forget not the Lord (To 4^) ; do good to the poor (410) ; dest>iNe not the helpless (41'') ; take not to yourselves wives from strangers (4i2…
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790 TOHU TONGUES, COXFUSIOX OF inscriptions which is associated with the Minni by Esarhaddon, we shall have to look for Togarmah to the east of Assyria. In 1881 Fr. Delitzsch suggested that it might be Til-garimmu, a fortress of Kummukh or Comaggn6 ; but it iiuist have been a country, since horses and raulos wore ex…
1,232 wordsSECTION 1106Section 1106
•Ct. Sayce, Races of the OT, p. STL, 'Diversity ol race U older than diversity of language.* TONGUES, CONFUSION OF TONGUES, CONFUSION OF 791 problem whether man appeared originally upon the globe at one centre or at many centres. The fonner of these altemativea is preferred by mwlem flcientiOc authorities. Mr. Darw…
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Languages, however, differ not only in grammar and roots, but also in a manner which it is more diHicult for those, like ourselves, familiar with only one type of language, to realize, viz. ' morpho- logically,' or in the manner in which ideas are built up into a sentence. Different races do not think in the same way ;…
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See Prestwich's Geotoqy (1888), U. 534 ; In his ContTinerted Qiustimu of lieolngy (1895), p. 46, he gives similar but some- what higher figures. It was in 1869 that ' the barriers which restricted the age of man to a limited traditional chronologj* were overthromi by the discoveries in the Galley of the Somme and Brixh…
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TOXGUES, CONFUSION OF TONGUES, GIFT OF 793 n nations, and diversity of language, is an element in His providential plan for the development and progress of humanity'. 7. No Bab. parallel to Gn II'"' has as yet been discovered. The reference in the fruenientary Brit. Mua. Inscription (K. 8«5(), tr. by O. Smith, Ch…
1,293 wordsSECTION 1110Section 1110
(6) G(jspel of St. Mark. — In the doubtful appen- dix to this Gospel (IG"), among the wonders wliich are to follow tliose who believe, it is said ' they shall speak with [new] tongues.' The word 'new' is of verj' questionable genuineness ; if it be rejected, the passage is a bare reference to ' speaking with tongues,' …
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iii. Interpretation of the Evidence. — (o) St. Paul, in common with all to whom the Chris- tian religion is a revelation from God, assumes that the gift of tongues is an energy of the Holy Spirit. No doubt he places it lower in value than any other spiritual gilt enumerated by him. No doubt, also, like other gifts of t…
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if onlj- in adoration, on the occasion of the first Pentecost. (<•) This interpretation is not so wholly excluded as might appear at first sight bj' the language of 1 Co 14. tor although the yXQaaai are, without one to interpret tlieni, unintelligible even to the speaker, the possibility of interpretation, clearly con…
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iv. Later History. — There is no clear eridence of tongues as a religious phenomenon anterior to 1S"T times, nor of their survival in the early Church after the apostolic age. Ecstatic utterances appear to liave occurred in some forms of OT prophecy (2 S 19-° etc.), but no mention is made of ' tongues ' as a feature of…
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Smith. — The hammers and tongs are very much the same in form as those used in Europe, but very roughly made. Anvils are simply cubical masses of iron having the upper surface faced with ToPARCnY TOPHET, TOPIIETH 797 steel. The original bellows was a tube through wliich the workman blew into the fire ; then goat- s…
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Pliny's influence is very apparent in The Lapi- darium of Marbodus — • From scaa remote the yellow Topaz came. Found in the island of the self-same name ; Great is the value, for full rare the stone, And but two kinds to cocer merchants known. One vies with purest jfold, of oran^'e bri^'ht ; The other glimmers with a …
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In the paragraph in Isaiah which gives the oracle concerning the destruction of Assyria, Jehovah is represented as Himself coming from afar to execute vengeance on the oppressors of Israel. His people look on and sing their song of gladness, while judgment is done upon their enemies certainly and comidetely. The declar…
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On the origin and etymology of the word much has l)een written that is doubtful, not to say purely fanciful. Some have attempted to connect it with the Greek OdirTciv in the phrase irupi diirTav (Ges. ), or with the Greek riJ^eiK and the Hebrew .n?i< = cook, D'yiPi = cooked pieces for oll'erings (cf. Lv 6"). Jerome, de…
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LiTRRATrRB. — Commentaries on the OT passaijes (Dillmann- Kittfl, Marti, and Skinnur on Isaiah, Dutini on Jerfntiali), the Lexicons, the Bilile dictionaries (Herzoj,''6 PRE, Kiehni's U Wli, Sniitli's DB, sub voc. ' Uiiniom,' 'Gelnnnoin,' ' CJehcnna') ; tlie books on the geography of the Holy Land (Rohinson, etc.); Ewak…
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Lyons Heptateuch (ed. U. Robert) has promimtu- ariuiu (ioi promptuarium), 'store-room, magazine, in Jg y-"*. (B) In the Apocrypha ' the tower' is the regular rendering in AV in 1 and 2 Maccabees of 17 dapa, 'the citadel' (RV), i.e. the fortress commanding the temple (see Jeriisalk^i, vol. ii. p. 5;!4), which is also c…
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rTfi^nrjrit «A< nu yp. T#w iifuu). The clerk contrasts the confused assembly in the theatre with the (fn/ios iKuXtiala, i.e. the people legally and properly .-u-i-sembled in the exercise of its powers. Sutrli meetings were either ordinary on hxcd days (ci/u^oi in an Ephesian inscription), or extr.iorJinary, specially …
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802 TKACHOXITIS TRADE AND COMMERCE that the sites of these cities were occupied at a very early historical period ; and the visitor to those in Bashan itself (as the present wrilu* recently verified) may still note rude fortiiicatious (uniier or near the obviously later city walls) which resemble the Amorite remains…
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The question, whether in the time at which Lk 3' was wTitten the Ituraean district and Traehonitis were two distinct portions of Philip's tetrarchy, or two equivalent or overlapping names for it, has already been fully discussed under ITUILEA. LiTERATi'RB. — Besides Wetzstein's Reiseberieht quoted above, see Ritter. E…
1,049 wordsSECTION 1123Section 1123
4. Other Authorities. — The immense collection of F'gyplian, Assj-rian, and Itabylonian documents and inscriptions atl'ord much information as to commerce m general, and some, direct and in- direct, as to that of Palestine. The classical authorities, especially Strabo and Plin^, furniHli OS with information as to comme…
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*^tron'; othe1""ef:rence to the trade ^om F7ion. sober to Opbir U the statement that fZsha^lhat made an unsuccessful attenint to jenosnapii^i. Probably in the troubles at SeTlo^ of Soloinon's r:Sn,'judah lost its free ^e^ to the Red Sea, and the trailic ce.-ised once f^iQ Otherwi.se what we read of the commeice oTi^lo…
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By the time the Greek period was reached, the restoration of the temple, tlie reforms of Neliemiah, and the natural growth of the community must have led to some development of trade, which would be further stimulated by the Greek coloniza- tion of Western Asia. Some token of a growing interest in commerce may be seen …
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Bv sea there was traffic from Babylonia with the East by the Persian Gulf ; from Edom and Egypt with the East from ports on the Red Sea ; from the Phoenician cities with all the Mediterranean lands and the farther West. A similartrade existed, chiefly in the hands of the Plia;nician3 and the Greeks, from the coast of t…
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. Bennett. TKADES TRANSFIGUKATIO^■, THE SO? TRADES. — It was an ancient custom and law among tlie Jews tliat every l>oy must learn a trade, not necessarily as a means of livelihood, but as a precautionary measure against destitu- tion, if fortune failed, and the temjitations of an idle life. One of the Kubbinic sayi…
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W. Morgan. TRANSFIGURATION, THE The word comes from tnnix/ii/iinitii.i e.<it, the Vulg. tr. oi inrcfioptpiiBri in the narratives of Matt, and Mark. Elsewhere this verb is rendered either reforinari (Ro I2-) or transformari (2 Co 3'*). The event which it desig- nates is recorded thrice (Mt 17'"*, Mk 9-"", Lk9^*') and …
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LiTRRATURB. — See Comm. and Lives of Christ ; also the Diet, and Kiicyc. articlee on 'Transtlgunition ' and * Verlilarung.' See also 'The Sl^'nificance o( the Transfiguration,' by W. J. Moulton, la Bihl. and Sem. Studiet (Yale Univ.), 1901, pp. 157-210. A. Plummer. TRAVAIL. — In modem editions of AV a distinc- tion ha…
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"TreMure" standi in OT also tori. Jjh, lit ' rtrenifth ' : Pr 15«, Elk 22» (AV and UV In iKjth • treasure'). The Heb. tenn Ov.vun» &l80 in la S3^ (AV *Blreiij;th,' KV 'abundance'), Jer 2\fi (AV ' utrenglh ', RV 'riches'), Pr 2"3« (AV and KV • riches 'j. 2. pDr5 *hidiUn (treasureX' V |DD 'conceal': On 4^23 (of money hi…
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TREASURY (OF TEMPLE).— The word yofo^u- \iiaov, tr. ' treasury ' in the NT, is used in the LXX for the Heb. woids* meaning cells or apartments of the tenijde court, in whicii sacred ollcrings and utensils were kept, and in which also the jn icsts dwelt.t The word is used in the Hooks of jSIac- cabees of the sacred trea…
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Matfeh as ' tribe' is found in P in the Hexateuch, in Chron. ; and in 1 K 71-* 8i, where Benzinger regards the clauses in which malteh stands as late additions, in & the 7»fl^ft'/i-c]ause is absent from LXXB. Shebtie( is common in D, is found in JE, and very occasionally in P (possibly only in redactioiial passages), a…
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TRIBE 811 00 M a 5 o 1 - M «0 •« OCDt^OOOaOp^M 3 3 1 >^ §■ ^ ^ f « o •? 1 3 2 " S §' 1 1 i 1 5 S si 1 _ § >< & S a i-: ■< o- . J 1. si ^ :? >■ 1 ^ 1 ■-9 III 1^ t d <-3 1 1 1 ^ £ -• § i ^ § ■« e c n OB a 3 - e-3 ^ § 1 Bi 3 i g OQ -4 •-> rf g B § d J- "S -g oS Ill III II s …
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On the other hand, the Blessings of Jacob and o/ Moses, with Ezk 48 and such references as Ps 68^ I 80-, show that a strong archaic religious interest was taken in the ancient tribes. One result of this interest was the set of tribal genealogies, Gn 40""" = Nu 20'-" (late strata of P), 1 Ch 2-9, which partly expressed …
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2. In Dt 16'" EV ' with a tribute of a freewill oll'oring ' would be clearer if liV'm were adopted : 'after the measure of the,' etc. The Heb. [here onl}-] is n;7, common in Aram. = 'suliiciency,' and as adv. ace. =pro ratione. The meaning is that the otl'erer is to give according to the full measure in which Jahweli h…
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814 TROAS TROPHIMUS founded on the site by Antigonus, and called Antigoiiia Troas : the people oi Skepsis, Cebren, Hamaxilus, and other towns were settled there. In 300 Lysimathus refounded and renamed the city Alexandria Troas. It was for a time under the dominion of the Seleucid kings of Syria; and there are coins…
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LiTERATCRE.— On Troas see the travels of Chandler, Fellows, etc also an article in MUlheilunjen d. d. Jmtitutt zu Athen, ix. SO ; Choiseul Gouffier, Voj/ivje Pittorestpie, ii. 434 ; Ic Bas- Waddington, iii. 1035-1037, 1730-1740; Wroth in Calalorjut British Museum., Coint o/ Troad, Aeolit, etc ; CIG 3677-3594 ; CIL iii.…
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The ancient preferential use of the rani's horn was stren^ thened by the association of the E>ay of the Tnnnpet (Ist o! Tishri) m later Jeu-ish ritual with the narrative of the offerin(- of Isaac ((in 22i^. The whole chapter is read in the synuiro^iea on the 2nd of Tifihri. and references to the incident abound In the …
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The otlier uses of the shophdr are not easily dis- criminated from those of the hazozcrah, and tlie two instruments must be considered in conjunc- tion. The hdzOzernh dilfored from tlie shophdr in sha])e (see vol. iii. p. 462 f.), beinjr nearly a yard long, a straight slender tube with a slight expansion at the mouth a…
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i. The Old Testament.— The verb px — from which njx and nyi:is, the words with which we are principally concerned, are derived — signilies to support, sustain. In the Qal it is used of a nurse carrying a child (Nu llW, 2 S 4'*, Ru 4i<J), and more generally of those who have the charge of rearing children (2 K 10i"6, I…
1,039 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.