PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 4
James Hastings · 1,396,759 words · 1386 reading sections
Section 361
2. Religious ideas (theolorjij) of Revelation. — The biblicotlieological study of Kev. should pro- ceed, according to the nioaem view of this dis- cipline, largely by the comparative nietliod. We are not to assume that the author had a theology of his own ; and we are most concerned to know the sources and influence of…
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(b) Christ. — Christ is conceived as one equal to His task, which is threefold. (1) He is to over- throw the Roman empire (19""2i) and its allies (17"), and so is described as warrior and king, wholly in Jewish terms. He is the lion of tha tribe of Judah (5", cf. 22"), with a sword in Hii KEVELATION, BOOK OF REVELATI…
1,268 wordsSECTION 363Section 363
The figure of the slain Lamb itself pictures the fact of the atoning significance of the death, but does not give us a definite theory regarding it. It is not certain whether the Paschal lamb is in mind (Kx 12»''-, 1 Co 5'), or Is 53' (as probably in Jn l'-'-*'). The vicariousness of Christ's death is not indicated, an…
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Jewish sense {e.g. 5» "i^"- 21»*ff. 2'-'- ^ 21«'). Th« absoluteness of its freedom from Judaism, i.e. of its conviction that Christians are the true Jews, is seen in the fact that it can adopt without change such thoroughly Jewish pictures as 7 * 11'"'*, taking for granted their figurative application to the Christian …
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Bousset has sought to prove a linguistic relation- ship such as to justify the belief that Rev. came from the same circles in Asia Minor from wliich tlie Johannine writings came. The John of Asia Minor was, he believes, not the apostle, but the presbyter John ; and though neither the Gospel nor the Apocalypse was writt…
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It is the Christianity, not the Judaism, of the book that has made and kept for it a pliice in 266 EEVENGE, REVENGER REZIN Christian Scriptures. It aimed to put Christ at the centre of religious faith and hope. His words are the complete law of God, His testimony is the full contents and inspiration of prophecy. Tl…
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LiTERATCKE.— Delitzsch, Parodies, p. 297: Schrader in Riehm, HWB.s.v., COT ii.n. 1. G. PINCHES. REZIN (yrt). — No doubt the name was oriCTn- ally spelled jisi, i.e. Rczon or Rnzon. The LXX 'Vaacaiiiv (in Kings, but in Isaiah 'Vaach or 'Paalp disputes the place) points to the 0 sound ; so does p 9 the Assyrian Ra-sun-…
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REZON (I^l^ 'prince'), son of Eliada, was one of the gi'nerals of that lladadezer, king of Zobali, whom David ov(>rtlire\v (2 S S'"-)- Falling into disfavour with his master, as David had done with Saul, h« fled from him. A band of freebooters attached themselves to his standard ; and, begin- ning in this feeble fashi…
1,216 wordsSECTION 369Section 369
RHEIMS VERSION.— See Versions. RHESA f P.;<r<l).— A son of Zerubbabel, Lk Z". RHODA (P6Sv).—^\\e name means ' Rose.' ^\^len St. Peter was miraculously released from prison he went to the house of Mary the mother of Mark. A damsel (Foi5/<rK7j) of the name of Rlioda came to the door, but opened not the gate for gladnes…
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Rhodes is also mentioned in 1 Mac 15^ among the States to which the Romans sent letters on behalf of the Jews about B.C. 138 (see Phaseli.s, LyCIA, Delos, etc.). Only self-governing free States were thus addressed ; and Rhodes, as almost the greatest maritime State of the eastern Medi- terranean, was of course included…
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• ^Vhich impliea that the ' approach to Banioth ' wa» at noma distance from a place at the toot of Momit lltnnon. Tin o|>inion (Bob. iii. MO ; UamatiI, vol. il. p. UiKI") thot the expreii- sioii (lenotod the approocti to t^umatli, not fruiii the ti., but from the IIV*(, is hordly probable (cf. Kcil on Nu »48). 270 EI…
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compares Arab. l> r>- 'decline, turn aside, avoid,' hence perhaps riddle as indirect, obscure] ; verb denoiii. n;n 'to proijose an enigma'; nyn un 'to put forth a riddle,' Ezk 17=: hXXaivi-) /i, Trpi,3\rifia i Vulg. enigma, prohlcma, propoHtio) is closely re- lated in the OT to the pkovekb (";; p), which for the most p…
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O then come hither And lay this book, thy bead aud heart together. The riddle is not, however, confined to Jewish literature. The riddle of the Sphinx is familiar from classical antiquity. It was a riddle that Tarquin the Proud acted when by striking off with a stall' the heads of the tallest poppies in his garden he…
1,139 wordsSECTION 374Section 374
i72 RIDICULOUS RIGHTEOUSlSrESS IN OT (Jewish Life in the Middle Ages, pp. 386, 387), * are put in the form of riddles. NVlio is mighty ? Wlio IS a fool ? Who is happy ? A whole class of popular plirases in the Talmud and Midrash are nothing more nor less than folkriddles, the chief exponents being women and children…
1,093 wordsSECTION 375Section 375
The Hebrew words expressing the idea of Righteousness are the follo%ving derivatives of the root pl)i : — 1. The adj. p")s ; LXX iimtuM, etc; EV 'righteous,' mor* rarely ' just,' etc. 2. The abstract nouns .ii3'is and pnx, which appear to be prac- tically interchangeable ; LXX iijuciorvvfi, etc ; EV ' rigbteout- nes?…
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• The fem. of the adj. pn^ Is nowhere used ; In the only mttancc where the right of a woman Is concerned the simple »«rb la employed ; Gn S3»> CJjjij nji)). vou IV.— 18 recognition by him. And although the conception is essentially forensic, it is obviously one to which ethical ideas readily attach themselves. Riglit…
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Sossibly means a tmsty lance, and not a straight or sound or ard lance (Wellhausen, GGiV, 1893, p. 434), though Nbldeke considers that in this case the meaning * straight 'is certain (Fiinfildallnqiit, 2, p. 40). It has commonly been held that the varied senses of righteous- ness can be reduced to the single idea of '…
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• Itr. u. jad. Geich.' 109. t The idea of righteousness as obedience to the written law of God, which bulks so largely in the later writings, appears in Dt 6» ; cf. 24". Zeph 23. t Cf. the combination of .Iji't with ion (■ Unctneis ') In Ho< 1012 Jer »a. RIGHTEOUSNESS IX OT RIGUTEOUSXESS IX OT 275 it when offered…
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Dcutero-Isainh. — The answer to this question is given bj' the writer of Is 40-55 in a manner which went far to fi.x the sense of righteousness for .all subsequent theology. The prophet looks to his people's restoration from exile as a final disclosure of the righteousness both of Israel and of J", and an event fraught…
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• Many commentators take the word in these passages in the •ense of outward justitlcation. But the panillelism in 51~ (' in whose heart is my law') stronjcly (avoum the more ethical meaning, and this ought in fairness to rule the interpretation of 511. 46'- is more doubtful. t On an Aramaic inscription of the 7th cent…
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It has already been pointed out that in this book the terms for rij,'hleounneefl are employed of being in the riqht in aivu- Dicnl ; cf. 112 27» 322 3;ilJ. 3'J. Note also the occasional use of p-Ti in the sense of external Juetiflcation( = pro8perity),8«2fl" (?) SSWStf'. Proverhn nvtl Errlr.'iiattf/i. — In the two rem…
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RIGHTEOUSXESS IN OT RIGHTEOUSNESS IN OT moral govenimont of the universe. They trust in J" (16' '26' 22"), and consciously identify them- selves with His cause in the world ; they stake their existence on the conviction that ' there is a God that judj,'eth in the earth ' (58"), and that ' in the end judgment must be …
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This is not the place to examine the moral ideal of the Psalmists in detail (see ETHICS) ; it is in all important features the common property of post- exilic Judaism, and it has its centre in the indi- vidual life. Only one point needs to be adverted to, in order to guard against a possible misconcep- tion. It is foun…
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This prophetic conception of the Divine righteous- ness receives a remarkable expansion in the hands of DeuteroLsaiali. The most suggestive passage is 45'""-' ' Not in secret have I spoken, in a place of the land of darkness ; I have not said to the seed of Jacob, Seek lue in the waste. I, J", speak righteousness, proc…
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(i) The prevalent conception of the OT is that in which J" is represented not as one of the parties in a lawsuit, but as the supreme Judge, who sits enthroned above the confusion and strife of the world, and dispenses absolute justice in the end to all Uis creatures. Uighteousness, accordhigly, is pre-eminently the jxi…
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_ • ' Gottes Gerechtigkeit hat einen mehr ursiichlichen, aktiven, die menschliche einen melir sckundaren und receptiven Char- ftkter, jiine ist eine Kraft, dicse ein Zustand' (Duhni on I's 112). t Here ' enter into jndg-ment ' apparently means to appear .as the accuser in a legal process (Wellhausen). The I'salmist doe…
1,019 wordsSECTION 387Section 387
In late Hebrew the word npi:i underwent a remarkable change of meaning, for a full account of which the reader is referred to the valuatjle treatise of Dalman cited below (under Literature). A few points may here be noted. (1) Id the sphere of private morals r\p~i)i became almost equivalent to the OT "ipn ; i.e. it de…
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RIGHTEOUSNESS in NT.— Tlie words denotina ' rigliteous ' and ' righteousness ' in NT, dlKaios and diKaioavi'ii, primarily signify what is conformable to an ideal or standard, agreement with what ought to be. Tliese terms naturally take their colour from the system of morals in connexion with wliich they are used. Rijjh…
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The true righteousness is a heroic virtue. It is founded in strong convictions of truth and duty, and is willing to sutler, if need be, for the truth (Mt 510-13) xhe truly righteous, the sons of the king- dom, have a saving, illuminating power. They are the world's 'salt' and 'light.' 'They preserve the world from mora…
1,062 wordsSECTION 390Section 390
It is not necessary for our present purpose to follow this series of saj'ings further. It illustrates, better than isolated u.ses of the words ' righteous ' and ' righteousness' could do, the real content of Jesus' doctrine of righteousness as the Synoptic tradition has preserved it. It does not, indeed, yield us any f…
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284 RIGHTEOUSNESS IN NT RIMjMON from what they have in Jewish theology. Essen- tially, St. Paul is far more of a mystic than of a legalist, though he still speaks, to some extent, the language of legalism in wliich he had heen horn and trained. Cf. Thackeray, Relation of St. Paul to Contemporary Jewish Thought, 87 f…
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LiTERATURB.— The NT idea of righteousness is more or less fully discussed in all Commentaries and Biblical Theolo^es, The Pauline doctrine is carefully considered in Meyer and Sanday-Ueadiam on Rouiaiis, and in Morison on Uamaiis Third. The general subject receives attention in the ST Theologies of Baur, Weiss, Beyschl…
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Uora. Between the two tells is a copious fountiin filling a large ancient reservoir, which for miles around is the chief watering-place of the Bedawin population of this region. A city at the base of which such a remarkable fountain existed would well derive its name from "the fountain," and its vicinity to Rimmon woul…
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1. Irrevocable tesiimoni/, Jer 32", Ro 4", 1 Co 9-. — Where the art of writing is limited to the edu- cated few, as is the case still in the East, the difficulty of affixing the signature is got over bj- the use of a seal. In front of every Turkish police- court men sit with paper and ink ready to write out a statement…
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RITHMAH (.i-n-i ; LXX 'VaBafii ; Vulg. Rcthma, Nu 33'«-'»).— The first of the twelve stations fol- lowing Hazeroth which are given in Nu 33 only. The name seems to be connected with cnT (.\V and RV 'juniper,' RVm 'broom'), and to indicate a place where that shrub was found in abundance. Such are noted bj- Robinson ( Wa…
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• Comill. following the LX.\, deletes the Iwit clause o( the MT, in which D'li<; occurs a third lime. I Sm Driver on Am 5W. 1 S 30'- '» =• ; .v. Gad 2 S 24» ; N. Gerar Gn 20" ; N. Zered Nu 21'-, Dt 2'^- '^ (LXX in last tiv« passages (pipayS.) ; N. Jabbok Gn 32-'S Dt 2" 3", Jos 12= ; A'. Kidron 2 S 15-^, 1 K 2^ 15'» 18…
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' :;hanner (poet, forrain), LXXp.'.^? ; m Ezk 31* AV ' little rivers,' KV ' channels' (for irrigation), LXX i^^n Tn 1 K 183^»»»' the same Heb. terra is used for the ' trench ' round Elijah s altar (LAA /dWa ; but in Jer 30 [Gr. 37] " 46 [Gr. 26] "it (really a diflt. word) means either neivjlcsh or i)laister somet…
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scare from their prey the ^V'T''"f r'^^Xt T lie daytime, the prowling jackals ot the night. Ihe judicial execution had taken place in the early iays of barley harvest. It lends a sharper toucli to the pictu/e, if one can see the reapers cou.e and -o m the fields, while above them the silent woman crouched beside her de…
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of birds and their nests on inaccessible clifl's, cf., for the same figure, Ca 2", Jer 48 [Gr. '28] »* 49 [Gr. 29] '«, Ob», Job 39-^ Dt 32'» [JE] ' He made him to smk honey out of the crag ' (y^y ; || ' oil out of the rock of flint,' c''C|'n nis) has in view the stores of honey that are found in Palestine in the caves …
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We have reserved till now those passages in which the term * rock ' is figuratively used of God. These are the following. The word vho is used in 2 S 22' [ = Ps IS^W (oTcp^u/ia)] 31*l'l (KpaTo'lw/xa) 42"' W ('\vtl. XtJ/chttwp) 71' (oT-ep^u/ta). The term employed is iis in Dt 32*- "• 18. so. si (^u g^f,,^ ^.^ ySt^^ 1 S …
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RV substitutes 'rocky ground' for AV 'rocks' in Ac 27^ as tr. of TpoxE's T6)roi (lit. ' rough places'), and ' hidden rocks ' for AV ' spots ' ( Vulg. maculce) in Jude " as tr. of (nriXdSes [the AV rendering, was, no doubt, inrtuenced by the parallel passage 2 P 2" ; see the Comm. ad loc.]. J. A. Selbie. • In the lafit…
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•Thla manufacture of the ghfbeX from a youn(f trfte might (UKKot that \a the metuphorical use of thlbtt (Arab. »ai()i 'tribe,' the reference is to various seedling with a common origin— the tritica of tlie children of Israel. It l« to be noted, however, that maUeh is equally 083 t.) used for 'tribe,' and pooibly the or…
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ROGELIM (u-hp; PwyeXXff^, A in 2 S 17" 'Pu- yeKelfi.). — The native place of Barzillai the Gileadite. ■Phe exact site is unknown ; it probably lay in the north of Gilead (2 S 17" lO*'). ROHGAH (Kcthtbh nm\ corrected by Kerg to njHT ; B om., A '07d).— An Asherite, 1 Ch 1^. ROIMDS fPAfiMot), 1 Es 5*, corresponds to Reh…
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Not Rome destroyed the ancient nations, but their own wild passions and internecine civil strife. The Greeks could nuike notliiug of the liberty Flamininus gave them, the Gauls were no better, and even Israel — the one living nation Rome did crush — was in no very dillerent case in Judiea. Rome came in as often as not …
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294 ROMAN EMPIRE ROMAX EMPIRE but a senator had been made lec/atu.t Angusti pro prrrtore. Aliove all, the Senate could legislate without interference from tribunes ur Comiha. It elected all the magistrates (from the time of Tiberius), and even the emperor owed to it his constitutional appointment. So far as forms we…
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The strength of his position was not official but [lersonal — vaguely indicated by the title Augustus (^fjSao-Tos, Ac 26'-'-='). The courtly fiction that the Julian house was descended from the gods might do service for a time ; but the truth came out clear at Vespasian's elevation. If he was a tough old general with n…
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Serora might rise and fall, but the Empire itself id not perish when emperors rose and fell no moie It was not military: generals might blunder, but nearly to the end no enemy could face a Roman legion in the shock of liuttlo. It was partly economic, in slavery and bad taxation ; partly educational, in the lielplcss ha…
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ii. Time and Place of Writing. — The ministry of St. Paul as recorded in Acts falls into three periods : (a) The Antiochene (Ac 13-18^), when Antioch was his headquarters. Towards the end of this period (Ac 16-18) he founds the great Churches of the Mgean region. (6) The yEgean or Ephesian period (Ac 18-''-21'°), when …
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1. Je^vs in Rome. — The first known connexion of the Jews and Romans was in the 2nd cent. B.C., under the Maccabees ( 1 Mac 8'"'- 12'»- U''- « 15""'). Jewish embassies had gone to Rome, and had obtained treaties of alliance (B.C. 161, 144, 141, 129). Probably their earliest settlements in Rome date from this period, — …
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Hegesippus, ap. Eus. IIE XV. xxii.) knows that the Roman Church claims the two apostles as iti founders. Tertullian (Pne-inr. 3(5) speaks of tnn two apostles as having ' poured into that Church all their doctrine along with tlieir blood.' His Roman contemporary, Caius, knows the rpiirata of the two apostles on the Vati…
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In any case, there is not the smallest evidence in the Epistle that St. Paul apprehended hostility on the part of his readers (see 6" 16"). He writes as a Jew to Jewish, but not to inveterately prejudiced readers. The Judaism of the Dispersion was, in many places {e.g. Beroea), milder and less prati- quant tnan that of…
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ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE EO.MANS, EPISTLE TO THE 29f for mankind. Laid dovm by God as the condition of man's coiiiniunion witli Himself, it could not be set uside by any subsequent covenant. Man could only appear before God a.s a faithful doer of the Law. St. Paul in reply had addressed himself to two main points: (1) …
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True, the experience of history, so far, has been that of a world-wide heritage of death and sin. But the act of weakness m liich bequeathed that heritage to man has now been superseded by an act of Divine power fraught with the promise of Righteousness and Life to all who receive the abundance of its grace (.i"'"). I…
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(11""^-). Tlie argument therefore falls into tlie following tabular scheme : — I. EpiSTOLART ISTRODrCTIOS, 1"». _ . ., , A. THK SAl.rTATI".\ <}').— . The writer, his (rospel and apostlcship (i-6); ^. the readers C)l y- ">« B TllF. KoVaXS. AXD TBE apostles DE^illtJl TO VRKACU TO rnsu (*!'> U. Doctbisai.Part(1'«-11…
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Apostle's heart (0") as that subject was, it belongs to the historical application of the fundamental idea of the Epistle rather than to the libre and substance of that idea itself. Tlie ideal relation between God and man holds good prior to any particular course which in God's piovidence the religious history of the w…
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\-i. Theology and charactkristic Ideas. — An article like the present neither requires nor permits a full discussion of these ; but it would be incomplete without a brief enumeration of the principal characteristic conceptions of the Epistle. 1. Kor his riincrption of God, St. Paul is depen- dent on the Old Testament.…
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The will of God/or mffl»'« cemrf«c< enters into man's experience in the form of Law. In the generic sense, the term is applicable to any authoritative principle of action normally issuing in human obedience (8^, cf. 3^, 1 Co 92>). Such obedience may, however, be the response either to an en- abhng principle working fro…
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3. Sinful man does not, according to St. Paul, lack a higher nature. "The inward self (7^^) is capable of renewal (12'), though in sore need of it. For the higher self St. Paul has the term vftv/ia (1 Co 5', 2 Co 7')> though in this sense he employs it spariuglj', and not in our Epistle. More char- acteristic of Romans…
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304 ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE outcome of God's love (5°). Hence it is ' through faith' (3-') that the Deatli of Christ reaches its eU'ect in the justilication of the sinner. It is this fact — even more than the inchision of all alike under sin— that reduces all men to one level in God's sight (3-'…
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vii. Materials for pf,rsonal History op St. Paul. — The Epistle is far less rich than those to the Corinthians and Galatians in details as to St. Paul's personal history. His long-standing desire to see Rome is mentioned in ch. 1 and in 15^; the puzzling reference to his having preached liixpi Tov 'IWvpiKoO in 15'" (se…
927 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.