PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 4
James Hastings · 1,396,759 words · 1386 reading sections
Section 421
(3) The capitulation in certain MSS of the Vulgate. (4) The fact that ALP, etc. (see above), place tlie doxology at the end of 14. Of these, number (2) is inconclusive as a mere argument from silence. The others require explanation. A further argu- ment from the repeated benediction 1G»-" (TU) is shown hy Sanday-Headl…
1,304 wordsSECTION 422Section 422
The standard works on Biblical Theology should be consulted on the leading ideas of the Epistle. With specific reference to St. Paul, Baur's Paulus (part 2, ch. iii., which incorporates the substance of his earlier essays on the subject) should still be read, also Usteri's /'. Lehrheg'riff C^lSSi), ana Pfleiderers high…
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After his capture of Jerusalem in B.C. 63, Pompey carried many Jewisli prisoners to Romeag slaves. (See Libertines). The great majority of them ■would seem to have been \ oluntarilv manu- mitted by their masters or ransomed oy theit fellow-countrymen, for we find but a few yean later that a strong Jewish community was …
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2. When Christianity was first proclaimed in the Jewish quarter, Rome with its environa had far outgrown the old walls of Servius Tullius, and con- tained a population probably of IJ millions (Fried- liinder, i. 23 ; Champagny, Lcs Cwsars, iv. 347-353 ; Kenan, p. 53. Merivale, Hist, of the RoDians, v. 58, estimates it …
1,160 wordsSECTION 425Section 425
About A.D. 61 he was brought to Rome as a prisoner. Nero had already begun to disappoint the promise of the early years of his reign, and had given way to his un{ro\'ernable sava^erj'. For two years before his trial, St. Paul lived either in the praetorian barracks attached to the palace, or in the pr^torian camp (but …
1,017 wordsSECTION 426Section 426
ROME ROME 309 ■abeequeot and varied history of the famous ba.silica need not be detailed herr. Suffice it to say that within the walla of that most glorious fane, into which the kings of the earth poured their treasure after the fire of 18;^, rests all that is mortal of the great apostle. The remains were enclosed b…
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icai 0X^fei irivroi' te jiaduv KaMji' Ba/SvXwfa 'IroXfas ydiav 0', In the Jer. Talm. (Aborfa znrn, c. 1) there is a curious pa.ssage to the ellcct that, on the day when Jeroboam set up the golden calves, Remus and Romulus built two huts at Rome. The story is repeated with variations in the Midrash Rabba (on Ca P), and…
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The recently excavated house of Pudens on the Viminal Hill is thus connected with that just described. Pudens, mentioned in 2 Ti 4^', in company with Linus and Claudia (see Pudens), has been the subject of many conjectures (see Lightfoot, Clement, i. 76ff., ii. 464; Farrar, St. Paul, p. 681), upon which Roman archfEolo…
1,017 wordsSECTION 429Section 429
John Patrick and F. Relton. ROOF (J;, perliaps from a root meaning ' to cover,' .Tiip [once, Gn 19'*, tr^ ' roof,' lit. ' beam '], Tin [' roof of the mouth '] ; trriyr)). — The most con- venient form of roof for domestic purposes in a dwelling-house is undoubtedly a flat one ; but the form of roof from the earliest ti…
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The palaces ol Babylon ap|)car to have consisted of courtyards and long narrow chambers ; and as stone was not readily obtained, the question of how they were roofed has occasioned much dis- cussion. Diodorus (ii. 10) states that the hanging gardens of Babylon were suiiported by stone beams, 16 ft. long and 4 ft. wide …
1,131 wordsSECTION 431Section 431
They used the housetops to m^ke their public lamentations, and in the villages to proclaiin any neics that required to be promulgated. As the houses had few windows opening to the streets, the people rushed to the roofs to look down upon any processions, and to view what was going on far and near. ' At the present time…
1,025 wordsSECTION 432Section 432
' First crept The pareimoaloufl emmet, provident Of future. In small room large heart enclosed.' 8. A defnite position to be occupied : To 2*, Wis 13'» (both oiKTitia.) ; 1 Co 14" ' he that occupieth the room of the unlearned' (A avaTrXrfpQiv riii rtnrov tov ISiuToy, Vulg. qui supplet lucum idioUc). Cf. Mel rill. Diar…
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The rose is mentioned in several places ia the Apocrypha. Sirach speaks of <j>\rra. pbSov iv 'lepixv, ' a rose plant in Jericho ' (24'^, cf. 39"). Seven species of rose exist in Pal. and Syria — Hosa lutea, L., the Yellow Bose, which grows only in N. Syria ; R. glutinosa, S. et S., and R. Thurcti, Barnat et Gremli, bot…
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KUDDER RUM AH 315 eagerly jnircliased in India. It finds a place in the Lapidarium of Marljodus. IJood specimens continue to command a lii<;li price in China. The coral lisheries are a carefuUj* regulated and highly iuijiortant source of wealth on the Mediterranean coasts. On the second point — tliat of colour — the…
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iluch fresh light is thrown on this subject in a paper by Prof. Burton of Chicago, in the American Journal of Theology for July 1898, entitled ' The Politarchs,' in which he has carefully collected, and commented on, the inscriptions which attest the u.se of the noun iroXa-apxns or of the verb iroXi- Tapxio). The follo…
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). See, further, H. A. Redpath. RUTH, BOOK OF This book, in which the history of Ruth (see preceding article) is narrated, is full of interest. It is an anonymous work, idyllic in its character, describing pastoral life among the Hebrews in a time of peace and order. when old customs were kept up and careftJly obser…
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this article is to explain and differentiate the em- ployment of these terms, leaving ethnological and other information to be given under the articles Seba and Siieba. Sabaeans occurs only twice In RV: once Is 45" (D'xjj ; B Za^acln, A Zt^weiii) as the gentilic name from SeM, and once Job 1" (nJy', LXX om.) as that f…
1,017 wordsSECTION 438Section 438
318 SABBATH SABBATH a distance would, it is implied, be undertaken naturally only on a sabbath or new moon. Hos2" ('And I will cause all her mirtli to cease, her pil- {.'rinuiges, her new moons, and her sabbaths, and all her stated [rtlisious] seasons') implies that the sabbath, though it had a religious object (cf.…
1,187 wordsSECTION 439Section 439
In P the term thabbdthon (RV ' solemn rest [properly, cessa* lion] ') is also used in connexion wiili the s;ilib.'ith, viz. Ex IG^ ' to-morrow is a i>o/<'//J« rest, a holy salibatli unto J"*; 3ti5(cf. 352, Lv 23^) 'on the seventh da^'is a sabhath of solemn rest I'ln??' n?B', holy unto J" ' (elsewhere shabhdthdn iu used…
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» So Schnuler, KAT' on Cn '.!» ; Ixitz, Qwcutionft dt hist. Sabl>. (1883) 67; Sayce, IlC.\t 7(1 f.. KHB 193 (where, how- ever, the facta about the Bab. '.Sabbath' are overstated ; for thouu'h, no doubt (Lou, 681. laliattum might very naturallv be the name of the 7th, 14th. etc., davs of the two months referred to aliov…
1,133 wordsSECTION 441Section 441
Allusions to the sabbath, generally more or less satirical, occur in the classical writers : by some of them it was supposed to be a day of mere idleness, by others that it was a fast. See Tac. HM. V. 4 ; Sueton. Octav. 76 ; Juv. xiv. 96, 105 f. ; Martial, iv, 4, 7 ; Persius, v, 179-184 ; Seneca, Eput. 95, 47 (lights n…
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• On the sabbath as a day of spiritual edification, cf. also Jos. Ant. XVI. ii. 4 middle, e. An. ii. 17 end ; Philo, ii. 168 CTMl, 169, 197, 282, 630 (from Euseb. Pnrp. Kv. viii. vii. 9f.). t n'^DK : derivative actions, or species of the principal classes named, were called nHnpiB. Margoliouth (Expog. Nov. 1900, p. 33…
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It IS, however, only right to observe that, in spite of the rules ana restrictions created by the Kabbis, the sabbath does not seem to have been felt practically to be a day of burden and gloom, to those living under them. ' The sabbath is celebrated by the very people wlio did observe it, in hundreds of hymns, which w…
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The addition in the Cod. Bez» after Lk 6* deserves also to be mentioned here : r^ ttirv yi/iUfiet Stccffetpcttaf rua, ipyaitou.tvov TftJ Si fArt itdett, 'vrnutrecpotTo^ Kctt T«^ae/3(Krtir ilrAv >CfA«i/. As regards the apostles, the sabbath is men- tioned by St. Paul, directly in Col 2'"- ' Let no man therefore judge …
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By early Christian wTitors, it may be worth noticing,^ the teniis 9-1x0^x10* and fkizSxt.Xuv are not infrequently used in a fig. or spiritual sense uf aLstinence from evU ; e.g. Justin, Tn/ph. § 12, 'The new law (of Christ) wills that you should keep saljbath perpetually"; let a thief, etc., turn from sm, juti riVK^^ar…
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: (Iriiten (fl« I'rincipiis, Iv. 17) says that the Jews held 2000 •lis (}<rx>x^«/r **'X^*) to bo each moo's ' place ' (t»«**) (on the Mbbolh). and then to have deduced the 2000 ells from the distance ordained (Jos 3') to be between the people on the march and the ark in front of them ; or, aa some suppose, from the di…
1,066 wordsSECTION 447Section 447
c. In Ex 21'"' a 6 years' term is fixed as the normal period during which a Hebrew could be compelled to serve as a slave. In the 7th year he could demand his freedom (see, further, art. Servant, and the Oxf. Hex. i. 55). d. Neither in connexion with the fallow for the land nor with the emancipation of the slave is th…
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d. The 7th year in Leviticus becomes for the first time a true sabbatical year, a season to be simultaneously observed as a fallow year in which no field work was to be done under a directly re- ligious sanction. Moreover, the difficulties of such observance being apjiarent, doubters are encouraged (yy 30-22) by an ass…
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Tht ytno/ysu qf l/v 2S.— That this chapter contains earlier ftBd Ut«l element* is generally admitted. Uillmaon, Kuenen, and Nowack consider that there are no sure grounds on which to discriminate these. Driver and White (* Leviticus' in SBO'F) treat the jubile tor the land as ori^'inal in the Uulinesa legislation (Pt"…
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The term jubUe. — Nowack grivea a summary of interpreta- tions, and refers to two essays by Krariold and Wolde (Gott. 1H37) for a fuller account ; but tlie Ox/. Heb. Lex. mentions only that which he selects as the best, and which is su|iported by the Targum on Ex 191-* and Jos 0^. and by Phosnician inscrip- tions, viz.…
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' .4Jc.— You must not look to have your dinner eerved Ir wft» trumpet& Car. — No, do, sack-bute will serve us.* J. Hastings. SACKCLOTU SACRAMENTS 327 SACKCLOTH (pf sal; <rdKKOs, saccus) was a coarse material woven from goats' and camels' hair, and lience of a dark colour, as we see from Kev 6''^ ' the sjin became…
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The lirst ajipearance of the word sacrnmentmn in connexion with Christianity may be called acci- dental. It occurs in a familiar passage in the frequently quoted letter (Ep. 96) of the younger I'liny to the Em))eror Trajan. It was stated of the Bithynian Christians quod essent soliti .stato die ante lucem convcnire car…
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Cyprian seems to have learned from his ' master ' to use the word sometimes in its classi. cal sense, sometimes with a vagueness which was possibly deliberate, sometimes quite definitely of baptism and the eucliarist. Of Christian martyrdoms he says : 0 quale illud fuit spec- taculum Domini, qvam sublime, quam magnum,…
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There is a diflerence oetwecn the two great sacraments of the Gospel, in that baptism may be received once only, and the eucharist daily. The one confers an indelible character; the otner does not. The same dillerunce divides the other five. Confirmation and orders resemble bajitism. Once baptized, always baptized ; on…
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SACRIFICE SACRIFICE of the word of God, the second in P^-ayer- ^ncl rnce'from threatened evil and possession of coveted ance •'""' formula roufh y expresses the end ot °°i- nC in vkw of tie ancient and commonly ^^Xd^o^ition oTsalrlhce as the staple reli^^^^^^ Xervan^e. it follows that commumonwah a D^ v •„ , ..tSfii…
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The fundamental objection to the above two theorie* is that they attribute to primitive man a theologv which it is hard to associate with the childhood of the race. The Expiatory theory not only presupposes a primitive knowledge of God transcending the thoughts of childhood, but it credits man ivith a sense of sin, and…
1,081 wordsSECTION 457Section 457
The theories above mentioned assume that sacrifice was directly called into e.xisteuce by the religious idea. Another possibihty is that the slaughler'ng ot animals or men came to awaken awe and misgivings in the breast ot the savage, and that he sought to reassure himself bv a procedure which in vested such acts with …
1,387 wordsSECTION 458Section 458
of opinion as to the siffniJicaJice of Sacrifice. The primitive interpretation of the rite as cementing the religious relation- ship through the eating of the sacred animal disappeared when the people reached the pastoral stage, although the idea lingered that food of any kind had a unitint; virtue, and the illicit mys…
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(1) The Saerifciul mutcrinl consisted of the agri- cultural produce of Canaan, animal (Ex 22*'), cereal, and liquid (v.^). The victims included — of large cattle, the old and young of the ox-kind ; of small cattle, sheep and lambs, goats and kids. Of birds, the pigeon might be used in the Burnt-ollering. Wild animals a…
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334 SACRIFICE SACRIFICE worshippers. The offering would tlius be con- sidered elHcacious as l»riiiging tlie response whicli is naturally elicited by a gift or service. The command, ' none shall appear before me empty- handed ' (Ex 23'* 34-"), su^'gosts that the practice of approaching a monarch with gifts was regard…
1,147 wordsSECTION 461Section 461
Human SacHjicex, of which OT contains some record, come under the category of the Burnt-offering. That they occurred in the heathen stage through which tlie progenitors of the Hebrews passed in prehistonc times, can hardly be questioned. The practice prevailed throughout Semitic heathendom ; it la abundantly vouched fo…
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V, The Phoi'Iiets as Refokmers of Sacri- ficial Worship. — The sacrificial system of ancient Israel was the result of a long and com- plex format ive process. A remote heathen past supplied the rudimentary forms, and these had under^'one modifi(-ation under the influence of a progressive civilizjil ion, and of the earl…
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(2) It was, however, on the theoretical side tbnr the projihetical protest went deepest, and uu>st loudly challengetl the existing order, (a) It de- manilcd a revision of the popular estimate of tlie place of the cultus in religion, and in a minor degree of the place of sacrihco in the cultus. The current 536 SACRIFI…
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vi. The Sacrificial System of the Priestly Code. — With tlie downfall of the kingdom of Judah, involving the destruction of the Temple and the deportation of the people, Hosea's pre- diction of the cessation of sacriticial worship was fulfilled. Whatever relief individuals might there- after find in recurrence to simpl…
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following points in the cise of the animal victims : — (n) Action ofl/if o/Vrer — imposition of lianrls (Lv H), slaughter of the victim at the door of the tabernacle, to the north of the altar (vv.s- n)^ flaying and cutting uj) the carcase (v.s^, washing of the entrails and legs (v.f). (X) Action of the /jncnf— manipu…
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The distinction of the Sin-ollering and the Cuilt- offering has been felt to be a matter of some diffi- 338 iSACRIFICE SACRIFICE culty, aggravated by the fact that the latter was wron;^Iy suppo.setl to be in view in Lv o^*^^. The principal views which have been held are — (1) that the Sin-otfering was for sins of o…
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On a review of the regulations which have thue been sketched, it appears that the following dis- tinctions may be drawn : — (1) In respect of destina- tion, the Peace-oiiering stands by itself as a sacri- licial meal, while the remaining tnree are conveyed entire to (iod or to God and His ministers. (2) Jn respect of r…
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We have already met with oil as an ingredient of sacrificial cakes. Ezck. {Aifi*^- 46H) and P (Numb.) fix the quantity, though with variations, required in consideration of the number and quality of the victims. Neither in this case nor in that of wine (Nu 18) is anything said of the manipulation of the Prink- offering…
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(>) The recovery of a leper was marked by two series of rites (Lv 141-^2), In tije first stage one bird was killed over a vessel of running water, and another, after being dipped in the coloured water, was allowed to escajje (w.**- 7). in the second stage the man offered a Guilt-offering, a Sin-offering, and a Burnt-of…
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(i.) The theory of a Penal Substitution is entitled to precedence, not only on historical grounds, but also because of the primd facie support « Inch it has in the biblical evidence. The salient points of the theory may be summarized as follows — (1) as a sinner the offerer was under the wrath of God, and his life was …
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SACRIFICE SACRIFICE 341 On the prophetic view, indeed, as has been main- tained, theie were only two possible modes of Divine reaction against sin — viz. the execution of the destroying purpose, or forgiveness on tlie ground of repentance and reformation. But there was a third possible development of thought. The Ba…
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(iii.) The Sacramental idea has also been widely used to elucidate the sacrificial theory of the Pen- tateuch. But to describe the sacrilices as of the nature of sacraments does not supply a definite theory as to the real questions at issue. The category called in to explain the problem is itself ambiguous, and when it…
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(a) Sacnfloal worship wu not regarded as of pre-eminent Iniportance, but was co-ordinated, as a condition of pleasing God, with knowledge of the Law, and with the performance of good deeds. That a higher valuation of sacrifice did not ob- tam was due partly to, prophetic influence, partly to the later developments of t…
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It was also natural that the idea of the merits of the righteous, especially of pious sull'erers, should continue to gain in siomificance and em- phasis. The destruction of Jerusalem compre. nended an unparalleled tale of horrors, and involved in suffering and death many innocent and right SACRIFICE SACRIFICE 343 e…
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In general we should distinguish two stages in the thou"ht of the apostles on this subject. In the |)re-Christian stage they had believed in the full ellicacy of the Levitical .sacrifices, and in the Christian they regarded them as chiefly valuable because of their witness to their own inadequacy, and to the complement…
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(2) The benefits procured by Christ's sacrifice are coextensive with the blessings of tlie gospel, and may be distinguished as primary and derivative. The primary effects are that it sets man in a new relation, on the one hand to God, on the other to sin. By St. Paul special prominence is given to the new relationsliip…
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SACEIFICE SACRU-"ICK 345 ^VeHtoott, llehrexrg, p. 301). Yet a^in It has been Interpreted u of tiie nature of a honorific ^ift which as such was acceptable to t;o<J (Wendt, op. cit. ii. 237). And once more, recurring to the evolutionary account, we might utilize the idea that by sharing the blood God and His people w…
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(>) The sacrificial death of Christ was an event which broke the power of sin as the dominant principle of humanity. It does not exhaust St. Paul's t«a<:hing as to the mode of Its elllcocy to say that, on the ground of the sacrifice, God accei>t« and sanctifies the sinner. lie also teaches that In the death of Christ t…
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While eusrpestinff the higrher conception of the nature of Christ's offering, the Epistle does not free itself from the idea that the physical event of death came into account as some- thing additional to the obedience. It accepts the principle that ' apart from 6he<lding of blood there is no remission ' (922), and ind…
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iii. The Sacrifices of the Chri.stian Life. — The NT doctrine is tliat Christ ottered a sacrifice which established peace with God, and which pro- cures the forgiveness of sins. But with this the conception of ofiering was not wholly detached from the sphere of human service ; on the contrary, a place is reserved for h…
1,057 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.