PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 4
James Hastings · 1,396,759 words · 1386 reading sections
Section 121
The idea that the tribe of Levi has no inherit- ance finds strange expression in the purely theo- retical and evidently late added (Gesch. p. 42 f.) statement (Nu 3^'-") that Jahweh has taken to Himself the cattle of the Levites in place of the firstborn of the cattle of the children of Israel. The matter is meant thus…
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On two points, it is true, the Priests' Code con- tains regulations allecting the priests which cannot be sejiarated from its system (I*^), and which yet undoubtedly go beyond what is found in Ezekiel. In the Priests Code the tenth falls to the Levites and the tenth of the tenth to the priests, to whom belong also the …
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88 PKIESTS AND LEVITES PRIESTS AND LEVITES Code in this instance stUl adhere more than Ezekiel to the conditions ■niiich really existed in the pre- exilic period. Amoni,'st the priestly cities named in Jos 21 (P), is Anathoth, which we know from Jeremiah as a city where priests lived. Among the Levitical cities are,…
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The duties of the Levites of the Priests' Coda and their relations to priests and people are so vaguely defined as to give rise to tlie impression that these ' Levites,' as servants of the priests, are simply an innovation of the legislator, not corre- sponding at all to the actually exist! ig relations. Ill other word…
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p. 28 II'. ), latterly agreeing with Oort, the present writer, and Vogelstein, came to the conclusion we have reached. The connotation of the term ' Aaron- ites ' is — and this not merely in theory, but as applied in practice— even in the post-exilic period wider than that of 'Zadokites.' Kuenen, accord- ingly, followi…
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In the narrative of the Priests' Code regarding the destruction of two of Aaron's sons, Nadab and Abihu, without issue (Lv 10'"', Nu 3* 26«', cf. Lv 16'), we should apparently find either a reminiscence of priestly families that actually died out (so, fanci- fully, Ad. Moses, Nadab und Abihu oder der Untergang dcr Saul…
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It is scarcely possible to arrive at a definite date for the various strata of the priestly sj-stem in the Priests' Code, and thus for tne Priests' Code as a whole. The probable conclusion from the prece<I- ing considerations, if these are justified, — differing from what is reached on the view of the case adopted by t…
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9. The Priesthood fuom Ezra to the Chronicler.— After the Pentateuch had, under Ezra, obtained recognition as the lawbook, we find, as could not but have been expected, that the relations of the sanctuary servants were moulded according to the finished system set forth in the Priests' Code. The Deuteronomic views of th…
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In the position of the high priest no essential change can be traced since the time of Ezra. The very first of the post-exilic high priests assumed the place claimea for liim in the Priests' Code. Nehemiah (3'- *• M, 13^ M) and the Clironicler give to the high priest the title of ha-kohen ha- gadul (2 Ch 34"), the Chro…
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Rcgardin" the serWce of the doorkeepers in par- ticular, we learn that they had daily to set in all 24 watches, under four chiefs belonging to the doorkeepers, at the four quarters of the temple (ICh 26'-"") — an arrangement which, although given as existing in the time of TXivid, will really have reference to the temp…
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J 94 PRIESTS AND LEVITES PRIESTS AND LEVITES for the requirements of the altar of burnt-offering were imposed upon the priests, the Levites, and the people— a prescription whipli is not contained in the Pentateuch, although tliis passa^'e in Nchemiah api)cals to the Torah (but c{. Lv 6"). The Clironider or liis pr…
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Not only the tithe but other previous rights were withdrawn from the Levites. Th.ey were no longer trusted with the whole of the watch .•service of the temple, but had, according to the Mishna, to keep watch only on the outside at 21 points, whereas the three stations in the inner court were occupied by priests. The gu…
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Those dues of the priests which did not consist of portions of the offerings, and which were not therefore necessarily brought to Jeru.salem, were paid 'every^vhere where there was a priest,' i.e. on the spot to any priest who happened to be present, and this was enjoined to be continued even after the destruction of t…
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Besides tlie higli-priestly office, we hear in the Rabbinical literature of an exalted priestly office, that of the ^(gan ([jy), of which there is no mention in the OT. The scgan has usually been viewed aa the high priest's substitute, wlio had to take big place if he was prevented by Levitical uncleanness from discha…
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In addition to their serv'ice in the temple, the priests are known to Josephus as administrators of the most imjwrtant concerns of the community, under the presidency of the high priest (c. Apion. ii. 21). He has in view primarily Jeru.salem. But in all cities there were, according to him {Ant. iv. viii. 14), as Moses …
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On the high priests, see Literature in Schiirer {tc. p. 214), and add B. Pick, ' The Jewish High Priests subsequent Vt the return from Babylon," in the Lutheran Church lieview, 1898, i. pp. 127-142, ii. pp. 370-374, iii. pp. 650-656, iv. pp. 655-664 [not seen]. On the temple singers : Justus Koberic, Die Teinpelsdnger…
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was a true one, for God had given it ; but it waa not (/le true and therefore not the final one, for its priesthood was im|ierfect. Everything about it was imperfect. The priests themselves were im- perfect. They were mortal men, and could not continup becau.se of deatli. They were sinful men, too, and had to otl'er fo…
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ehould be to the utmost possible extent one with those whom he represents before God. Hence lie becomes like them a partaker of llesh and blood (2"), is tempted in all points like us (4"), learns obedience by the thin;4s which he suffers (5"), knows what it is to worship with others and to ■«ait upon God (2'^-), and at…
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3. The Epistle to the Hebrews does not attrib- ute to believers as priests any of the special functions involved in the unique priesthood of Christ. In Ex 19' Israel is sjioken of as n:^:;^ 0')-S, i.e. God's people are His kingdom, and they are priests, with the right of access to Him. As the N'r point of view is that …
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2. IS' occurs with extreme frequency. The verbal form Tii? is found 4 times in Qal (Jg 9=^ Is 32', Pr 8", Est P-), twice in Hithp. (Nu 16'^""), and once in Hiph. (Hos8*). In Jg 9-'' and Hos 8'' it is pointed in MT as if from -no, but see Konig, i. 328, 352. It is uncertain whetlier this is the primitive root = 'have po…
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4. 3-j, lit. 'willing,' e.g. a^i anj 'willing of heart' Ex 35»-"", 2 Ch 29"; nj-i} rj" 'a willing (AV and RV ' free') spirit' Ps 51" I'"' ; cf. the use of the verb 3:i "to volunteer ' Jg .->-- », 2 Ch 17", Neh 11", and the noun .i^t; 'freewill ofTering' Ex 3ri"« 36', Ezr 1" et eil. Hence 3"; may mean generous or noh/e …
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102 PRINCESS PRISCA OR PRISCILLA arayes in every instance, so LXX in 5™ and 6" <">, om. in the other passages. H. 15. I'm. (cf. the proper name Rezon, 1 K 11") only Pr 14^ 'in the want of people is the destruc- tion of the prince' (LXX SmdaTys) ; elsewhere [I'l, namely Jg 5' ' Give ear, 0 ye princes ' (B ffaTodwai,…
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The variations in the text of Ac 18'-^ have been examined ver.v carefully by Harnack, who shows that the longer text (usually called the Western, or by Blass ,i) is clearly formed out of the shorter, and suj^gests that it has been modified by an interpolator who objected to the too ^reat prominence ^ven to a woman, and…
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LlTBRATORl.— De Rossi, B\M. Arch. Chritt. Ser. L No. 6 (1887), p. 45 ff., Ser. Iv. No. 6 (18S8-S9), p. 120; Duchesne, Lt*er PontificaiU \ Hort, Roin. and Eph. pp. 12-14; Plumptre, Biblirat Studies, p. 417 ; Sanday-IIeadlam, Homana, pp. x.wii, 418 fl. ; liarosay, St. Paul the TTamller, 2(i8 f. ; Hiiniack, SitzunQgberich…
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104 PEOCHOEUS PEOMISE I To be privy to a thing (1 K 2**, Ac 5') is simply to have a knowledge of it. C£. Calderwood, llistori, of the Churck of Scotland, 140, ' Argile came to St. Andrews the day following, privie, as ap]ieared, to the purpose ' ; Bishops' Bible, Ps 19" ' \Vho can knowe his owne errours ? Oh dense …
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J. Hastings. PROGNOSTICATOR.-In Is 47" the ' monthly prognosticators' (Cv'^J" D7"'id, AVm 'that give knowledge concerning the months') are mentioned along witii the 'astrologers' and the 'star-gazers' as unable to help B.iliylon in her hour of need. The meaning of c';h-'- is probably ' at (the) new moons,' the referen…
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has been fnllilled, and its contents may be said to be mainly the two divinely bestowed possessions of the Christian Church — the forgiveness of sins and the gift of the Holy (Jhost. The latter is specially spoken of as ' the promise of the Father' (Lk 24'^ Ac 1'); Jesus has received from the Father ' the promise of th…
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atinc^ the prerogatives of Israel, he says frankly, 'to whom belong the promises' (Ro 9''). In de- scribing the pre-Christian condition of a Gentile Church he says its members had been ' strangers to the covenants of the promise,' ajid therefore without hope. No pagan people had that kind of assurance as to its own fut…
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PROPER. — Like the Lat. proprium, from which it is derived through the Fr. propre, ' proper ' means one's ou-n. Thus Udall, Erasmus' Para- phrase, i. 77, ' Onely God chaungetli the myndes and heartes of riche men, that they ^vill cherefully evther cast awaie that which they doe possesse, or els possesse them as common …
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true, belongs to a difTerent circle of iileas. Ex- amples of this second kind of revelation are common in the heathen world, as the Pythia in Greece, the hAhin in Arabia, the sibyl, and the like. Even in Greece this inward inspiration was considered something higher than divination by omens, and in ancient times, at le…
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• An excellent account of general heathen mantlcism Is given In K. Kohler, Dpr I'ruphetiitiiuu drr tlvlintrr, u. tlir MariUk iter Gritchcn, IS'JIJ. The work of P. Scholz, (Jiitziiidini)il «. '/.aiUjer- WfHMi Oft ilfn aiUn Uet/ruem u. den Utuichbartint yoikent, I 1877, is less critical. 108 PROPHECY AND PROPHETS P…
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The meaning of the root and the form N'3: is uncertain. (1) The form is not likely a pans, ptcp., but more probably, like Tip harvester and many words of similar form, has active sense. The word itself )in6i' occurs in Arab., but may be a loan- word from Heb., as it is in other dialects (Noldeke, Oesch. d. Korans, p. 1…
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(«) Those called 'prophets' in this age formed communities ; they were cenobites, though not celibates (2 K 4'). They are first mentioned in connexion with Saul at Gibeah of God, Saul's home (1 S 10'). When dismissing him Samuel pre- dicted that lie would meet a band of prophets coming down from the high ])lace with mu…
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[d) The new proplietism was a national-religious movement, though the emiiliasis lay on the reli- gious aspect of it. Like their great successors, the projihets hoped that the national restitution would be the .shape in which the religious regeneration would verify it.self. Nevertheless, the national claimed expression…
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•Wellhausen, Hint. 293. Wellhansen'B remark that 'the point of the story narrated of Saul (1 S in22ii-) can he nothing out Saniuel'B anti David's enjo>Tjienl of the disf;race of the naked king ' (p. 208), is merely the cynical sally of a modern buinourist. t This view of Am 71< is rightlv taken by J. 0. Mattbes, art. …
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A strange and interesting phenomenon in the history of prophecy is what is called 'False' Prophecy. The true prophets, whose word hibtciry and God's providence verilied, and to which the religious mind of mankind has set its seal, laid cmjihasis on the 'religious' element in the complex 'national-religious' idea. The u…
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(6) Again, the great prophets from Amos to Jere- miah had traversed the whole region of theology and morals. Little could be added to what they had taught concerning J" and His purposes, concerning man and his destiny. Those who came after them could do little more than combine their principles into new applications an…
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t Prophets of the Assyrian ^ql Jonah (referred to 2 Iv 14^). Amos, c. 700-7.50. Hosea, c. 760-737. Isaiah, 740-700. Mical), c. 724 and later. Zephaniah, c. 627. Nahum, c. eiCMiOS. U. Propuets op the Cbaldj&as Pi&iOik Jeremiah, c. 626-586. Habaklsuk, c. 605-600. Ezekiel, c. 69S-573. Ui Prophf,t8 of the Persian Period.…
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event of history is a theophany, a manifestation of God in His moral operation. The eyes of ordinary men do not perceive this meaning, and when suddenly confronted with some unexpected issue they exclaim, 'Verily thou art a God that hidest thyself, God of Israel, the Saviour' (Is 4.5"). Further, no event is isolated ; …
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the people flowing through the general mass only reached its flood-tide in them. Every feeling of the people, every movement of life in it, sent its impulse up to them ; every hope and fear waa reflected in their hearts. And it was with hearts so filled and minds so quickened and broad that they entered into the commun…
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At a later time references to the sjiirit again recur, particularly in lizekiel. How far the trances of Ezekiel were real, being jjartly due to a natural constitutional temperament, and how far thej' are mere literary embodiment of an idea, may be disputed. In the latter ca.se the idea they express would be the one run…
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116 PROPHECY AND PROPHETS PROPHECY AND PROPHETS dawns on him, or certitude is reached, or conduct becomes plain, will also feel and say with certainty that it was God who gave him the result he reached. It might be rash to say that the experi- ence of such a devout mind is perfectly analogous to that of the prophetic…
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In early times men everywhere felt the nearness of tlie supernatural ; the Divine, with its mani- festations, was all about them. Those who seemed or who professed themselves to be inspired were accepted as being so (cf. the reception given to Ehud by the king of Moab, Jg S-"'-). The spirit of the time was not critical…
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discriminate between the true and false prophets, it is evident that they had no criterion by which to decide. There was usually nothing in tiie mere projihecy or prediction on one side or the other to carry conviction. They had to bring the criterion with them in their own minds, i.e. to go back to the princijjles on…
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False prophets are delined to be those by whom J" did not speak, and true prophets those by whom 11^ spoke. The dehnition is true on both its sides, and there are instances when nothing more can be said. But usually it is possible to go a step further back The opposite way of statin" the point lias also a truth in it :…
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C. The Teachino of tee Prophets.— The idea of the 'proiihet,' one who speaks from God (B. i.), leaves a very extended sphere of action to the prophet. The prophet is always a man of his own time, and it is always to the people of his own time that he speaks, not to a generation long after, nor to us. And the things of …
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Tlie special teaching of the individual prophets is treated under their respective names. Here only two or three general points can be alluded to. (1) The prophets all teach that J" alone is God of Israel, and that He is a moral Being, whose accept- able service is a religions and ri'jliteous lite (.Mic li"), and not…
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(3) The prophets address themselves to the nation ; but in appealing to the whole they appeal to each individual, though no doubt specially to those whose conduct is influential in shaping the destiny of the whole. J" chose a nation because His idea of mankind, of which He wUl be God, is that of a social organism. It i…
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PROPHECY AND PROPHETS PROPHECY AND PROPHETS 121 complex process. There would be, first, a peculiar temperament, suggesting events sad or juyous ; then certain facts presented to tlie mind, and tlien the unconscious operation of the mind on these facts, the whole resulting in the presentiment or vaticination. There ma…
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The Messianic in the narrower sense is part of the general doctrine of the Eschatology of the kingdom (see EscilATOLOGY). The 'Messianic' in this sense is hardly a distinct thing or hope. The Messiah is not an independent figure, unlike all other figures or personages, and higher than they ; on the contrary. He is alwa…
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(i) The Exile. — After the destruction of tlia monarchy and the abasement of the Davidic house the hope of a great ruler out of that house for a time disappears (e.g. in Is 4011'.). The general eschatological hope of the perfection and felicity of the people is even more luilliant than before, but no great personage is…
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fice according to which it was a propitiation foi sin assumed a larger prominence, and the other idea of it .-us a gift for (Jod's acc^^ptanee sank pro- portionally. It was really the nation's history that impressed men with the sense of their sinful- ness rather than the ceremonial enactments of the ritual law. The de…
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Eerfect ideal realized in Christ, viz. the saint or oly one, that is, the individual righteous man. It IS particularly the personal chaiacter and ex- perience of this figure, his faith in God, his struggles with adversity and death, his hopes of immortality, that come prominently to the light. It is lie who says in Ps …
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D. ISTERPJtETATION AXD FULFILMENT. — There are certain peculiarities in the language and thouglit of the prophets which have to be taken into account in interpreting their writings, and in considering how their predictions or constructions of the future have been or will be fulfilled. These peculiarities so struck earl…
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ii. Another thing which might modify fulfil- ment was this : the prophecies were designed to iiitliience the conduct ol the people; they were moral teaching, of the nature of threats or pro- mises, which might be revoked or fuUilled accord- ing to the demeanour of those to whom they were addressed. Thus Jer 2(5'- says,…
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* See remarks on Ezekiet's prophecy against Tyre, EzekUi, p. lW(Caisb Bible). cry after Him who created it, and long for Hia perfect revelation ui)on the eartb (Jn 14""-). iii. The above remarks refer mainly to prophecies that have already been fuUilled ; but the same principles apply to prophecies still awaiting ful…
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LiTBRATiTRK.— The OTTheoloniid, particularly Oehler.Suhultz, and Dillmann ; .lolin Siiiilh, .Si-l'Ct DUcmtrgM, 1821 ; John baviHoti. Diftcourgft on f'rojthfr}/^, 18f>fl ; Knohel, Dfr Pro- phelimniu der Ufbrner, 1837; Ewald, Dig Pro/ihfttm dm aJli'n Bundct. vol. i. Isio Cluii e<l. ISOS, trans. 1»76) ; Ilodii.iMii, WtiMi…
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128 PROPITIATICy PKOPITIATION tiiey receive the command to separate Barnabas ttuu baul. This seems to imply some such position as we find in the Didachi (10), where the prophet (if tliere be one) is the proper person to conduct the public worship, and the only person free to give thanks in what words he thinks tit. …
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2. The facts that have been quoted make it evident that the Greek terms renc'ered ' propitia- tion ' correspond to the Heb. irj and derivatives. These words hold an important place in the theo- logical terminology of tne OT ; and though they are generally rentiered in EV by ' (make) atone- ment' (or 'reconcile,' 'make …
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5. Kipper is u-^ed in three applications, which it is nece-^sary to distinguish, (la) A human sub- ject is the agent, and the object was originally, it seems, the face of the ollended person, though, in actual usage, it is mostly the oifended person (or persoiiilied agency) himself ; the means is a gift, an entreaty, c…
1,115 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.