PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 4
James Hastings · 1,396,759 words · 1386 reading sections
Section 961
* Ed. Schoene : Eusebius quotes from Alex. Polyhistor. t Athenaeus, viii. p. 335, xii. p. 629 f. ; Strabo, p. 072 ; Cicero, Tusc. v. 35 ; Arrian, Anab. ii. 6 ; Clearchus Solenais in Fragm. Hist. Grcec. ii. p. 305. 5. Baaltars, the Baal or 2^us of Tarsus, enthroned, holding sceptre, grapes, and corn. Coins of Baaltars…
1,035 wordsSECTION 962Section 962
Thus Tarsus, when St. Panl was a child, stood before the world at the entrance to the greatest province of the East as a metropolis, a free city witli a free harbour, mistress of a large and fertile territory, a centre of Roman imperial partisanship. It had been a Greek self-governing city since B.C. 170, and the enthu…
901 wordsSECTION 963Section 963
• jutTi/b^i TrF KxOirT^ffxt weXjrt'BLv (Slrab. p. 074). t See Kiilin, Stadteverwaliun^ im rOm. Eaiserreiche, pp. 25L 470. t See Kithn, I.e. § The exact date of Athenodorus is uncertain. He Is (^ova. monly ccmjt-ctured by modern writers to have been a pupil of PosirioniuB (u.o. 140-(;o); but Kvisebius, C'Aron., gives…
901 wordsSECTION 964Section 964
J It calls itself ' AKlia*lp>«vy, ^IWipiatn ' .\yrA/>t*ia¥ii ' A^fiiec¥i; in an inscription, and coins often give the last three cumulated. { Title of the chief magistrate in many Cilician cities ; the titJe is Doric, and points to the old Doric relations of Cilicia. the koinoboulion (Council of the Koinon of Cilici…
1,164 wordsSECTION 965Section 965
vi. .MoDB[t.*f Tarsl'S. — The new Christian city of Tarsus had a checkered history. Byzontine Greeks, Latins, Annenians, Turcomans, Turks, Ejfj-ptians strutrnled for it, and alternately held it and lost it. For a century Greek rule in Cilicia was practically unchallenged by the decaying Saracen empire ; but even dviri'…
905 wordsSECTION 966Section 966
TARTAN (|™ ; BA Tavaeiv, B'' ^aSdu, N"-*-."-*-."- Q* eapOdlf] in Is 20' ; B eoxedi', A eapSdv in 2 K IS"; Tliarthan). — The title of an Assyrian military (illiccr, sent by Sargon to Ashdod (Is '2il'), and later (juobably anotlier person) despatched by iSenna- cberib, accompanied by Rab- SARIS and Kab- SIIAKEH, 'with a …
1,074 wordsSECTION 967Section 967
S'=), by Amos (2'), by Micah (4=), by Isaiah (l^S* etc.), by Zephaniah (3'). It is to be observed that in all these instances of the occurrence of the word in the prophets we never read of ' the tdrah of Moses' as in Ezra and later, but of 'Jehovah's t6rSh,' or 'the turCth' indefinitely. The clear dis- tinction, now re…
1,082 wordsSECTION 968Section 968
A similar distinction was observed in the apos- tolic ministry and in the life and organization of the early ('hnrches. Among the various functions in the ("'Inirch mentioned by St. Paul in Romans occurs that of 'teaching '(Rol2'). It there takes the third place in a series, being preceded by prophecy ami inini«trj', a…
1,008 wordsSECTION 969Section 969
692 TEBAH TEKOA deacon. The stones in the mystical buililing ' are the apostles and bishops and teachers and deacons ' ( ]'is. iii. 5). Hennas writes disparagingly of 'self- appointed teachers,' who ' praise themselves as having understanding,' ' senseless though tliey are' (Sim. IX. 22). We have no definite account…
994 wordsSECTION 970Section 970
Josephus, who mentions Tekoa as one of the 'strong and large cities' built by Rehoboam (Ant. Vlll. X. 1), speaks of it as a village in the Macca- baean period (BJ IV. ix. 5) and in his own day (Vita, 75). Jerome (Comm. in Jerem. vL 1) calls it a village, 12 (Roman) miles from Jerusalem, visible to him from Bethlehem ev…
982 wordsSECTION 971Section 971
occupied Tekoa at the time. Tekoa does not figure in the list of repeopled towns given in Ezr 2 ; they ma}' have been simply ' a clan of fellow- townsmen who had held together during the Exile, and were known by this name after they had settled in Jerus;ilem.' In any case their public- spirited zeal (v.") sheds lustre …
1,002 wordsSECTION 972Section 972
Tema is now Teimd, a well-known place in ^. Arabia! about 40 miles S. of Du^ructd-JenM (Dumah), and on an old route from the Gulf of •Sail to the Persian Gulf. The ancient city was enclosed by a stone waU about 3_mUes in circuit, rndt°iere are still remains of this and of some great mde stone buildings. Teimd is descri…
966 wordsSECTION 973Section 973
^Vlien we come to the NT treatment of this subject, we have the description of John the Baptist in his rough dress and simple fare, feeding on the native products of the wilderness (Mk 1'^), whom our Lord contrasts with those who ' wear soft raiment,' and ' are in kings' houses ' (Mt 1 1'). But the .supreme example of …
941 wordsSECTION 974Section 974
V 1 K 70. » 1 K T». 1 1 K 7». C Oach. I. 316. fl p. '.'.3B. « p. 20. , 1 K 71" '»■ » 1 K -8. * 1 K 030. /M 'They (the children of Israel) shall no more defile my nome . . . In their setting of their thresholds by my thresholds, and their poste by my posts, and the walls between me and them.' t On A'tn^f ; see his p…
924 wordsSECTION 975Section 975
The altar was rough and In Its natural stone, which meets the requirement ot Ex W^'-.u. that the altar should be either of earth or ot unhewn stone. Moreover, there were to be no steps going up to the altar,»— a condition also eatisDed by this rock. « 1 K 710. 12. S 438 „. , . y See art. Zios, Miihlau in Kichm', «. '…
900 wordsSECTION 976Section 976
{ Op cit. 1 GMch. i. 314 a. « KSnige, p. 2« I lUek Arch. IL 27 f. x Underqround Jemmlem, p. 60. AFig. l.'lO. ^ Fig. 1,9. 't^g-l.S. {IK 79 '* ; Jos. Ant. viii. iv. 8'2, etc. • See Warren's Umifrqround JeniMlem, p. 61 ff. _ » Essay on the ' Ancient Topography ol Jerusalem, 18*7. P Sketch ofJenisaUnn, 220 tf. ( Encyc…
908 wordsSECTION 977Section 977
fi Ezk 416. y IlHul (Sj'.i) is probably the eame b« the Accadlan ei;al, ' threat lioiiae,' as Scbrrwler, Haupt, and most Assyrinlopiste hold. Il niav mean properly a hall (AJSL, July IDDl, p. 244 (T.). See the Ojcf. Ilrb. Lrx. on the word. Though used in other eensee, ite cotniiioneat mcnninff Is that of the Iloly Pla…
901 wordsSECTION 978Section 978
Hoofing. — Very little is told us concerning the roof of the house. 1 K 6'''7 is made by Uuhr, Keil, Thenius, in their Comm. and Treatises, as also by the Targ., Pesh., Vulg., and Arabic versions, to refer to the covering of the roof. But Benzingei and the LXX take it to mean the covering or wainscotting of the walls ;…
935 wordsSECTION 979Section 979
Chambers surrounding the, Iiouse.y — In every side of the house excejjt the east there were chambers 5 arranged in three storeys. They did not go around the porch, as Griineisen said, for the house only is mentioned ; nor were there any on the east. We are not told how thick the walls of these chambers were, how many i…
972 wordsSECTION 980Section 980
It is generally thought that there were no ^N-indows in the dchir, and 1 K 8",, has been advanced to prove this. The difficulty of having windows between the uppermost roof of the cham- bers and the ceiling of the deblr is pointed out. But this difficulty is not insuperable, for, assuming the chambers, between them, to…
911 wordsSECTION 981Section 981
,1K630; '|Z.12'H'iiJ.146 TEMPLE TEMPLE 701 altar a belonging to the d'jbir^ but this error arises from the above interpolated clause rightly rejected by Stade and Benzinger] ; (5) the chenibim ; ^ (6) the leaves of the door. 7 It is probable that the statement about Riding is a late adcUtioD in all the above insta…
964 wordsSECTION 982Section 982
According to 1 K 74^60 the following were also mode and set In the hf'kdl: (1) a golden altar, the altar of incense; (2) a table for the shewbread : (3) ten golden lampstaiids,^ five on the right side and five on the left ; (4) lamps for these ; (5) many other smaller things. But these verses have all the appearance o…
1,106 wordsSECTION 983Section 983
The greater court — of which the temple court formed a part — was surrounded by a wall made of three laj-ers of hewn stone, and on the top of them a layer of cedar planks, the latter probably gable- shaped, so that the water might fall to the ground. f Keil -q and others think the cedar planks stood upright, making a k…
961 wordsSECTION 984Section 984
Keil I reconstructs the altar according to what we know of the altar of the tabernacle. Most modern authorities recon- struct it in accordance with what we know of Ezekiel's altar.f But neither procedure is a safe one ; certainly not the former, since the whole account of the tabernacle is conceived under the influence…
922 wordsSECTION 985Section 985
We have already spoken of the following inci- dents connected with the temple: (1) the new cate made by Jotham ; 0 (2) the sujiplanting by king Aliaz of the altar of burnt-olI'eiing,i and the removal by him of the brazen oxen on which the « Reading n'll'p for the obviously inaccurate ni">'5. f D-y;. y nip-lI:^, i Book…
919 wordsSECTION 986Section 986
consequent freedom from practical restraints. The area it covered was a square 500 cubits a on each side. The proportion 2 : 1 obtains largely. The gateways are 50 cubits long and 25 broad. The house with walls and chambers had a length of 100 cubits and a breadth of 50. Between the house and the 3 inner gates was a sq…
912 wordsSECTION 987Section 987
li Hertholet(Hee on 4011- 13) ifivert no (rood reason for niakinir the breadth (lO/.ekiel'M len^'lh) other than 10cubit«. \\\» iniu- applied in^enuit^s ariflen from his aoocptanca of 40"'* which Smend ftndfCornlll rightly reject. I nn 40', AV ' little cha-nbor" ; BV 'lodge,' 'guard chamber.' « 1 K 1438, o(. 2 K 11«. )…
941 wordsSECTION 988Section 988
We are not told the size of these cells, nor how they were distributed. A stone pavement extended from the outer wall to a distance corresponding to the guLeways, i.e. 44 cubits, which with the width of the wall (0 cubits) made 60 cubits. The cells are said to have been * upon the pavement,* which seems to mean that th…
939 wordsSECTION 989Section 989
Kliefoth, Keil, and Schroder (Lange) maintain that the sacri- fices were washed — the last process they were put through before they were laid upon the altar — at each of the 3 itmer gates. Indeed Kliefoth goes so far as to say that there were two washing cells attached to each porch of the inner gates, one on each sid…
902 wordsSECTION 990Section 990
made up will be shown in summary after tha several uetuils have been considered. charge of the altar, Between the bouse and the inner ends of the y In iii"! the Leritea m uid to have charse of the bouM. • Cf. 43i:iir-. V Ezk 40«Mlf ^ Ezk 81*, Jl S>7, Mt !3». 708 TEMPLE TEMPLE The porch a (P). — The porch (Fig. …
929 wordsSECTION 991Section 991
The binyanyor ' building' (EV). — On the W. side of the house and adjoining the gizrah there was a rectan^lar structure called, apparently, techni- cally binyCin (Fig. 5, B), the inside measurements of which were 70 cubits from E. to W. and 90 from N. to S. Its encompassing wall was 5 cubit.s in thickness. Its W. limit…
987 wordsSECTION 992Section 992
fiosition in both temples. Of other tables or of ampstands not a word is written. Nor is anything said about what the dSblr contained. This may, of course, be due to the brevity with which the house is treated ; but as a matter of fact we do not read of the ark after the destruction of Solomon's temple. i; Ezekiel's a…
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Basement (33) 1 <=">'''• Lower block (n-|;jD? 2 cubits. Higher block (rnivj? * " Block of altar hearth p.xnx) . ... 4 .. HomB l"'""- Total 12 cubits. the temple had been destroyed, Sheshbazzara WR« sent by Cyrus, king of Persia, to be governflr of Judiea. He received permission to take with huii his leading fell…
1,002 wordsSECTION 994Section 994
^It^ir'probable that the temple building occnpied the same site as the earlier temple. Hecatieua says it was a 'great house.' Cyrus gave instruc- tions that it was to be 60 cubits liigh and 60 cubita broad. i Probably this means that they \yere to build it as large as they liked— as large, if they . Not the same as Zc…
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court on the western side (see Jerusalem, vol. ii. fi. 5'J3'). The ' pri-son gate' of Neh 1'2^* was nmst ikely on the north side (ib.). In later times there was a bridge crossing the Tyropoeon or Cheese- motigers' Valley from the modern Mount Zion to the temi)le hill. When Pompey besieged Jeru- salem, many Jews took r…
1,033 wordsSECTION 996Section 996
North I Bridge ' \ Outer Court. M no. 9. — BBROD'8 TBMPLB : OEKKRAL VIEW. stleast oonflrmed In It, by a consideration of H.^1J 2«-9. Messiani- cally inter]ireted, the temple erected by Zorubbabel was, they say, to see the Messiah. But the passaf^e is not Messianic, and, if it were, the prediction contained in it …
900 wordsSECTION 997Section 997
no. 10.— THE INNER COtTRT. S. Porticoes. 4. Women's court B. Court of Israelites. 9. Temple porch. 10. Uikdl. 6. Priesta' court. 11. DMt. existing south wall of the I^arara — one west of the double gate, the other east of the treble gate. Both these show Herodian workmanship. Throu>;h both tliese gates it was possi…
1,003 wordsSECTION 998Section 998
Nicanor's gate — assuming the usual view — was 56 cubits high and 40 broad, the others that led out of the lower court being 30 high and 40 broad. Round the walls of the court there ran porticoes with a single piazza, the roof of which rested on lofty anil highly-linished pillars. These porticoes were less indeed, but …
924 wordsSECTION 999Section 999
Light. — No natural light came into the house from roof or side wall : it depended, for what light it had, upon the lampstand. Chambers. — On all sides except the east, where « Jos. BJ v. V. 6; cf. Ant. vni. Hi. 9, xm. lill. e> (3 Not called ' the Holy I'lace ' in the sources. J- See SnEWBRKAD, Tablb of. 5 See LAUr…
968 wordsSECTION 1000Section 1000
The temple police. — The charge of the sacred enclosure was in the hands of the priests and Levites. The head of police — the captain of the temple 7 — held so digniUed a position that he was ranked with the chief priests. The entire external arrangements of the temple were under his autho- rity. We read in Marko and L…
1,250 wordsSECTION 1001Section 1001
TEMPT, TEMPTATION.— The Heb. and Gr. words which are translated ' tempt ' and ' tempta- tion ' in EV have a range of meaning which covers every form of testing or puttiu'' to the proof, 'whether of man by God or of God by man. The Heb. words rendered * tempt' in AV are — 1. yijfifah, which signifies (1) to attempt to…
1,043 wordsSECTION 1002Section 1002
(=; LXX Set\i! rj Kapdig., Vlllg. corde pavi(lo), a phrase which has now quite a (iillerent meaning. The modern meaning is found in Eph 4*^ ((Cair\ayx- to%). In Gn 29" we read tliat ' Leah was tender eyed ' (WZI nx^ 'i"jy ; LXX ol Si dipeaX/iol Atias aaSfveU, Vulg. scd Lia lljipis erat orculis), wliere the Heb. as we…
1,093 wordsSECTION 1003Section 1003
When the tents are few in number, belonging to some small family or division, they are set in a circle ; the sheikh's tent is that to the right of the entrance. In larger camps the order varies. One visited by the jjresent writer contained upwards of 150 tents, and from a distance resembled a town of black-roofed house…
900 wordsSECTION 1004Section 1004
Teraphim are generally supposed to have been household deities (cf. Gn 31'», 1 S W- ", but see Ezk 21-'). Hence it has for long been the habit to compare the reverence paid to them with that which was otlered to the Lares and Penates in Roman times. Further, almost every passage in which the word occurs in OT shows th…
1,061 wordsSECTION 1005Section 1005
In On 49^ we should probably tr. ' Naphtall U a slender terebinth (reading nSx for np^'K], the one who sends out jeautifu! tops' [referring to the heroes and national leaders sjininK from this tribe]; so Dillni. and man^' modern com- nientatorSL For otiier supgested renderings, with their Justifi- cation and the riero^…
966 wordsSECTION 1006Section 1006
720 TESTAMENT TESTAMENT have been present (20" 27')> of the heads of the accusation. IJiit tliese are carefully jireservcd : I'anl is (1) a stirrer up of ffrdo-fis, (2) the rinj;- Icader of a sect, and (3) guilty of an attempt to profane the temple. The ch.-irges are most skilfully chosen. Felix, with his experience…
945 wordsSECTION 1007Section 1007
AtadT]Kr) is of course often 'used in the NT in the OT sense, Lk 1", Ac 3=», Ro 9^ Eph 2"^. In some passages engagement and testamentary disposition seem to be combined (He 9", 1 Co 11"), the diaSriKTi being a testament in the light of the death, an engagement in the liglit of the blood shed as a pledge (Evans). The se…
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In the next place it is to be observed that in each of the Testaments three elements can be dis- tinguished. (1) The patriarch gives a brief history of his life, in whi<h he emphasizes liis imnicular virtue or vice. This history is generally a mid- rashic expansion of certain biblical statements, but in some ca-ses it …
958 wordsSECTION 1009Section 1009
Kaj tk; XaiO! eLfro>.n-zett. Tort 2^tt (»2e5af ('ntf'ITaj, 'On Kipt^ 0 Sto; uiycti reu *l^par,X, ^attfCfUvtt •«< yrS iii BLidporTot xaci ru^Aiv i» etirai Tov 'Aoat*. TOTI iollr,<FO\7JLI T«»Tflt 756 TUV^AaTflt TXi VkK^V^i l(V Xa.-rObVOL'ntf^t It will be seen that v.« destroys the parallelism. We must reject as inte…
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The above is a fairly full Christology to be worked into a Jewish book. We have now to draw attention to conflicting statements on the doctrine of the Incarnation. In accordance with the account just given, it Is said in Benj. IQi-f- that ' the King of heaven will appear on earth in the fonn of a man ' (i. u^pff ktHpi…
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m>.u Ct mplrit HoLt tivrimt ir'ip T«rr*< 'Iffoeir.k. And a few lines later, ivXpynrirxj rir 'iffpxr,\ . . , in I* KuTv f£iAif«r0 KCpiae fi^xriXUuf wtLi,rn rcZ kaiu (K). But the reference becomes still clearer in Levi g^^-^l i t/m'to; iwiMX^r,firnt mCru ittUM. ut'vor, arj fi^rtXtui ir TM (Arm. Qr. MSS give \m T«i; wron…
904 wordsSECTION 1012Section 1012
f So alread,v Kohler, JQM v. 402 ; and subsequently Bousset. { The Messianic hope here appears as in Eth. En. 83-90. The Messiah is said to proceed from 'Judah and Levi." This is certainly wrong for ' Judah ' or ' Levi ' or * Levi and Ju<lah * ; cf. Dan 6«. Reub. 6, Sim. 6. 7, Levi 2. Isa. 6. The onler ' Judah and Lev…
936 wordsSECTION 1013Section 1013
(c) The Slavonic Version. — This version exists in two recensions, which are published by Tichon- rawow in his Monunvnts of Old Russian Apoc- rijphal Literature [1863], i. 96-145 and 146-232. A\ itii the help of Bonwetsch, Bousset tested this version and found it worthless for textual purposes. It is most nearly relate…
1,092 wordsSECTION 1014Section 1014
LlTERATTRB. — The principal authorities have been cited In the bo<iy of the above article. See, f»irther, .Srliijrer, QJl's iii, C(>'J IIJ./P II. iiL 124J. Since the above article was written, an En^']i»h translation of the Armenian Version haa been publiblicd {Ctu-ananiciU Writings <>/ the OT found in the Armenian M.^…
910 wordsSECTION 1015Section 1015
' Of. iTTiyn, used ot prophetical testimony or injunction. In Is gi«.». t BA f mStnii rSt iimOium ; om. fit )is$iiai|t, F* (babet Fi "^) j /Mtprvpitu In m^ et sup ras A^t. 726 TEXT OF THE OLD TESTAMENT TEXT OF THE OLD TESTAMENT XVII. xi. 4 ; Wars, II. vi. 3). At the same time, since their father had himself receive…
1,033 wordsSECTION 1016Section 1016
C. SEfrENTEEyTB C£JVr(7ijr.— Fifth Rabbinical Bible, Venice, 1617-1619 ; sixth, Basel, 1618-1619, re\'ised and edited by J. Buxtorf the elder ; un- fortunately, he altered the vowel points in the Targums according to the Aram, portions of Daniel and Ezra. II The Paris Polyglot, printed at the expense of the Paris barri…
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On the Polyi,'lot Bibles : Wolf, ii. 832-304, Iv. OO-IOT ; lo I-ong- Moach, 1. 3:!l-408; Kd. Rcuss in PRE'* xii. 96-103; Frani Delitzsch, Zur Enlttehungsfjesch. der Pohifjlotteubihel des Kar. dinals Ximmes, Leipii|{. 1871, 1878, 1880 (44, 38, and 60 pp.), 4*. ii. The Manuscript.s.— A. Polls.— The oldest form of book i…
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farding the readings of this MS see Ginsburg, ntrod. pp. 215-230, 439-441, 475 f. D. The arje of many MSS is much controverted. Cod. Brit. Mus. Add. 4708 (Latter Propliets) was assigned by the late Dr. >L Margoliouth to the 6th cent. ; Mor. Heidenheim judged that it might have been written between the 6th and the Stli…
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G. On rules for the writing of rolls destined for8.vnagogue UMI Joel Miiller, Masechet Sojerim [cnnc nr;:j], Der talmud. Traclal der Schreibcr, eine L'inteit. in das Studium der altheb. GrapUih, der Masora und der alt'iild. Liturijie^ Leipzig, 1878 ; f J. G. Chr. Adler, Judceorum codicil mcri rits scribendi leges, Hamb…
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iii. The Work of the Ma{s)souetes.— Whence comes the text of our extant M.SS? In all essen- tials, of course, from older MSS. Hut there is no doubt that all copyists meant to work rnz~n •p-'?!;, i.e. according to the traditions which had been handed down to them as to the writing and read- ing of the sacred texts. A. …
996 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.