PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 4
James Hastings · 1,396,759 words · 1386 reading sections
Section 481
• By the consecration of the bread and of the wine a conver- sion ia made of the whole substance of the bread into the substance of the body of Christ our Lord, and of the whole substance of the wine into the substance of His blood ' (llec. Cone. Trident., Sesa. xiii. cap. 4). ' Forasmucii as, in this Divine sacrifice,…
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The luminous and thorouph monograph of Principal Cave Is distinfc'uished, in its treatment of the typical aspect of sacrifice, by great sobriety of judijnuiit. A tj-pc is defined as an enacted propliecy, and three essential notes are diatinjuished : it ad- umbrates something ; it adumbrates some future thing, and it is…
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SADDUCEES SADDUCEKS 319 The diBcuflsion of the ori^n and evolution of Semitic sacriflce to dominated by Wellhausfn, Skuz^m u. VorarOeiifn, liesU arab. Ufutenthums^, Berlin, 16«7,aud cap. \V. R. Smith, /W2, London, l»y4, examined by .Marillicr in lieu, de ChUt. des llel. (1897-98); Hubert et Mauss, ' Essai sur le nat…
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According to Josephus (Ant. xin. x. 6, xvin. I. 4), the Sad- ducees were a small minority of the Jews, which included only the rich and those of the higlicst dii^nity. This is almost equivalent to identifying them with the priestly aristocracy and their adherents. During the aecond half o'f the Persian and the whole of…
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This derivation of the name ' Sadducees ' ia not inconsistent with what we know of the behaviour of many of these ' sons of Zadok.' As early as the time o^ Ezra and Nehemiah, not only did many of the common priests intermarry with the Gentiles among whom they lived (Ezr 9'^), but Kliashib, the high priest, and members …
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(2) ijuiettioiu oj liituaL The Pharisees laid the greatest stress on the cleanness of the vessels ust-d, and on the various actions being perfonue<l in due succession and with strict legal corrc<-t- ness. According to them, all the vessels of the temple had to t)e purified at the close of each feast ; the scriptures we…
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iv. The Saduucee.s and Jesu.s.— In the NT the Sadducees are mentioned by name only in Mt 3' 16'-6->"- (in the par.allel passage, Mk 8"if-, they are not mentioned), 22-='- »^, Mk 12'*, Lk 20", Ac 4' 5" 23°- '• '. They are not mentioned by name in St. John's Go.spel, where, however, we lind the e.\i)ression ' chief pries…
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cration or holiness, but as Sv.niething attaching to him as member of a larger whole, to which the covenant relation in the first instance belonged. In the OT this larger unit was Israel, the holy nation ; in the NT the Church, the holy nucleus of redeemed humanity. ' The saints' — ' tlie saints of the Most High,' 'the…
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LlTERATlTRE.— Tlie material is collected in Trench, Synonvm* ^ the ST, and in Cremer, BUj.-TheoL Lex., ». kyiot ami ostoi. J. V. Bartlet. 8ALAMIEL.— An ancestor of Judith, Jth 8' (BA 2oXa^7,\, S 'La.tiaiuiiX). See ShELUMIEU SALAMIS (SaXa/i/t; Salamis), the first place visited by Paul and Barnabas on the first niis- s…
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354 SALEMA8 SALMON ment preserved by Ensebius {Prmp. Ev. ix. 22) the meeting of Abrani and Melchizedek is said to liave taken place in 'Ar-Garizin, that is, Mt. Gerizira. This is probably a tradition derived from tlie belief, current in the times of Eusebius and Jerome, that Shechem was the Shalem {AV, RVm) of On 33…
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SALIMOTH (B 2oXeiAtw9, X'ha<ta\iii<ie, due to • wTong division of syllables in the names 'Barl | aa-ZaX^ix^e, AV Assalimoth), 1 Es i^. Called Shelomith, Ezr S"". SALLAI (•'rg).— 1. The eponym of a Benjamit* family which settled at Jerusalem after the Return, Neh 11* (-ri\ei). 2. The name of a priestly family, Xeh 12-"…
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the puriM>«e of licking the ground coated with this nuneral. Salt of commerce is one of the most abuadani of substances, and is found to a greater or less eitent in nearly all countries, especially in England, Germany, Switzerland, and the Austrian Alps ; in India, "both in the salt range of the Punjab and in the great…
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SALTWORT (Job 30* RV).— See Mallows. charity claims that he shall at least be dismissed wth /ktmmendation to the ^'vme car^ home^ thin- of formal di;,'nity mingles al.-o w tU tlie S salutations in the family Some of the chief occasions of salutation are: the buth ot a son a marr1a°e, the meeting of relatives away from…
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in Bil)le instances of salutation, where one person falls upon the neck of another, the Heb. word for ' neck ' (ik;? znvvdr) is used in the dual [probably not plural] as indicating the two sides that are ki.s.sed (tin 27'» 33* 45" 46=^*, Ca 4»). In Oriental salutation great attention is paid to asking after each other…
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'Saviour' is the tr. in OT of the Hiph. ptcp. (VTiD) of VB>' (so Jg 3»'», Is 19-'° 43", and often); 1 in NT and LXX of jurrjp, from ffiij'ki. 558 SALVATION, SAVIOUR SALVATION, SAVIOUR ii. The Idea. — The root idea in salvation is delit:errnice. In every case some danger or evil is presupposed, in rescue from whicli…
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Side by side with this view of 'salvation' aa victory in battle, goes the wider conception of it aa deliverance from trouble. J" not only delivers Ilia people from their enemies (2 S 3'*), but from all their calamities and distresses (1 S 10", cf. Ps 107"). He saves the poor man who cries to Him out of all liis trouble…
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a2»). But the Jerusalem to which the exilei return is not to be in %\\ respvclB the same as the old. We have emplio-'^ized the cxtcrnul features in the Messianic ideal. But we shull greatly miBconneive the nature of Israel's hope if we rcjcrard it as purely ext'-rnal. The revelation of God's holiness hatl been too cle…
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The second feature which demands notice is the increasing stress laid upon the individual. In the earlier history of Israel the conception of salvation had been primarily national, but with the destruc- tion of the nation the attention of the prophets was directed more and more from the people aa a 360 SALVATION, SAV…
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2. Between the Testaments. — In the Apocalyptic and Pseudei)igraphical literature of the Jews we find a further development of the tendencies already noted in the OT. Extending over a periodof some three centuries, its earlier portion contemporaneous with the later parts of the OT, its later (e.(/. Apoc. Baruch, 2 Esdr…
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The most striking example of this transcentJent conception of salvatiun is found in the SiinililiKles of the ISoak of Knoch (;i7- 70; Cllarl^ia, 1J.C. 94-64). In tliis rc-niarU:il)le writing, whicli in many resperta anticipates most clearly the NT concepliun of the ^lorilied Christ, the Messiah is conceived of as a str…
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A further evidence of the growing individualism is to be found in the definite abandonment, in certain quarters, of the hope of national restoration which liad formed so prominent a feature of the prophetic anticipation. This appears most clearly in such late books as Apoc. Baruch and 2 Esdras." In the earlier literatu…
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But here we find ourselves involved in difficulties growing out of the criticism of the sources. These centre mainly about two points — (1) the relation of Jesus' teachings to that of Ilia contemporaries; ('2) the relation of His teaching to that of Ilil successors. (1) We have altcadv noted the purely transcendent an…
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scendent views of His contemporaries than to the more earthly ideals of the earlier prophets. And yet it is at this very point that the origin- ality of Jesus' teaching is most clearly apparent. To the Jews of His day the transcendence of the Kingdom meant its removal from all contact with present life. Just because t…
1,201 wordsSECTION 504Section 504
In view of such considerations, the Johannine conception of eternal life as a present possession seems no longer foreign to Jesus' teaching. Whatever may be the ultimate decision of criticism as to the origin of tlie discourses in which the phrase occurs, there can be no doubt that the idea is one which accords well wi…
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SALVATION, SAYIOUK SALVATIOX, SAVIOUR 365 This is the explanation of the universalism of Jesus. A Gospel for the sinful knows no race limitations. A Messiah who felt Himself specially Bent to the lost sheep of the house of Israel (Mt 15**), Jew though Ue might be, could not turn away from bumble penitence, wherever …
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(a) In general. — The central theme of the apos- tolic preaching is the proclamation of Jesus as Saviour. Cf. Ac 5^- '' ' The God of our fathers raised up Jesus, w hom ye slew, hanging him on a tree. Him did God exalt to be a Prince and a Saviour, to give repentance to Israel, and remis- sion of sins' (cf. Mt P', Jn 3"…
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It is at ttiis point that we note the closest contact with the ideas of contemponary Judaism. Coming to Christianity from an atmospliere charged with the hope of earthly, even if of superhuman prosperity, it was impossible but that the dis- ciples should show some traces of their early training. The letters of St. Paul…
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SALVATION, SAVIOUR SALVATION, SAVIOUH ;3G7 ence of their Ion;; expected Saviour. With the I isL-n saints, who have died before them, they shall be caught np to meet the Lord in the air ( 1 1 h 4"), and, freed from the last trace of the tiesli which has hitherto haiiiiiered them (1 Co 15°""'-), shall enter into the j…
1,077 wordsSECTION 509Section 509
No one can understand the Pauline doctrine of salvation who does not c«ncei\e it primarily as present union wilii the Divine and glorified Christ. Wli.it our Ix>rd haj* once done on the great theatre of the universe, that each individual Christian is to repeat on the le-^ser Bta;;eof his earthly life. He, too, must die…
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(c) St. John. — We have already referred to the problem raised by the passages in the Fourth Gospel which speak of eternal life as a present possession, and given reasons for believing that they truly represent the teaching of Jesus. But however much we may be convinced of the his- toric foundation of the discourses, t…
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If we compare St. John's view of the mediatorial work of Christ with that of St. Paul, we note many points of similarity. To both Christ comes into the world from a pre -existent heavenly life. To both He is the power through whom sin if SALVATIOX, SAVIOUR SALVATION, SAVIOUK 361 overcome, and the redeemed introduce…
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the deepening apprehension of what true life means. The dangers become less external, more spiritual ; less transient, more permanent ; less local, more universal, but the underljing thought abiiles. We may illustrate at once the perma- nent elements in the idea and those that are transient by considering the contrast …
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(6) Salvation as individual and social. — In the earlier portions of the OT, the subject of the Divine salvation is Israel the nation. It is charac- teristic of primitive society that it has small regard for the individual as sucli. It is the tribe, tlie clan, the nation which is the centre of the religious as of the s…
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Yet the experiences of later Jewish history made this contact between present and future increas- ingly dilficult to maintain. The old national prestige seemed gone, never to return. More and more, men despaired of present deliverance and concentrated their thoughts upon the future. The very barrenness of their present…
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Eermanent character of God's savmg purpose. It eloiigs to God's nature to show mercy. However Israel may change. His purpose towards Israel changes not. So we find increasing recognition of God's use of means. When He would deliver His people from the Philistines or the Midianites, He raises up some man to be their sav…
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(b) On tlie human side. — Yet it would be a mistake to conclude that the Bible knows no human conditions of salvation. The same St. J'aul who lays such stress on the Divine activity in salvation urges his readers to work out their own salvation with fear and trembling (I'h 2'=). As on the Divine side salvation is a new…
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With the widening horizon, we note a correspond- ing change in the depth of the conception. Salvation becomes not only a broader, but a more intensive term ; less e.\tornaI, more spiritual; less local, more permanent. It not only ali'ects more men, but it aflects them more profoundly. Its subject is the whole man. It r…
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LiTBRATDRK. — The Literature, which Is voluminous, Is widely scattered, all the more important Commentaries, as well aa works on Biblical Thcologj', contributing directly or indirectly to the subject. For monographs on special phases of the doctrine the reader is referred to the literature given in the special articles…
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From the 7th year of Orari, Samaria was the capital ('the head of Ephraim ' Is 7", ' Samaria and her daughters 'Ezk 16°*), and residence of the kings of Israel (1 K IG-" 20^*211-18 22", 2 K 1" 3'-» 10»« IS'-i" 1414.13 i5». 13.14.17.23. 27 171^ jg 78 iQS, H08 10'); and it was also their burial-place (1 K 16=" 22", 2 K …
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sor Sargon after the siege had lasted three years (2 K 17'-" 188- '"• ■", cf. 21" ; Ant. IX. xiv. 1 ; Inscrip- tions of Snrgon). The Norihern kingdom fell with its capital, and the people were transplanted hy the conqueror ; hut the city was not completely destroyed (Jer 41^). Two jears later it rose, in alliance with …
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In the Apocrypha (1 Es 2"'- =», Jth !» 4^ 1 Mao 310 50s 10^0. 3s iiai. M 2 Mac I51) and in NT (Lk 17", Jn i*- »• '• », Ac 1" 8' 9") the name Samaria denotes the central of the three districts — Judaea, S.amaria, and Galilee — into which the country west of Jordan was divided. According to Josephus {BJ III. iii. 1, 4, 5…
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the mutual hostility explains Christ's command to His disciples not to enter into any city of the Samaritans (Mt lU"). Samaria, after its conquest by Assyria, wa» ruled by Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian governors until Syria and Palestine fell to Alex- ander after the battle of Issus. The Samaritaas hastened to pro…
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CAMLAH (^^05'). — An Edomite king, described fts of Miusrekah ' (which see), Gn SB^'- (B deest, A ZaXai^, D i:oMo\d) = l Ch l*"- (B om., A io^d). SAMMUS (SoMMoi^, B SoM/wii), 1 E8 9"=Shema, Neh 8*. SAMOS (Sd/iot), one of the most important islands in the ^•Ega,>an, is separated from the coast of Ionia by the narrow …
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• Oonstantine Porphyr. (I"- p. 41, Bonn ed.), Eustathlus, and Strabo (pp. .'UO, 457) say ttiat £«^u».' meant 'hill'; and the name waa comiuoo in tbe Greek world. 378 SAilSON SAMSON their subject (the Syr. and LXX Luc. wrongly introduce him in 1 S 1'2")- The same thing is true of the name of his father Manoa^ (oi3? …
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not Samson but Samuel (1 S 7"^). Whether the Samson history, whose scene was the neighbour- hood of Judah, had only a local importance such as to prevent its being made use of by E, or whether that history Mas too repugnant to its theocratic character (cf. Eb. Schrader, who calls E ' the theocratic narrator '), in any …
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V. Historical Importance.— According to tha sclieme of the Book of Judges as its i)rogranime is set down by the Deuteronomic redactor in Jg 2"*-, Samson was 'raised up' by Jahweh to be 'judge' over all the children of Israel, in order to deliver them from the rule of the Philistines, to which Jahweh had given them over…
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According to ch. 16, Samson's strength resides in the unshorn hair of his head, a belief which in the case of the Nazirate is explained by the consecration in virtue of which Jahweh Him- self dwells in the hair consecrated to^im. Amos, too, appears to attribute special powers to the Nazirites (2ilf ), but what is the n…
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E rising indeed that at such a marriage the festivities described 1 ch. IS should be the same as at the marriages which constitute the man the possessor (Vt'3) of the woman ; but it may well be that difTerent points of view have here become confused. viii. Mythological Traces, — Samson's extra- ordinary strength, whic…
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The comp.aratively subordinate position occujiied by Samuel, according to tliis older narrative, and the limited extent of his influence on the alliiirs of the n.ation, stand in striking contrast to the tradi- tional view of his life and work. He is here repre- sented as the seer of a small town, who is consulted in ma…
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The election of Saul as king, and the consequent establish- ment of the monarchy, seem to form a fitting conclusion to the work of the last Israelite ' judge ' ; but the last days of Samuel were destined to be embittered by the foolish action of the king whom he had been chiefly instrumental in appointing. In accordanc…
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J. F. Stennino. SAMUEL, I. AND II.— i. Title. ii. Contenta ill. Sources and DatA, iv. Analysis. Literature. i. TiTLK. — The two Books of Samuel, like the two Books of Kings, formed originally in the 5 Hebrew Canon a ..in^le book called Sko^t (San me ) The LXX translators, however regarded the Book of Samuel and t…
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In nearly all these cases (to which others might be added) both accounts have been preserved afmost entire, and the redactor has "o.^ aUempted to connect them by other than the si i^ ttst o links- in a few instances, however, he «onl.l sum to have shortened or condensed the one narraUve while transcribing the other in …
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Though we do not accept Bndde's identification of the older and later narratives with J and E ol the Hexateuch, we have retained these symbols aa representing approximately the age and character- istics of the two sources from wliich the history of these books is derived. Apart from minor inter- polations and additions…
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(4) 8-12. The twofold account of the circtim- •tances that led to the election of Saul as king. The older narrative of J (9i-10'»'»"'l'^i-ll"- ") describes how Saul, the sou of Kish, of the tribe of VOL. IV. — 2? Benjamin, in his search for his father's asses, is persuaded by his servant to consult a seer livinK in …
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:^ uminTthe kiSgly office, "«/PP-^"|'T^^°3''" t^^T "sum^ thev can be threatened Willi death in ll'^- 1" . yet it is presum Ib?^ on their account that the election of Saul requires cofi, fe r '.'i^h^ r L7Sre\t ^clol^^Tof s^oS i„ fV,„ «mo hand are 822b. gsb ' from his shoulders and upward ^e It ^"^tfl^yo. the people • …
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The chapter Clearly .o™sth^«,uelo«J^Jf^^ in presenting his account of Saul 8 rejecnon. k» serpent to the prophetic 'e^son (Jer .^i »^) ^hich^he vnsnesro ?-^si^^t&;;«^r^|^« consonant with toe actual '^cls (note the tneorei genuineness of his •»<^"'."fhe brS beWeen Samuel and f^ld^'s^E')" The r'e'teSelo toe^Lotntfn…
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The shorter, simpler account of David's introduction to Saul given in J (10i*-23) is obviously more in accordance with the actual facts; it forms a fitting sequel to 14^^^ and aptly illus- trates the statement ' that whenever Saul saw any mighty man, or any valiant man, he took him unto him.' The account pre- served in…
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The text is evidently in great disorder, and the passage has Erobably been considirably expanded by the redactor. Well- ausen is no doubt right in regarding the sign of the arrow ns part of the original narrative. This sign, however, would exclude any meeting or conversation between David and Jonathan. Hence we must r…
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The first section of ch. 23 (w.iiJ) carries on 22" and belongs to the earlier narrative. V.fl is ob%'iou8ly out of place a^fter v.a, and is probably a gloss designed to introduce v.^^, while the first question in v.^f is repeated by error from v. I'. V.i« properly forms the commencement of ch. 26 (or, accord- jig to t…
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These chapters contain a double account of the death of Saul. The earlier narrative (J) describes how Saul in despair commits suicide after his armour-bearer has refused to slav nim (I 31-11 1*): in the later narrative ^E) a wandering Amalekit* slays him at his request while be is suffering from cramp (or giddiness), t…
1,151 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.