PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 4
James Hastings · 1,396,759 words · 1386 reading sections
Section 1021
C. By means of the invention of punctuation (vowel signs and accents) between the 6th and 8th cent, it was sought to ensure the preservation of the traditional pronunciation ; perhaps there was also the intention of lightening the task of learners of the language. Unfortunately, we are without precise details as to the…
923 wordsSECTION 1022Section 1022
H. LiTBRATORB. — H. L. Sttack, art. 'Massom'in PRE^ix. pp. 388-394; II W. Bacher, 'A contribution to the history of the t«rm Massomh' in JQR, 1891, pp. 785-790; 'Die Massora' in Winter und Wiinsche, Die jiid. Litteratur sett AbschliLSS de* Kanans, it (Trier, 1894) pp. 121-132 ; I Is. Harris, 'The rise and development o…
964 wordsSECTION 1023Section 1023
* It U worth while to remark that at least two of these ex- amples give the Eastern readings, namely, Ru £i> nK before S: reiul but not written, and Jer S2'i OKI before niicn written but not read. two elders in translating the Pentateuch into Greek. Kin, as is well known, is written in the Pentateuch for both masculi…
1,138 wordsSECTION 1024Section 1024
B. Carrying the Heb. text, as it presently exists in the so-called square script, back to the ancient Heb. form of writing. It is natural to assume that, in connexion with the change of ^vritten characters, errors must have slipped in, whose dis- covery may be facilitated by restoring the old script. The art. Alphabet …
993 wordsSECTION 1025Section 1025
TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAilENT TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT 733 interjiretationem ACCURATE recogniti, opera studi- eque D. Eraxmi Jioterodami. This ad Grmcam veritatem does not mean oiilj' ' tlie Greek Originiil' or ' the ori^nnal Greek ' in contradistinction to tlie Latin translation, but was meant to include the idea of o…
900 wordsSECTION 1026Section 1026
It is not po.ssible here to count np all the ways in which errors may originate ; every one who has to do with copjin"; and printing has some testimony to bear regarding it. One of the com- monest is, for instance, the so-called homoioteleutun, by which arise what our printers call ' match' or ' funeral,' whereby a pas…
971 wordsSECTION 1027Section 1027
Tischendorf knew in his 7th edition (the last which he fully completed) for the Gospel 52 uncial MSS or fragments of such, at the head of them the codex Sinaiticus, ascribed by him to the middle of the 4th cent.* When Gregory completed the Pro- legomena to Tischendorf's editio octava, lie counted for the Gospels alone …
977 wordsSECTION 1028Section 1028
• On the Gr. MSS used by St. Jerome, see, besides the Bp^ logua of Wordsworth-White (pp. 663-871) ; E. Mangenol, Jieo, d«s Sciences EccUsiastimus (Jan. 1900) ; J. H. Bernard, Hermm- thena (xL No. xxrii. 1901, 836-342). TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAilENT TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT 736 and of an oMer Syriac Version, only one, a…
962 wordsSECTION 1029Section 1029
mentioned by Blass in 1805 (Oott.), has been received by him into his text in lbd6(Lip&). On certain readings of B see Introd,. p. 2S9. On 1 P 1'9 Tiscbendorf states tlmt KO have in yiyfuT- reti, in reality they have i'i yiy/>. et«. F. C. Burkitt was the first to make out, in 1899 (JThSt. i. 278), that the Old Latin .M…
981 wordsSECTION 1030Section 1030
How are we to sift and judge the evidence? That it is not allowable to count the witnesses is now generally acknowledged ; in theory, too, it is acknowledged th.at we have to distinguish between the age of the MS and that of its text ; but in practice too great weight is still allowed to the oldest of our MSS. Neither …
975 wordsSECTION 1031Section 1031
fUt fA<>^„f '^iZl ii iXirtriif^, vipt 2i it tT,M^b/{)i, »u< ii itytLWr.irUi :e seems one of the best examples iirip T-^v •^t/x'i'' foti. The pa! — ----- — - - - - of the vaiue of quotations, and yet the latest commentator does not even quote it (Bigg), and Falconer declared that nothing can be made of the supposed r…
941 wordsSECTION 1032Section 1032
This study led them to recognize (1) that the text of Chrysostom and other Syrian Fathers of the 4th cent, is substantially icientical with the common lat<j text (§ 130). This text must be due to a ' recension^ in the strict sen.se, with an elabor- ateness which implies deliberate criticism (§ 185). This part of their …
967 wordsSECTION 1033Section 1033
The present writer is not prepared to contradict these statements. Yet, on the other hand, it can- not be denied that there is a growing doubt whetlier the importance of the so-called Westei-n variations has not been underrated and the purity of the text of KB overrated.* See, besides the contributions of Fr. Blass of …
914 wordsSECTION 1034Section 1034
It is a great drawback that our critical editions do not permit of an e.asy glance over the differences of these principal MSS ; there isHanseir8edition(.V7*<7/-iece ; Antifpttssimorum codicum Uxtus in nrdinein parallelmn di.'-'pog. ; notas crit. et coUationem CmI. Sinaidei adjecit Ed. If. Uanselt, Oxonii, 3 vols., 186…
975 wordsSECTION 1035Section 1035
its fragments are now dispersed in Athos, Kiew, Moscow (at two places), St. Petersburg,* Paris, and Turin, — and other testimonies by a certain Euthalius (or Euagrius) of Sulke ? Basil the Great (t 379) corrected a copy with his own liand : may it not be traced ? His younger brother, Gregory of Nys.sa, is the sole a.ut…
930 wordsSECTION 1036Section 1036
On the new Purple MS from Sinope see H. Omont, ' Notice BUT un trfee ancien manuscrit trrec de I'Evangile de saint Matthieu en onciales d'or sur parchemin pouri>ru et om6 de miniatures' . . . Paris, 1900(Ao(icc«e(£itrai(«,xxxvi.;and,/2'ASf,ii.61)llff.). On the leaf found in Russia see Acad, des Inscr., 8 f6v. and *29 m…
958 wordsSECTION 1037Section 1037
Postscript. —The article Syriac VERSIONS waa already in tj'pe when two publications came to liand, which are of primary importance not only for the Syriac Versions, but also for the Text of the Greek Testament ; therefore this is the fit place to add a word on them. The one is a sliort study, the other a bulky edition.…
1,040 wordsSECTION 1038Section 1038
Se« on the Iatt«r reading Zahn, Orundrigs der Geschichte dtt ntuUxULmrnUichen Kawjns, Itw:)!, p. 60 ; Sau Kircldiche Zeit' tctiri/t, xii. (1901) p. 743; li. A. LipsiuH, Die apokr]fphen AponUigejichicfiten, Er^'iiiizungBheft (1890), p. 209 ; and tlie paasaife of the Aposvdic CongtitiUions quoted above (ed. Lagarde, p. 2…
1,058 wordsSECTION 1039Section 1039
According to some statements, Thadda'us was from Jerusalem and of the tribe of Judah (Bool: of the Bee, Barhebraius), and preached the gospel in the African language {Gospels of the XII Apostles, ed. J. R. Harris, pp. 26, 29) ; while the Syriac Addai is said to have been from Paneas. Bar Bahlul (p. 939) refers Labhi to…
903 wordsSECTION 1040Section 1040
THEFT.— See artt. Crimes and Punish.mknts in vol. i. p. 522'', and Man-STEALING in vol. iii. p. 239. THELERSAS (B eeXfpcrds, A Qe\<rii), 1 Es &*= Tel-harsha, Ezr 2»', a Bab. town. THEODOTION.— See Septuagint, p. 453', and VER.SIONS (Greek other than LXX), p. 866'. THEODOTUS (eeiSoTot).— 1. One of the mes- sengers sa…
956 wordsSECTION 1041Section 1041
ii. Circumstances. — St. Paul and his com- panion.s, full of hope owing to the Divine call which had led them to preach in Europe, and encouraged by the spiritual success which, in spite of the insults to their Roman citizenship (2-), tiiey had gained at Philippi, reached Thessalonica. This was a larger and more import…
1,037 wordsSECTION 1042Section 1042
The news that Timothy brought was in the main good: the faith of the Thessalonians had stood the test of persecution (1* 3'^) ; their love showed itself in hospitality and charity, even to other Mace- donian Christians ( 1' 3" 4"- ") ; they strove to edify each other (5") ; they tried to walk obedient to Christ's comma…
1,017 wordsSECTION 1043Section 1043
Finally, the commnnity.life is regulated ; the members ot tlM I. THESSALOXIANS I. THESSALONIAXS Ch irch (ifuit, T.'2) are to pay due honour to those in authority, gnd thi'y (Cuitt vM) are to keep discipline and be lonp-suffering. Joy, pra,ver9, and thanksgiving are to be constant; and spiritual uLteraiicea are not t…
907 wordsSECTION 1044Section 1044
BEI.ATIOlf TO THE OT AXD TO CHRISTIAN LITERATVRS.— The OT is never appealed to as authority or directly quoted ; but its history is referred to (21^) and its language perhaps consciously adapted ('21R 45- 6. 8. 9 58. 22(t)). There is a certJiin similarity of language between 415-17 and 2 Es 5>-, but the thought there i…
922 wordsSECTION 1045Section 1045
bmrclZ^.^e;;;;;;tat;on';;n-suS;-afoint would not be un- natural, and a careful comparison of 6i>' witn . 1 ■I Co 510 will show *Eii5^:i^— d of 6- may have been due tothe prSce of disorderiiness and dissension (5»^>5), and would be natural, even without such a supposition (cf. Col 4'"). The objections, then, can be f…
1,143 wordsSECTION 1046Section 1046
n. TUESSALOXIANS n. THESSALONIAJSrS 747 (2°), and Paul confirms the whole with his auto- graph at tlie end (3"). ii. Analysis. — 11- S Greeting. ▲. Gratitude jot their gpiritual state, especially lor their loyal endurance under persecution (3- *). 8trenj,'theninj; of them bv the thought of (1) the justice of Go<i …
922 wordsSECTION 1047Section 1047
(a) The relation of the style to that of 1 Thessa- lonians. In spite of the pointsof likeness (see above), there is a dillerence ; the tone is more orticial {eux- 6(pti\ofiev), the feeling less vivid, the sentences more involved, the .same things are being said, but said with less point and directness ; they suggest a …
968 wordsSECTION 1048Section 1048
(i3) The opposite view has been frequently main- tained of late, which sees the explanation in heathen oiiposition and especially in the worsliip of tlie Cfajsars. The lawlessness and deceit will then be that of heathen wickedness and error ; the restrain- injj power, tlie antagonism of the Jewish State (Warfield), or …
1,049 wordsSECTION 1049Section 1049
V. IXTEGRITY.— The difficulties of 2'-'= have natur- allj' led to suggestions of interpolation. Pierson and Nalieri r(;n'.ri»ii7K«, pp. 21-25) treat l'''"2'"'- 3 (except 7-13. 16-18) .^g parts of a pre-Christian Jewish apo- calviise, worked up into a Christian form by .some unknown bishop of the name of Paul (cf. prece…
1,173 wordsSECTION 1050Section 1050
750 THEUDAS THIGH 'the mother of all Macedonia' {Anthol. Gr. ed. Jacobs, ii. p. 98, Epig. 14), although the name ' metropolis,' occurring on coins of the city, is ot later date. The Romans had docks (navalui) tliere (Liv. xliv. 10) ; the great Egnatian higlnvay tra- versed tlie city from west to east, the remains of…
907 wordsSECTION 1051Section 1051
3 Blass {ad loc.) seems to suggest that the name Theudas has been interpolated in the passage of Josephus from the Acts, because the Christiana thought that the two passages illustrated one another. We have some reason for thinking that Josephus was interpolated by the Christians ; but in this instance it is hardly pro…
930 wordsSECTION 1052Section 1052
In Anplo-Saxon there were two distinct verba, thencan to think, and tln/ncan to seem, the latter used impersonally. These verba be^an to be confused verj" early, and in course of time were always spelt alike. In poetry we still use ' nietliinks,' where the pron. is in the dative, and the word means * it i*eeni3 to me."…
915 wordsSECTION 1053Section 1053
1. 1V!N 'titOd, id/ivo!, rhaiiniits, occurs twice as the name of a plant (Jg •J''*' " AV 'bramble,' m. ' thistle,' RV ' bramble,' m. ' thorn,' Ps 58" ,VV and RV 'thorns'). It occurs once as a proper name in the expression ' the threshing-floor of Atad' (Gn SO'"-"). _ The Arab. \l(ad is defined as the branches of the 'a…
1,018 wordsSECTION 1054Section 1054
6. np^D3 mcsiikdh (Mic 7*) is a 'thorn hedge.' Of what kind we have no means of determining (see 4). 7. x;-i';_}nndzuz. The Arab, nw'c? corresponds with this, and signifies a thorn tree growing m Arabia. It may be one of the thorny acacias. In the two passages in which it occurs (Is 7'" 55") it is tr. ' thorns.' In th…
961 wordsSECTION 1055Section 1055
Crown of Thorns. — It is impossible to tell of what species our Saviour's crown (ariipavoi ii iKavOQiv, aKdvOivoi ariipavot) was composed. It is certain, however, that it must have been made from a plant growing near to Jerusalem. It is often idenlilied with Zizi/n/iux Spina-Vliristi (see Tristram, Nat. Ilixt. of liihl…
991 wordsSECTION 1056Section 1056
The Acta Thorme or HtpioUi BaifAn* is a Gnostic work prob- ably going back to the 2nd cent., and written by one Leuciug the author of several apocr>-phal Acts. It begins by telling that, at the division of the field of the world among the apostles, India was allocated to Thom.is ; that he was at first unwiUinff to go t…
956 wordsSECTION 1057Section 1057
In 2 Mac 12^ a Thracian soldier is mentioned as saving the life of Gorgias, governor of Idumaea-f under Antiochus Epiphanes, in a battle against .Judas Maceaba?us, about B.C. 103. The Thracian tribesnien, barbarous, hardy, and inured to war, were much used as mercenaries by the Greek kings of Syria, Pergamum, Bithynia,…
1,065 wordsSECTION 1058Section 1058
ii. Literary E.stimate. — The judgment of Eichliorn {Eiiileitunr/, 419, ed. 1795), that the Prayer of Azarias is unsuitable to the circum- stances, and that it betrays a lack of literary art to sujifiose that in a liory furnace any man couUl pray as lie does, is endor.sed by most later scholars (I'Vitzsche, 11.5). Ther…
926 wordsSECTION 1059Section 1059
756 THEESHING THRO^'E in LXX w-ith verbs of ' shame,' and tlnis this also may be a Hebraism, and due to familiarity witli the I,XX. The evidence of a Heb. original is not irresistible, but probable. iv. Versions.— The LXX presents the earliest extant text. Theod. edited the LXX with sundry emendations of little Bi^…
924 wordsSECTION 1060Section 1060
3. \-tv : 1 S 5*' ' Dagon was found prostrate before the ark, with his head and hands cut oft' upon the threshold ; hence, it is said, the worshippers of Dagon leap over the threshold, to avoid contact with a spot rendered sacred by having been the resting-place of these members of the god. It is impossible to decide w…
1,021 wordsSECTION 1061Section 1061
J. A. Sklbik. THUMMIM.— See Urim AND Thummim. THUNDER (nsn, ^povr^) is the loud sound which accompanies the discharge through llie atmo.sjihere of electricity from the clouds. It seems to follow the lightning flash after an interval jiroportioned to the observer's distance from the place of dis- turbance. Thunderstor…
958 wordsSECTION 1062Section 1062
• Stcph. Bvz. a.v. So Iconlum woa ' the last city of Phryjpa.' t So Steph'anuB ; but Schuchhardt (AUim. Mitth. 18SK, p. 1 ff.) attributes the new foundation to a later date in the 3rd ccut. 758 THYATIRA THYATIRA city dates from that time ; and it continued to be a rich and busy commertial city throughout antient …
1,050 wordsSECTION 1063Section 1063
The passage of Rev. places us amid the difficulties besettin" the Thyatiran Christians in the early period of the Church. The population of the city was divided into trade-gmlds, many of Avhich are mentioned in inscriptions. To belong to the guild was a most important matter for every trades- man or artisan ; it aided …
922 wordsSECTION 1064Section 1064
1 he guild of coppersmiths (xaX«<s) seems to have been inlluential in Thyatira (see inscription in Bull. Corr. Hell. x. p. -JUT, belonging to the early imperial times). The typo on coins, Hephaistos •IColo'*-". forging a helmet, probably refers to the bronze trade; and perhaps the enigmatic allusion *o the unknown…
905 wordsSECTION 1065Section 1065
The Gr. character of the town may be the reason ■why, although Christ was so tlioroughly identi- fied for long with the Sea of Galilee, there is no evidence that He ever visited Tiberias, the new capital of tlie ci\il ruler to whom He was subject. The NT has little to say about this city ; once the fact is mentioned th…
916 wordsSECTION 1066Section 1066
The name Tiberias, given to the city and lake, was intended by Herod Antipas as a compliment to the reigning emperor. See art. TlBElti.\s. C. H. PUICHARD. TIBHATH (n-2a 'extensive,' 'level'; B iMero- /S^xas, A Mare^ie ; Thebath). — A city of Hadarezer, king of Zobah, from which David took much brass (1 Ch IS"). In 2 …
931 wordsSECTION 1067Section 1067
In B.C. 737 there was another campaign in the east, the Medes and other neighbouring tribes being overrun, and in 736 war again broke out with Ararat. In B.C. 735 Ararat itself was in- vaded, and, though the capital Dhuspas (now Van) resisted capture, the country round it was ravaged to the extent of 450 miles. Next ye…
1,173 wordsSECTION 1068Section 1068
were removed, as it could easily be, the paralytic could be let down from the edge of the roof proper to the very spot where Jesus was. The expressions in Mark, though applicable to the breaking through of an earthen roof, describe this proceeding equally well. James Patrick. TILGATH-PILNESER.— SeeTlGLATH-PlLESER. TI…
1,135 wordsSECTION 1069Section 1069
ii. The Year. — In tlie main, the Jewish year was lunar, with corrections designed to bring about a more or less exact correspondence with the solar .seasons. It seems to have been the view of the writer of the first report of the Flood (P) that the oldest Hebrew year was a pnre lunar year, containing 12 lunar months a…
1,098 wordsSECTION 1070Section 1070
Beginning of the Year. — 'The Hebrew year had begun in the autumn with the month of Sep- tember ; but side by side with this West-Semitic calendar there had also been in use in Palestine another calendar, that of Babylonia, according to \\hich the year began with Nisan or March. It was Mie Babylonian Calendar which was…
995 wordsSECTION 1071Section 1071
•The Babylonian year was divided into ret mtti 'begin- ning ot the year,' mitU satli ' the middle ol the year,' ana kit salti 'end ol the year.' Two of the terms are paralleled in Hebrew iii. Months. — The Hebrew months have always been lunar, and extended from one now moon to anollier. The oldest Semitic word for mon…
999 wordsSECTION 1072Section 1072
(8) Marcheshvan P.y'CI'?. ^«>Ii October-November. Not named in Scripture. Mishna, Ta'anith i. 3, etc.; Jos. Ma/>«w«»t:« ; Bab. arachsamna ('eighth month ')='rPif' HI*. Original fonn probably icpmi, whence pcnio {^ and D being often interchanged in later Babylonian). Modem Hebrew re- garded Heshvan as the name of "the …
1,079 wordsSECTION 1073Section 1073
the time of bringing the meal-offering (1 K IS** and of the evening sacrifice (Ezr y*, Dn 9''). These last two refer to the same point of time. D'l' sometimes means ' day ' in contradistinction tc 'night' (nS;S) Gn 29', sometimes it represents the civU day of 24 hours, including night (Gn P etc.) The phrase D:;^i'.7 j'…
944 wordsSECTION 1074Section 1074
TIMNATH-HERES {c-in njcn ' portion of the sun ' ; B Qa/xi'a.Sdpei, A Oaiivaddp' (as ; ThaniHiitli Srire). — The name ot Joshua's inheritance and burial-place (Jf 2'-'), which is called Timnath-serah in Jos 19" and 24*". Jlires is su|)i)Osed by some commentators [Ewald, Bertheau, Miihiau, etc.) to be a very early JOpyis…
1,016 wordsSECTION 1075Section 1075
St. Paul was attracted l)y Timothy, and wislied to have him as a travel -com pun ion to take the place of John Mark, if not of Barnabas. If we 768 TIMOTHY TIMOTHY, FIRST EPISTLE TO may refer to this occasion the lang^iage of 1 Ti 1" 4'*, 2 Ti 1°, St. Paul was not left unaided in this decision. Prophetic utterances,…
990 wordsSECTION 1076Section 1076
Of Tiinoth>'*8 subsequent history little can be said with cer- tainty. He ma?/ be [but this is very unlikely] the 'angel' of the Church of Ephesus addressed in Rev 2i-7 ; he may be one of the sources from which St. Luke gained information for the composition of the Acta, though there is no ground for regard- ing him as…
940 wordsSECTION 1077Section 1077
(6) Personal expression of Paxil's own gratitude to Christ Jesua, who had entrusted him with the ministry in spite of his post sin, as a proof of God's long-suflering and as an encouragement to others, for the gospel is summed up in the/ai7A/ui sai/iTio, Xfurrit 'In^oZi v-Ci* iiV TO* tuffLUt etfxaeriXei't irwrxi (^*-l…
920 wordsSECTION 1078Section 1078
Doxolo^y (iO- 16). Postscript.— I*\irther advice as to the t«&ching which Timothy is to give to the rich O"^-^^). Knal ai'pcal to Timothy to guard the deposit and to avoid false claims to knowledge (30- 21), Salutation, This analysis will have shown that the primary interest is ethical and spiritual. Moralitj*, Sal…
976 wordsSECTION 1079Section 1079
iv. Situation implied at Ephesus.— (a) Tht False Teachers. — The primary purpose of the letter is to remind Timothy of the charge given to him to check certain false teachers ; but, as he is assumed to know them, they are described in such general terms that it is dithcult for us to identify them. It is not, indeed, ne…
925 wordsSECTION 1080Section 1080
The main tendency, then, is that of a Rabbinic speculative Judaism, playing with historical legends and casuistry, and coloured by an asceti- cism borrowed from some heathen source, perhaps through Essenism (cf. Lightfoot, Col. ' On the Colossian Heresy,' liiblical Essays, xL, Ignatius, I pp. 359-374). (6) Organizatio…
937 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.