PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 4
James Hastings · 1,396,759 words · 1386 reading sections
Section 1321
Literature. — Schtift, Apostolic Christianity/; McOiffert, His- tory of Chrintianity in the Apostolic Aiie ; Bartlet, The Apostolic Aqe ; Weizsacker, Apnatolic Age (Eiiu'- tr.), vol. ii. ; Harnack, liistory of Dofjma, vol. i. ; Hort, The Christmn Ecclesia ; Lechler, Apostolic and post. Apostolic Times ; Beyschkog, ■VT'…
1,157 wordsSECTION 1322Section 1322
WRITING WRITING 945 Wooden boards, inscribed in tlie one case with lines from Homer, in another witli part of tlie Phtenissie of Euripides and the IhrnU of Calli- iiiachus, are in the British Museum and the Rainer Collection at Vienna resi)ectively, both having been found in Egypt. Many wooden tablets witii Egyjitia…
1,044 wordsSECTION 1323Section 1323
(() Papyrus.— If skins probably played the most imjiortant part in the early history of the Hebrew Scriptures, the iiapyrus plant certainly did so in the case of the Greek. The papyrus plant {ci/perus pap;/rus), which formerly grew in great profusion in the Nile (though now confined to the higher part of its course), w…
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• Dziatzko (Wntersuchungen, pp. 31, 32) sugfcsts that in ancient Egj-pt the Bbres of the bark were used as well as the pith, the exclusive use of the latter being introduced after the Greek occupation ; but there is no authority tor this distinc- tion, and an examination of early Ej^yptian papjTi does not reven! any es…
1,333 wordsSECTION 1325Section 1325
To this period may perhaps be attributed the Codex Vcronensis of the Old Latin (jospela ; but oiost of the purjtte M^S now extant are of later dat«. Tliose of the Creek Gosjtcls are al] attnbittai)1e to theflth cent, (tlie codirea known OA Evann. N, N», 2, +, and one recently broupht from Sinope to Paris, the latter an…
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948 WKITING WRITING and (of the Roman period) in Italy and Britain. The quill pen is tirst mentioned by an anonymous biocia])her of Theodoric the Goth (c. 500) and by Isidore of Seville (c. 600). — The earliest form of ink {ptiXav, atramentum, lyKavarov, incaustum, whence ink) appears to have been either the juice d…
927 wordsSECTION 1327Section 1327
'A sj-napofue roll must be written on the ekins of clean aninmlij, prepared for the particular use of the syno^o^e by a Jew. These must be fastened to^'ether with Btrin^fstaken from clean animals. Every skin must contain a certain number of columns, etjual throughout the entire codex. The length of each column must not…
1,237 wordsSECTION 1328Section 1328
The margins of Hebrew MSS play an important part in their cliaracter, since they generally con- tain the Massorah and certain kinds of various readings. The Massorah, or body of traditional commentary on textual matters, is of two kinds — the Greater and the Lesser Massorah. The Greater Massorah generally occupies the …
941 wordsSECTION 1329Section 1329
WIUTi:XG WRITING 951 leading pnuiuolly to a marked change of hand. Of literary iMipyh, few can be quite certainly attributed to this century, Iiut there are strong grounds for placing' tite llerculaiieuni rofld here, with a few othera from Eg^•pt. Tlie lleruulaiieum papyri ahow a number of rather small, business-lik…
1,020 wordsSECTION 1330Section 1330
middle of the line, that of a comma ; and at the foot of the line, thai of a semicolon. In a few extant papyri these distinction! are obser\'ed ; but oftener they are Dej,'lected, and the dot ia placed above the line to denote all values. — Accentxiation ia not unknown, as it is in the eiirliest vellum uncials, but is …
1,017 wordsSECTION 1331Section 1331
WRITING WEITING 953 discovered, can be put into successful comparison with these. I'rom this time forward, iimreover, there was nothiuj; to prevent the free multiplica- tion of copies of the Scriptures, with all the resources of trained penniansliip. The textual tradition of the NT henceforth runs, not through priva…
912 wordsSECTION 1332Section 1332
LrrKRATruK. — Thompson, typ. cit. ; Oardthausen, op. eCt. ; Pttlatoqraphiral Society, facsimiles of MSS; Oniont, Facgimil^s den pbiJi anciens manuacriis ;irri-ii . . . de la Bibl. Nat. 1802; Kenyon, FacsiviUes of liiblical MSS in the Brit. Mus. 1900. vi. Greek Minuscule Writing. — The great defect of uncial writing …
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its appearance, and in the 12th it is definitely established as tlM usual form. In the 12th cent, the minuscule hand is often largt and somewhat handsome, though without the compactness ol the earlier style ; but from this point it degenerates more de- cisively. The foiTus of the letters become more irregular, accents …
905 wordsSECTION 1334Section 1334
It the Old Latm yeremn, and fro. the oi „„ tion ot a It the Old Latin ;.X("rirthe fled, ^vith the e:.ception ot a OU8W the capital ">i'^''S,„ those mentioned above. At first ,ew isolated exanyU.s™rt,^h°^^^ ^^^^ pretension to rather a piall """i ■;'^^f;'",|"Vitv firmness, and handsomeness beauty. It improves >"/,'=,^'…
1,258 wordsSECTION 1335Section 1335
• Little importance attaches to the statement In 2 Mac 2*3 ftbout Mebenuah founding a library (ju»rs,^«XA«^i«r ^i^Xi«^»i]»). have been produced without a library. After hia death his librarj-was preserved at Scepsis; and, after having been sold to Apellicon of Teos and brought to Athens, it was ultimately taken by Sul…
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* Sic, C!7., Kill, Itoman Socitty in th» latt Century qf tin Weium Jimpiret p. IM ff. special liomes of literature in the ages preceding tlie invention of printing. The accommodation for books was at first neither large nor luxurious. The early buildings of monasteries show no place for a library. Tlie books (apart fr…
1,014 wordsSECTION 1337Section 1337
J. A. Selbib. YARN.— See LiNEN. YEAR See Time. YELLOW.— See Colours, vol. i. p. 458*. YOKE (BID, npto, ^'v, Viy, n;^ [' team '] ; NT feiVyo? 'a team,' 'a pair,' firyis) in Scripture usage is almost exclusively associated with the plough. The simple yoke (bid, .i^jid) was a cross piece of wood fastened to the forehe…
905 wordsSECTION 1338Section 1338
Bo<fn'ftiiaim ' (D-jys;i jH'jn) is mentioned in defining the boundaries of Naphtali, while in J" 4" ' the terebinth of Bfi?a'anannini ' (d'jjj^sj k ; IIV gives in both passages 'the oak (m. 'terebinth ) in Zaanannim') is the site of the encampment of Heber the Kenite and the scene of Sisera s murder by Jael. There can …
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2. A link in an Ephraimite genealogy, 1 Ch 7" (Zd,?e5), ending apparently in a certain ' Ezer and Elc.id,' who were slain liy the men of ( iatli. Zabad in MT is tli^j son of Tahatli and the father of Shuthelah. In LXX", however, the genealogy is much shortened, and it is Zaliad who is slain — thus, ' And the sons of Ep…
906 wordsSECTION 1340Section 1340
('pure') in the OT (Ezr 2', Neh 7''').— 1. The pub- lican. All that we know of him from the Bible ia to be found in Lk 19'"'". He was a Jew,* and a chief official amongst the publicans in and about Jericho, where a considerable amount of revenue was raised from the palm-groves and balsam (Joseph. Ant. XV. iv. 2). Zacch…
1,089 wordsSECTION 1341Section 1341
ZACHARY {Zacharias), 2 Es I*.— The prophet Zeehariah. ZADOK. — 1. The most important of the many persons who bore this name was the founder of the leading branch of the priesthood in Jerusalem. We have no reliable information concerning his origin or his early history. He comes liefore us first in a list of David's ol…
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962 ZAHAM ZANOAH means of deciding positively wliether he is to be identified witli the bearer of the same name in a later passage of the book. But there is no con- clusive reason against the identification. Zadok 'the scribe' is appointed by Nehemiah to be one of the 'treasurers over the treasuries' (Neh 13"). He w…
943 wordsSECTION 1343Section 1343
The Or. rendering is identical with th.it of Hashnioiiah, as has been noticed in art. Hasiimo.vaii ; but the same renilering also occurs for Azmon of Nu 34^ in A, 'Ao-Afi.an'a in F, and in AF of Xu 33^ for Hashmonah. Ewald's proposed modification of the text, which would separate Sit. Hor from Zalnioiiah by inserting v…
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Zaplion is probably connected with ]'\'tt Ziphion (Gn 10"'), or (more conectlv) ['1:5! Zgphon, with pentilic name Zephonites (><u 26"; LXX ILatpuv, 'Za4>uv(e)l), described as a ' son ' of Gad. ZARAIAS (Zapafat).— 1. (A ZapUi, A V Zacharias) 1 Es,'-)» = Seraiah, Ezr2«; Azariah, Neh "'. 2. 1 Es 8' (B om.), one of the an…
1,033 wordsSECTION 1345Section 1345
ZEBAH and ZALMUNNA (nji 'victim,' pjD^s 'shade, i.e. protection, withheld'; Z^,3ee, -eKfxava. ; Jg S'--\ Ps83").— The narrative of Gideon's pursuit of these two ^lidianite kings (Jg S'"*') cannot be a continuation of the foregoing verses (7^-S^) ; it must be derived from another source, attached abruptly, and with the …
911 wordsSECTION 1346Section 1346
ZEBOIIM One of the five Cities of the Plain, Gn 10i» (DPS) 142- 8, Dt 292S(22) (Kuh. in all c"i!i. If (re o:i3?), Hos 11' (KHh. D-Ni? ; ^eri o'\^'i, the k being regarded as guiescent ; AV and RV here Zeboim). The LXX has uniformly 2c/3w(f)iM [but in Dt 29" P"' AF Sf/Sufio]- According to Bijlime (on Neh 1-6, p. 3) the …
1,200 wordsSECTION 1347Section 1347
The Blessing of Jacob (Gn 49"), which dates from the time of the Judges, or at latest not after Solomon, apparently gives Zeb. access to the sea. ' Zebulun, towards the strand of the sea he settles, he himself towards the strand of the shiiis, and his rear to, or towards, Zidon ' (Dillm.); tliis is sup- ported by Josep…
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5. A Levite, of the family of Kohath (1 Ch 24^). 6. A Levite, of the familV of Merari (1 Ch 26"). 7. Father of Iddo ( 1 Ch 27-'). 8. One of the i)rincea of Judah in the days of jehosliaphat (2 Ch 17'). 9. A Levite, one of the sons of .\saiih (2 Ch 20'*). 10. Son of Jehoshaphat (2 Ch 21'-), to whom, with his brethre…
1,033 wordsSECTION 1349Section 1349
J. Macpherson. ZECHARIAH, BOOK OF.— I. The genuine prophecies of Zechariah (chs. I-8X U. The activity and significance of the prophet. Literature. Ui. Chs. 9-14: (1) Contents; (2) Relation of the rtiflerent parts to one another ; (;i) Date of the various com- ponents ; (4) Religious and theological value of these cha…
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UAUEL. 968 ZECHARIAH, BOOK OF ZECHAEIAH, BOOK OF In Zeclmriah, as in Haggai, we note the dis- appearance of immediate proplietio inspiration. Connecte<l willi tliis is the circumstance that the message is communicated to the propliet by the angel of Jaliweh (cf. Ezk 40-'"), and that his visions are no longer the ou…
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(2) Relation of tlie different parts to one another. — In seeking to answer this question, the circum- stance must be kept in mind that in these chapters events are frequently described not in their actual chronological order, but the final result emerges first, and the description follows of the way in which God bring…
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history. This alone may be regarded as beyond doubt, that we are pointed to a time after the Exile: what is .said in 11" about the shepherds, as well as the similar expressions in v.', can be understood only in the light of their dependence on Ezk 34. The shepherds are to be under- stood as the native authorities, espe…
1,129 wordsSECTION 1353Section 1353
An accurate unprejudiced exegesis, however, shows these contentions of Eckardt to be irrecon- cilable with the text. In view of the condition of things described in M'""'", how can the statement that there shall be no more a Canaanite in the liou.se of Jahweh be made to justify the inference tli.at ' the building up of…
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ZEDEKIAH ZEDEKIAH 971 proiiliesied that their fate wouhl be proverbial. Zedekiah was son of Maaseiah, who is probably to be identified with the priest whose son, ' the second priest' Zephaniah, wa< put to death at Kihlali by Nebuchadrezzar (2 K 2.') ■'"■•). 3. Son of Hananiah, one of the princes in the reign of Jeho…
1,377 wordsSECTION 1355Section 1355
It is dithcult to say how long Zedekiah remained negatively loyal to the Chaldicans, but in his fourth 972 ZEDEKIAH ZEDKKIAII year (n.c. 590) his allegiance was so far question- able that the rulers of Edoni, Moab, Amnion, Tyre, and Sidon (Jer 27'''), incited thereto by their pro- phets and diviners, were emboldene…
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Meanwhile the Egyptian army, commanded by Apries in person, was advancing from the south to the relief of his ally (Jos. Ant. X. vii. 3), and captured Gaza, and compelled the Chaldaians to raise the siege of Jerusalem. Josephus (I.e.) states that the two armies met in a pitched battle, and that the Egj'ptians were put …
1,046 wordsSECTION 1357Section 1357
ZEMARAIM (D:";?i). — A city of Benjamin, appar- ently in the vicinity of Bethel, Jos 18"* (B i^apd, A Zftiplfi, Luc. ~a/iaptlfi). It prob. gave its name to Mt. Zcmaraim ('s in, t6 6pot Zo/jLopuf), in the hilloouLUj of Kphraim, 2 Ch 13', from which the Chronicler makes Abijah harangue Jeroboam and his army. It is gener…
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Fragments of a Christianized Coptic recension of the Apocabjpse of Zephaniah were discovered at Akhmim and published by S. Bouriant in Mim. de la mission archiol. au Caire, 1885. A Germ, translation by Stem appeared in the Ztschr. f. drjyp. Sprache, etc., 1886, p. 115 H'. ; and the same fragments, with additions, and a…
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Nowack'8 transposition of v. 9b and v,8b ('i will punish the princes and the king's sons, who All their master's house with violence and deceit; and I will punish all who leap over the threshold, and all who clothe themselves with foreign apparel ') is perhaps somewhat arbitrary, but it is attractive. As the clauses s…
949 wordsSECTION 1360Section 1360
' the navies [mcr instead of nKE* ; LXX t4 dvifutra] of Baal ' ; cf. IIos 2" ' I will take away the names of the Baalim out of her mouth,' and Zee IS'' 'I will cut oil' the names of the idols out of the land.' Or (6) iiJy' may be taken in the sense of ' the rest' = ' every vestige,' so that the meaning will be ' I will…
1,112 wordsSECTION 1361Section 1361
As to ch. 2, there will be little question that Schwally, in arguing again.st the genuineness of vv. '3^ built too much upon the occurrence of uj) and ni:v in v.' (cf. the criticisms of Bacher, Budde, and Davidson). Yet there is force in the remark of Nowack, that while the tvord uy occurs in the older literature (Nu …
1,061 wordsSECTION 1362Section 1362
A imiversalism akin to that expressed in Jn 4"'' has sometimes been attributed to Zephaniah upon the ground of 2" ('men shall worship him, every one from his place ') 3»- "> ; but in the first-named passage the words we have italicised are of uncer- tain meaning (but see Davidson), and all three passages lie under stro…
1,248 wordsSECTION 1363Section 1363
Ln KRATCRE. — In addition to references given above see Sayce, Kaypt of the Hebrews, n. Ill ; Maspero, Strtuiftle of the A'ationSt p. 774 ; McCurdy, UPM i. 259 ; Heraog, PRE 2 xvii, 473. T. NicoL. ZERAHIAH (n;--!i 'J" hath arisen or sinned,' cf. Sab. ^xniT). — 1. A prie.st, an ancestor of Ezra, 1 Ch (joits. m [Heb. S'…
1,085 wordsSECTION 1364Section 1364
According to Ezr 3-4° (narrative of the Chroni- cler), Zerubbc.bel, along with Jeshua the high priest " Howorth (Academy, 1893, p. 174 f.) is wrong in asserting that the first four verses of Ezr 4 are not found in the parallel tiassage in 1 Esdras. Strangely enough, Sayce {IlCil 543) falls into the same mistake. As a …
986 wordsSECTION 1365Section 1365
• Van Hoonacker (Zorobabel, 63 ff., Xouvelles Etudes, 106 ft.) labours hard, but it seems to us unsuccessfully, to put a differ ent interpretation on the language of Haggai and Zechariah. i ZERUBBABEL ZIBA 979 as HnOST"*"!"^*?' (This is pure tkncy ; the Interchange of '.T and D to so comiooD as to be a very precar…
1,118 wordsSECTION 1366Section 1366
ZERUIAH (■';'^^in2S 14ilCW23a'^;-'J; hXXZap- ouEid and Zapovid ; Saruia). — The mother of David's officers, Abishai, Joab, and Asahel. Her husband's name is never mentioned, and the three heroes are always referred to as ' the sons of Zeruiah ' (once in 1 Sam,, 13 times in 2 Sam,, 3 limes in 1 Kings, and 7 times in 1 …
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Arab. Dmnt'ir, half-way between Zidon and Berytus, down to Zarepliath, 8 miles S. of Zidon. i. Early Ascendencv. — Zidon is considered to have been the most ancient of the Phoenician cities. On her coins she claims to be the mother of Hippo, Citium, and Tjre, and the name of Zidon is mentioned in the Egyptian records …
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(3) Zidon under Persia, Greece, and Home. — A period of rest was enjoyed during the reign of Cyrus (B.C. 540-529). Afterwards the Phoenician cities were required to pay a light annual tax, and on demand to supply transport ships and war vessels to the king of Persia. Tliey were allowed to have their own kings and admin…
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The site of Zifclag has not been identified with certainty. The most probable of the sites |)ro- {)Osed appears to be the ruin Zu/ieili/ca, discovered )y Cornier and Kitchener in 1877, lying E.S.E. from Gaza. This ruin occujiies three low hills, and is at a distance of about 4 miles N. of Wudi/ es- Shtrta (prob. the l…
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In Nu 13^' 'the wilderness of Zin' is named as the southern limit from wliich the spies began to search the land. In Nu 33*^ it is given as one of the stations in the journeyings. The brief note, 'the same is Kadesh,' serves to explain the follow, ing verse ('And they journeyed from Kadesh'. . .). Nu 20' records the ar…
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The evolution of Jerusalem cannot have differed greatly from that of other ancient cities. The earliest settlement would naturally have been on the eastern spur, and it probably consisted of a village on the slopes above the spring, with a small fort on higher ground to which the people could fly on the approach of an …
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* Joseitluiti odds (iii. 2) that David took poHSession of the* Upper City, which he called (/i./ v. iv. I) the fortreBa (^^^^«»). and Joined the Akra to it. This postiibly refers to the first eiiduHuro of the wentcm spur, which liavid may well have undertaken tuwarde the clone of his reijin, when the develop, uient of …
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ZIPHAH (n?!).— A son of Jerahmeel, 1 Ch 4" (B Za(pa., A Zai0d, Luc. Zi0<i). ZIPHION. — See Zapuon. ZIPHRON. - See SinuAiM. ZIPPOR (-ii2v, twice [Nu 22"' 23'»] t2V).— Father of Balak king of Moab, Nu 22=-''-'»'9 23'8, Jos 24", Jg 11^ (all Zeircpuip). The name, which doubt- less in this case and in that of Zipporah h…
1,047 wordsSECTION 1374Section 1374
Brugscli asserts that Ramses II. transferred his court 10 Zoan, strengthened its fortifications and founded a new temple city ; that the place was called Pi liamessu, the city of Ramses, and that the new Pharaoh who ' knew not Joseph ' can lie no other than Ramses II. {Egypt under the Pharaohs, ii, 94, 96, 99). These …
1,227 wordsSECTION 1375Section 1375
On the South of ttie Dead Sea the ctiaracter of the soil is very different : there is here a large saline morass, ett-Sel/kha (above, p. 512'* note •), some 6 miles broad and 10 long, bounded on the N. half of its W. side by the cliffs of rock-salt called Jebet Usdum (vol. i. p. 575^, iij. 152), consisting of tine mud …
1,000 wordsSECTION 1376Section 1376
And, in fact, there are biblical data which, when considered carefully, appear to support the S. site. To say nothing of Dt 34', just referred to, it is observable that Zo'ar is alwaj'S spoken of as a Monb- ite town, and never claimed as an Israelite or (Jos 13""-') Reubenite town, as it naturally would be if it lay at…
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* 2 3 10<. Read u Wellhausen and Eloatennun— l|^;-nti] te;i 3ia c^'K-nx ijyp 'and tlie king of Moocuh, Uh-tob, and with him (13,000 men),' omittinK the awkward ' with a thuuwmd men.' In the parallel pass-ige (1 Ch IV^-), the Chronicler (fives the «yini. total ai 32,000 men <'•»■ 20,000-l-l'.!,000) : he ohviouBly, tlu-r…
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ZOPHIM.— The ' field of Zophim ' (D-?i- n--f, LXX (h dypou (jKOTnay) was one of the spots to which Balal^ took l'>alaa,m to view Israel, Nu23'*(JE). It is questionable whether we have here a proper name ; the Heb. expression means literally ' Held of viewers or lookers out' (note the addition 'to the top of Pisgah '). …
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• Its main dh-isiona are the Yasrui (abbreviated T» ), which includes the oldest part, the Gdtfids, or hymns ; the VathU (}'0, hymns in honour ot old nature powers; End the Ven- diddil (Vd ), the Leviticus of Parsism. Many of the most imiwrtanlof the 'Rabbinic' writings of Parnism are translated by Dr. E. W. West in th…
1,323 wordsSECTION 1380Section 1380
5. To the category of direct references belongs, according to general belief, the storj' of the MaGI • .See a close parallel in F. II. Groome's (Vy/»jji/ Folk-Taiei, No. 1. In his note he pivcs a list of jtarallelH elsewhere. Add Hinton Knowles, Fotk.Tales of Katifiinir, p. 40. A folk-tAle closely connected with ToOit…
1,308 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.