PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 4
James Hastings · 1,396,759 words · 1386 reading sections
Section 541
Ch. 8 forms the concluding survey to the history of David (cf. 1 S 14*fi-51 at the end of the history of Saul) : in its present form the chapt*** represents the work of the Deuteronomic editor, who seems, however, to have made use of the older sources. The wars are first noticed: with the Philistines (v.l), with the Mo…
1,110 wordsSECTION 542Section 542
(3) 1.3-20. The rebellion of Absalom, its cause and cllects. Amnon, David's lirstborn, and pre- sumably his successor, is murdered by command of Absalom for the violation of his half-sister Tamar : Absalom takes refuge with his maternal grandfather the king of Geshur (ch. 13). Joab, by the help of the wise woman of 'Te…
1,167 wordsSECTION 543Section 543
•Cook ingeniously emends 1727 'and ShobI the son of Nahash' (B'rij'p '^Pi) to 'and Nahash, etc., brought' (1K!3;i C'rtj), thus supplying (according to his view of the chronology) a motive for David's embassy in lun-. SAXAAS SANCTIFICATION 391 ttittonshtp between Judiib and Israel (or Bcnjaintn) previous to thiR uni…
926 wordsSECTION 544Section 544
_ SANAAS (H Zafii. A Saniaj ; AV Annaas. 1 Ks '"i-^i. — The sons of Sana.Ts returned from cajitivity under Zerubbal)el to the number of ,3:!:!0 (BJCUtl). In Kzr 2^, Ncli T's they are called the children of .Sfiiaali. In Neh :!■' tlie name has the article Uassenaali. The numbers given are 30;30 (Ezr. ), •i'.m (Xeh.). "…
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(i.) Its use outside the NT. (ii.) Its NT usage. B. Saiictifioalion as taught in the NT. By («) I'hrist. (ft) .St. Paul. (el Tlie Epistle to the Hebrews. ((/) St. Peter. (e) St. .John. C. Connected Suunnary. Literature. A. 'AriASMO'2.— (i.) Its vse outside the .VT.— The form of the word, indeed, suggests that emp…
1,114 wordsSECTION 546Section 546
B. S.VNCTIFICATION AS TAUGHT IN THE NT.— (a) By Christ. — Christ's own teaching on this sub- ject is too ideal or timeless to yield definite results SANCTIFICATIOX SAXCTIFICATIOX 393 as to the condiiions imposed by human frailty upon the ivalizatii'ii of Divine sonship. ' Ye shall be perfect as your heavenly Father…
1,101 wordsSECTION 547Section 547
(•J) This conscious self-consecration to the indwelling Spirit, to carry out God's will alone umler His prompting, and so to bear only * the fruit of the Spirit ' (Gal •^^■), is set forth under various ligures, but is uniformly represented as a single act— whether of breaking deiinitely with sinful habits, or of self-d…
1,034 wordsSECTION 548Section 548
((?) St. John. — In St. John we meet the idea that the regenerate, in virtue of the Divine .seed abiding in them, cannot sin habitually (1 .In 3^ 5* '*, cf. 3''). ]5ut a progressive imriHcation of life, on the model of Christ's purity and as the conscience is en- lightened, is taught (irSs 6 ex"" ''')'' ^Xrr(5o TavT-qv…
1,037 wordsSECTION 549Section 549
SANCTUARY SANCTUARY 395 and aniiiiatiiis;, and so in utter reliance on His miglity initiative. A moral conflict there is, a stnijigle that taxes tlie nerves of the soul and ex- ercises all its vigilance ; but it is a conflict «/ faith (1 Ti ()'-). conducted in reliance upon Divine re- sources (Christ, and the Holy S…
1,183 wordsSECTION 550Section 550
(<■) The special sanctity of mouiila inn anA hig/i hilbi wui a widespread belief, not confined to the Semites, in the ancient world. The earliest sanctuary of whh-h wo have any historical, as distinguished fl-om legendary, record In OT is the mountain sanctuary of IIokeu-Sixai, 'the mountain of (iod' (KxS', cf. 1 K lll…
1,112 wordsSECTION 551Section 551
From the time when the Hebrews served them- selves heirs to the sanctuaries of Canaan, the worship of J" was there celebrated for several centuries with the full approval of Israel's religions guides (see 1 S 7", 1 K S-" IS** and oft.). Such local worship is alone contemplated in the oldest Hebrew legislation (' in eve…
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E. llfLL. SANDAL.— See DuEriS, vol. i. p. 627. SAND FLIES (UVm of Ex 8'« and Wis 19"').— See Lli K. SAND LIZARD.— See Snail. •■SANHEDRIN — I. TIu» nninc and Its hUtory, II. Origin iinil history of the Institution, iii. IMnt-i- <if iiu-fllnj;. Iv. <'oiii]H>^ttion, anil qualltlcatlons for membor8hl[>. V. Till' [ir…
1,063 wordsSECTION 553Section 553
2. In the records relating to the Greek period we find the supreme council of Jeitisalem bearing the designation yepovtrla. It is so named by Antiochus the Great (c. 200 B.C.) at the head of the leading classes of the .Jews who are freed from all imposts and taxes (Jos. Ant. XII. iii. 3). Antiochus v., in a letter to t…
1,040 wordsSECTION 554Section 554
SANHEDRIN SAXHEDRIN 399 the other hand, that faithful adlicreiice to tradi- tion about the ancient Saidiediin secured the retention in the new body of many peculiarities of the institution its it had existed in its last decades. In this way even the statements about the Sanhi-ilrin preserved in Tannaite tradition an…
1,024 wordsSECTION 555Section 555
2. We have no posiiive information as to wTio composed the Sanhedrin. The halachic tradition on this ])oint must be regarded as theory, derived only in part from the actual condition of things. The members of the Sanhedrin were called ''Ji"!', 'elders' ( = irpc(7/3i}Tepoi ) , a name which gained its special sense from …
945 wordsSECTION 556Section 556
As the high court of juatice described in 2 Ch 19^ consisted of * I.evites, priests, and* beads of Israelitish families,' so in the ancient exposition of Dt IT" (Sifre, tid loc, § 1.^ ad init.) it Is stated tliat the court dealing with law cases must have priests and T.evites amongst its nienibers, hut that even withou…
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3. Yet another transference of later relations t(» SAN H ED KIN SANHEDRIN 401 early times took place witli respect to the title Xasi. This title, which fnnii the second half of the 2nil cent. A.I), onwards had become hereditary, was also attributed to the forefathers of its heredi- tary bearers. It was said (Bab. S…
1,266 wordsSECTION 558Section 558
2. Cases" affecting life and death came, according to the Mishna {tSnnhed. i. 4), before the little Sanhedrin (of 23 members). As a matter of fact, in important instances the Great Sanhedrin was called together to pronounce judgment. Accord- ing to a Tannaite tradition (Jerus. Saiihed. 18«, 24/)), the right of judging …
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LlTERATCRE. — In all accounts of Jewish history at the time of the seeond temple, as well as in the Histories of NT times, the Sanhedrin is treated of in more or less detail. The sources aro the wriliups of Josephus and the NT on the one band, and the Jewish tradition-literature on the other. Amongst the latter the nam…
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Two varieties of lapis lazuli, a natural and an artificial, were known to the ancients. The former came from Cyprus and Scythia, and was ' a silicate and sulphate of calcium, sodium, and aluminium.' The latter was made in Egypt : it was an alkaline silicate, coloured deep -blue with carbonate of copper ; scarabs and si…
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1 There Is an incident quoted by Kbers In the 'Tale of the Two Brothers' which partly illustrates this; M< Fetrie't Egi/ptian TaUt, 2nd ser., 1806, pp. 63-66. i04 SARAH •she shall become nations' (cf v.* 3o ) ; k mgs of people, shall be from her' (cf. v.« 3o>' ; and >ee 36»'). Abraham 'laughs' in ^"'^"'^"''ty at t e…
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^f God,' understanding this as a tit e of Simon The original we, 'and,' is supposed to have been corrupte'd into be, ' i°\ This view first pro- nosed by Wemsdorf (1747 , is adopted bj Scholz. S^^mm%chiirer, Z6ckler,,Kautzsch, Kraetzschma^ and others. 2. {Bc)shdar-am-d, 'at the gate of the people of God,' or-3. j^…
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• No colm, however, are known itruck »t Sardii either by the ■atraps under Terelftn rule or by the city as Ret free by Alexander. Probably AntlKoiius deprived It of treolom and the riitbt of colna|{e, and under Beleucid rule It continued iu that oppreeaed eon.lition. t See CIL z. 1624 : Roibforth, Latin Uittorieal Int…
1,043 wordsSECTION 564Section 564
SARDONYX. — The name indicates the structure of the gem, a layer of sard and one of onyx. Pliny (NN 37, 86) says : Sardonyches olim . . . intellige- bantur candore in sarda, hoc est veluti came ungui hominis imposita et utroque tralucido. The finest then cauie from Arabia and India. In the latter country it was found i…
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SARID (ili? ; B 'E(Te!i(Kyu\i, ZeSSovK ; A ZapBlS, Za/iS ; Sarid). — A border town of Zebulun, situated to the west of Chisloth-tabor (IksAl, Jos 19">- '=). Eusebius and Jerome (Onum. s. -apld, Sarith) do not identify it. Conder, following the reading ZleSSovK, and that of the ancient Syriac version, 'Asdod,' reads 'Sa…
1,056 wordsSECTION 566Section 566
(4) In Micaiah's vision the emissary who goes forth to execute Jehovah's behest is a lying spirit (^;5l^ nn) in the mouth of the prophets who lures Ahab to his doom (1 K 22-"-). It would lead us beycmd the limits of our subject if wo were to discuss the OT conceptions of Jehovah's character involved in this naive portr…
1,042 wordsSECTION 567Section 567
The demonology of the Book of Enoch is de- velojied with remarkable fulness, and presents striking analogies to that of the NT. Charles, in his art. APOCALYPTIC LlTERATUEE in the present work (cf. his edition of the Book of Enoch), would pl.ace the dates of the different sections between 180 and 64 B.c.t The demons pro…
926 wordsSECTION 568Section 568
.Some reference may hero be made to the inter- esting Book of the Secrets of Enurh recently bro\i;;ht to light in its Slavonic form by Mr. Mortill. It has been supposed that it was origin- ally composed about the beginning of the Christian era. Here again we note the identification of Satan with the Serpent in Gn 3. We…
926 wordsSECTION 569Section 569
410 SATAN SATAN but this is doubted by Weiss {Bib. Tlienl. of NT, i. p. 103, footnote). He is usually called 6id;3oXos (a literal rendering of the Hebrew name) ; some- times 6 Toi'Tipis, Mt 13"- ^, 2 Th 3', and perhaps in the Lord's Prayer ; 6<pis apxaio;. Rev 12' 20- ; i ixBpds, Mt 13'^ ; 6 toC Kbuiiov flpx"". Jn '…
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Over all this world of evU energy Satan reigns, and all its collective power for evil is gathered up in his personality. He is the tempter (6 Treipdiuv, 1 Th 3^ 1 Co 7= ; cf. Mt i^'^ and parallels). Bodily diseases are ascribed to him just as in Lk 13"". Indeed, in one remarkable passage, 1 Co 5*- ', we even see Satan…
1,041 wordsSECTION 571Section 571
• In Ak, It, O he appears oa Beliar, and in 7* as SammoeU Oe«. Tha. 1. 210 notes the rendering of Belial (Beliar) by domimu Qiru in Svriao lexicOffmpherB. Sense as well oa sound f«v corresponds to the ending) contribut«d to this translation, which stxords with tradition respecting Beliar's realm. finally cast into the…
1,233 wordsSECTION 572Section 572
LrrRRATURB. — Tn ftddltlon to the reff. in the article, see art. •Teufel' in PRK^ and 'Satan' in Smith's DB; also Dorner, Christliche Glaubeiwlehre, lid. iL pp. 183-217, and the list of literature on p. 189 ; Martensen, Chrintian Dogmatics, pp. 188-203 ; Kaftan, Doftmatik, pp. 348 ff. (much to be commended), 478. On Bc…
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The other account represents Samuel as the acknowleilged head over Israel, who ruled in Kainah as judge. When the Israelites, dissatisfied with their condition and %>ith the conduct of tlie judge's sons, desired a king, he at first refused their request, as rejecting God's immediate government in the nation, but at J"'…
1,063 wordsSECTION 574Section 574
Certainly, Saul through this quarrel was de- prived of a restraining and a strengthening influ- ence. The victory, too, at Jlichmash could not be final, it was only introductory. The Philistines, with their organized force and their strong cities, could better uear such a defeat than the Israelites such a victory. What…
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The first intention of the fugitive seems to have been to settle in a tract still occupied by the Canaanites which lay between Judah and Philistia. It enjoyed the double advantage of lying near the settlements of his own kindred, and of olFering the desert for a last retreat. There he might hope to set up an independen…
1,017 wordsSECTION 576Section 576
Saul was married to Ahinoam, the daughter of Ahim.'iaz (1 S H*"). Most of his sons died at his side (31-') ; but one at least, Ishbaal or Ishbosheth (which see), escaped from CJilboa to meet a sadder fate (2 S 4"). A son of Jonathan, Mephibosheth (which see), appears in the history of David (2S0'"- ]9="'), and from him…
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416 SAW SCEPTKE changed ' ; and the Note to Lv 1' in Matthew's Bible, ' This sv'cte odoure is : the sacryfyce of fayth and of |nire aU'eccjron, in wliych God is as delited, as a man is delited in tlie good savoure of meates, as it is said of Noe, Gen. viii. d.' (3) Figuratively, rrputntiun. Ex 5^^ ' Ye have made ou…
1,128 wordsSECTION 578Section 578
G. E. Post. SCEPTRE is AV and RV tr. of 1. t:z? shebet: Gn 49'" (' The sceptre [LXX iSpx""] s'la" not depart from Judah,' etc. ; on this passage see art. Law- giver in vol. iii. p. 83, and Shiloii, below, p. 500f.), Nu 24" (' there shall come forth a star out of Jacob, and a sceptre [LXX ivSpiinroi] shall rise out of …
1,020 wordsSECTION 579Section 579
The wiiole paragraph must be taKen together. It represents St. Paul's miracles and spiritual power in contrast to the magical customs which so >\*idely prevailed. Many Jews especially devoted themselves to sorcery, and Ephesus was noted for, amongst other forms of sorcery, the Ephesia gram- Tnata (see Ephksus and Magic…
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It has been suggested that w.n-20 have been added to the original work. Hil^enfeld ascribes the passage to R. Ramsay, who has taken a dislike to it, says : ' If there were many such contrasts in the book as between vv,n-20 aiid 2J-4i, i should be a believer in the composite character of the .A.cts' (St. Paul the Travel…
1,010 wordsSECTION 581Section 581
Science in the modem sense, that is, the dis- covery and chussilication of secondary laws, is unknown to the Bible. To the Hebrew mind 5>henonicna were immediately due to the word of 'ehovali. See P. Thomson in Expos. 2nd ser. vol. L pp. 161 ff., 241 fr. J. Hastinqs. SCORPION (:"HV 'nkrdbh, rKoprlos, scotpio, Arab. '…
959 wordsSECTION 582Section 582
Though the same in meaning as • Hcribble* (from Lat. teribere to write), it has no conne.xion with that word etjTnologically. Skeat considers it to be a dialectic form of *sorappIe' (a fre- quentative of 'scrape'), of which 'scramble' is a nasalized form. Bunyan uses ' scrabble' in the sense of ' scramble ' (/*/* p. 11…
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In the NT they are usually called ypa/jL/iaTett {' scribes,' ' men of letters '), occasionally also vo/ii/toJ (' lawyers') and ro/iodiSda-KaXoi ('doctors,' ' teacliera • Scribes are mentioned in Jer 88, where the prophet accuses them of falsifying the Law (cf. Giesebrecbt, ad toe). The term Sopher occurs frequently i…
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f AccordiDK to Schiirer It was not till after the time of Christ that ' Rabbi 'became a title ; Id the Uospels it Is not a title, but a reswrthil form of address. : Cf. Atnth I. 1: The men of the Oreat Sj-naKoiruo 'said three tbint^s: Be deliberate in Jurl^^ment; and raise up many dladple* ; a id make a fence to the T…
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As expositors and guardians of the Law the scribes occupied themselves mainly with precepts regarding sacriliics, the festival celebrations, the observance of the Sabbath, the payments to be made to the priests and the temple, and more especially with those relating to levitical purity in the matter of foods, purificat…
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It is probable, however, that they received pay- ment for their teaching (cf. our Lord's saying, Mt 10", Lk 10', and St. Paul's assertion of his right, seldom exercised, of being supported by those to whom he preached the gospel, 1 Co 9'''°, 2 Co 11"-, Ph 4'»-'8), and that they knew how to enrich themselves at the expe…
939 wordsSECTION 587Section 587
yray th'-e, out of thy book which thou iia.st written,* and v. 33 fhovah answers, ' Whosoever liaji sinned against me, him will I blot out of my book." See Charles, Hook of Enoch, p. 131 tt. 2. ypiii/ia : this »ord is used in NT in the foil, •enscs — (1) A letier of the alphabet, a written character. Gal 6" (where AV …
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124 SEA SEA, BRAZEN mytholo<;ical, and apocalyptic references to the sea, which in several passages give to tlie word a theological signiticance. In tliis use the word 'sea' is closely allied with the word 'deep' (ciin LXX and NT ^ S/iicrtros), whicli means (1) the primeval sea, from which all arose (Gn 1^, Ps 24") …
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425 the vessel, probablj' two rows of colocynths * were dfiured, these being cast with the basin, and not subsequently carved, btade t has shown on gram- matical and other grounds that the numeral ' ten ' must go with 'cubits' and not with 'colocynths,' and that, in sliort, the words constitute a, clumsy gloss, and ha…
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SEA OF CHINNERETH, SEA OF GALILEE.— See Ualilee, Sea of. SEA OF GLASS (AV), GLASSY SEA (RV), 0i\auaa iiaklvq, occurring Rev 4° 15*'"', has no exact parallel in previous or contemporary litera- ture. But, as the scene in Rev 4 .attaches itself to Ezk 1, it is natural to find in the 'glassy sea before the throne ' a re…
1,017 wordsSECTION 591Section 591
(6) Structure of seals. — \l we may judge from the seals and signet-rinf;s that have come down to us, seals were of two kinds: (1) the small seal of precious stone or precious metal in a signet-ring ; (2) the more ample cone-shaped or round seals, some of metal (occasionally set in stone), some of porcelain or terra-c…
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SEAL, SEAL SKIXS SEA-MO>,'STER 42; it is said tliat believers are sealed with the Holy Spirit of promise (Eph 1'^) ; sealed unto the day of redemption (4**) ; sealed and having, in the Spirit within us, the earnest of what we shall be (2 Co l'"). Working back from the early assimilation of baptism to circumcision a…
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It has been coiucuoed that, in most of the OT passages where tannin and liwydthdn occur, a mythological or semi - mythological allusion is present. Such an allusion is discovered, for in- stance, in Is 27' ' In that day the LoKD with his sore and great and strong sword shall punish liwydthdn the fleeing serpent (oi; s^…
1,179 wordsSECTION 594Section 594
of some powerful and political nations'; p. 231 ' there is little doubt tliat the ancient builders 01 the ruins in Mashonaland, the forts and towns between the Zambesi and the Limpopo, utilized the Sabi river as tlieir road to and from the coast. This, like other African rivers, was in ancient times suitable for large …
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SEED, SEEDTIME There is a threefold usage of tlie words rendered by EV 'seed.' 1. Botaniciil ami ugrieultnnd. — The common Heb. term is yij (Aram, m Dn 2"), usually 'seed,' but in Gn 8'--' ' seed time,' and in Lv 2(5° ' sowing time.' In Ezk \-o VT'T^i? is tr. ' fruitful field ' (KV ' fruitful soil '). ' Sowing seed ' …
1,009 wordsSECTION 596Section 596
SEIR (vvf 'rough,' 'shaggy').— 1. The name of a mountainous district cast of the 'Arabah, j)eopled by the Edomites. It was originallj- occu- pied by liorites or 'cave-dwellers' (Gn 14" [where read, after LXX and Sam., ryt? -nci for b oyin of MT] 36''" [in the latter passage Seir is personified a) the eponymous ancestor…
1,225 wordsSECTION 597Section 597
Outline of the history of Petra. — The history of Petra has yet to be written. The following are some of the leading historical events : — (1) Its history commences in the time of Abra- ham, when Chedorlaomer, king of Elara, with his allies, swept over the region of Mount Seir, then inhabited by the Sorites (or cave-d…
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* On the coins of Potra the dty ll represented as a veiled and tnrTcU-<l female sittinK on a roclt. For other predictions of the desolation of tklom, see Is 84>'", Jer 4Bi^», Ob ixi. Petra and Kadesh-bamea. — The suggestion that these two places were identical comes from Dean Stanley, and would not have been considere…
1,043 wordsSECTION 599Section 599
The 3ia-4'zXu« of LXX, Theod., ftnd Symm. has received almost as many varying interpretations as the original word itself. 'Quidam diapsalma commutationem metn dixerunt esse ; alii pausationem spiritus ; nonnulli alterius sensus ex- ordium. Sunt qui rhythmi distinctionem, et quia psalmi tunc teraporis juncta voce ad or…
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LlTEBATtTRE.— Ewald, Biit. of I^ael, v., London, 1S80, pp. 28©- 864 ; Schiirer, BJP I. i. 1(;»-185,— for genealogy', I. ii. 393 ; Ryssd in art. ' Syrien ' in PRE 3 xv. 176 f.. Driver, Daniel, pasniu. J. Macpherso.v. SELEUCUS I. (Nikator), the founder of tha Seleucid dynasty, on the death of Alexander, in B.C. 323, aft…
966 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.