PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 4
James Hastings · 1,396,759 words · 1386 reading sections
Section 901
,„ 1,,:.. o- • .. ', or in Ezr 2 and 8 (for other argumenU of a similar kind, see Kucnen's Essay), came afterwards to be spoken of as the Great Syna"0','ue was originally a meeting, and lot « permanent institution. ' It met once for al., and everything tliat is told about it, except wliat we read in Nehemiah, is jiur…
1,011 wordsSECTION 902Section 902
Synicuse was one of the most famous and magnificent colonic-a of Greece. It« defeat of the j^reat Athenian expedi- tion in B.C. 415 waa one of the most critical events in Greek history ; and it« kings were among the leading powers in tlie Greek world. Whether it preserved it« old prosperit.v in the first centiiPr- afte…
992 wordsSECTION 903Section 903
I. New Testament. — Older scholars spoke of that Sj'r. VS of the NT wliic h alone was known to them as ' the Queen ' of all Bible version.s. But now we have more than one, at least for the Gospels. 1. Tradition. — When, in the 16th cent., the Syr. VS of the NT became known in Europe, the belief prevailed that it was d…
969 wordsSECTION 904Section 904
• There U no cround for the statement which U sonietimea made (for instance by Jiilicher, EirUeitimg, S S,) thai he 'burned' the copies. mentary is again preserved only in translation (in Armenian) ; it was used by Aphraates, and few direct quotations have been preserved by Synao le\ico"-raphersand commentators: these…
926 wordsSECTION 905Section 905
(5) S» older than S* (Resch, Duval ; see Hjelt, p. 95). (n) C — Si° (Baethgen, Zahn), before the discovery of S'. (6) C— S'— S'or (c) ir<^! Z older than 5' (Zahn, Nestle, Hil- genfeld, Bardenhewer, Gwilliam, Cundber''). (6) *•— C— 5°— S". So in tlie main Ujelt; S' on the whole a faithful witness of the Old Syr. VS…
974 wordsSECTION 906Section 906
The quotations from Ephraem have been investi- gated by K. 11. Woods (Studin Bihlira, iii. 132 If.) : the result is the same; the inllucnce of another version than S"* cniinot be denied ; but that in- fluence is not half so strong as in Aphraates. But the HoMian edition of Ejihracm's work is ex- cessively uncritical, a…
1,017 wordsSECTION 907Section 907
2. On Cureton's text (title above), of. Fragments of the Cure- tonian Gusjiels, e<iited by W. Wright (London, IS721, 4to, only 100 copies printed for private circulation, first published bv E. Roe- diger in Monatsberiditt der Berliner Akademie, 8. Juli'is72, pp. * Cf. the Important notice of P. de Lagarde, ifittheilun…
918 wordsSECTION 908Section 908
• Benslv died ft few days after the return to Cambridge, 23rd April 189.1. t Reviews and papers called forth by the p'^^'i^^tion ar« mentioned, Urt. 112 ff. ; add to them FaVrar in the Expositor, Jan. 1895. On the reading Mt 11^ 'Joseph, to whom the Virgin .Marv was betrothed, begat Jesus,' see the correspondence in t…
925 wordsSECTION 909Section 909
Prom a MS of Ussher(now in the Trinity Library of Dublin) the .same passage had been printed by de Dieu, 1031 (Animadvcrsioncs in quattuur Ecan- qelia). A third translation was due to the abbot Mar Paul, apparently Paul of Telia; a fourth has been printed by J. White (ex codice Barscdibcei at the end of the Go.spels in…
962 wordsSECTION 910Section 910
Sote.—The Nomocanon of Barhebrxus, ch. 7, 5 3 (p. 103, ed. BedJHii) oil the number of the holy books and those besides(!t«), quotes canon 81 of the Apostles, that all clergy and laymen ought to have the Holy Scriptures of the OT, i.e. 5 books of Moses, Josh., Judges, Ruth, Judith; 4 books of Kin^s ; 2 of Chron. : 2 of …
915 wordsSECTION 911Section 911
. KP'TIX. J vrhbt K,T03n (read K^nfrl)- t D'D-naT ISO. 5 loi'-in. ^ ktdh -a. SYRIAC VERSIONS SYRIAC VERSIONS 651 (Erit. Mils.) it is stated that the (S3-riac) Psalter was translated from the Palestinian into Hebrew, according to the translation of Symmachus the Samaritan. Otlier Psalters have the heading K?^rcn, …
898 wordsSECTION 912Section 912
On the Pentateach: L. Hirzel, de Pentateuehi versionin tyr. (peschito) indole commentatic critiea-exeaetica. Lips. 1815 ; S. D. Luzzatto, Philoxenug 8. de Onkeiosi chald. Pentateuchi versione. Ace, appendix de Syriavmis in chaldd. paraphraeibus Veterit Texlamenti, Vindob. 1830 ; J. M. ScliHnfflder, Onkelna und Peschitl…
935 wordsSECTION 913Section 913
(2) On the re^a-sion which Jacob of Edessa under- took in the years 704 and 705, see Urt. 236 ; Wright, p. 17. Michael the Great (1167-1200) tells of him that he became a Jew, because he suspected that the Jews, out of jealousy, had not communi- cated to the Gentiles all tiieir books (see Die Canones Jacobs von Edessa …
930 wordsSECTION 914Section 914
The I.XX readinjfs are as follows : — Jos 122' B om., A e«>«j;, Luo. Biactrnx. „ 1711 _, do., „ T«.ix. If <lo. „ 2125 „ T.>«x, „ e««.ix, M do. Jg I*' „*«••«, „ 'E«((«.««i, „ •£«/)«.«•» (?■^:x=•nK (Kedpathl). „ 6i« „ e<.««x. .. 0""x, » ei.xix- 1 K 4" „ om., „ e««.oj:, „ A;e«^ 1 Ch 729 „ e«A^«, „ e««.«x- LrrKRAT…
904 wordsSECTION 915Section 915
the Curtains, the divisions of tlie Dwelling, the Veil and the Screen. Tiii. The furniture of the Holy Place— («) the Table of Shew- breod or Presence-Table ; (6) the golden Lampstand ; (c) the Altar of Incense. Ix. The furniture of the Most Holy Place — the Ark and the Propitiatory or Mercy-seat. X. Erection and C…
924 wordsSECTION 916Section 916
The same representation of the tent as pitched without the camp, and as associated with Moses and Joshua in particular, reappears in the narrative of the seventy elders (Nu H'*'-^"'"), and in the inci<lent of Miriam's lepro.'<y (12"'-, note esp. v.*'-), both derived from E ; also in the reference, based upon, if not or…
932 wordsSECTION 917Section 917
ii. TheTauernacleofthe Prie.stly Writers. — The literary sources. — These are almost exclu- sively from the hand of the authors of the great priestly document of the Pentateuch. This docu- ment, as has long been recognized, is not the product of a single pen, or even of a single period. The results which recent critic…
902 wordsSECTION 918Section 918
the testimony ' (see No. 10 below), by giving to the Niphal of ly^ ('make known,' ' reveal one's self,' as above) the sense of niy 'to testify of one's self.' The LXX, therefore, according to this scholar, was perfectly jvistitied in rendering both the above designations by riti'.vy. tow fjutptuftici' (see below)i The …
973 wordsSECTION 919Section 919
656 TABER^^ACLE TABERXACLE a sanctuary, wliith in its fabric, in its personnel, and in all its appointments, shall be for future ages the ideal of a ht dwelling for J", the holy covenant God of the community of Israel, once again restored to His favour. That this is the point of view from which to approach our study…
916 wordsSECTION 920Section 920
V. The general Arrangement and Sym- metry OF THE Sanctuary. —TAe Covrt of the Dwelling (Ex 27»-'Hl'^] = 389-'»[P']; cf. Josephus, Ant. III. vi. 2). — Once again we must start from Ezekiel. For the realization of his great ideal, Ezekiel places his new temple in the centre of a square tract of country, 25,000 cubits in …
922 wordsSECTION 921Section 921
•Cf. DiUmann, Sum.-Jutita, (MOf., who also curiHtciiTij P to have (listinKuishcd four pcrio<i8 of the world's htstory char- acterized by the decreasing Icn^h of human life in the propor- tion S:4 :2:i. t TIm >e are flmt mentioned in P* (3&>* ' the pine of the court* •nJ thiir cords,' 3(H0 etc.). VOL. IV. — 43 stays (…
901 wordsSECTION 922Section 922
■ covering of the altar ' were made from the bronze censers of the rebellious company of Korah (Nu 16"*''). Round the altar, half-way between top and Vjottom, ran a projecting 'ledge' (so RV for the obscure 3iD-i3, only 27° 2&* ; AV ' the compass,' etc.), attached to which and reaching to the ground was a grating (RV ;…
985 wordsSECTION 923Section 923
Now, on the very threshold of our study of Ex 26, we meet with a clear statement, the far- reaching significance of which has been overlooked by most of those who have written on this sub- ject. It is contained in these few words: 'Thou shalt make the dwelling (iJf?, EV ' tabernacle ') of ten curtains' (26'). To this f…
1,134 wordsSECTION 924Section 924
We now proceed to test the value of this tradi- tion. The avowed intention of P, it is admitted on all hands, is to construct ' a movable and am- bulatory temple' for the desert marches. Could anything be more absurd than to begin by con- structing enormous logs of wood, each with a cubic content — on the most usual co…
902 wordsSECTION 925Section 925
for eaeli frame, joined to each other by cross-railt — 10 cubits the height and a cubit and a half the breadth of the single frame.' We now see how it is that a writer so fond of measurements as P haa omitted to give the third dimension: a frame baa, strictly speaking, no thickness ! * The frames, according to our pre…
1,009 wordsSECTION 926Section 926
fore one of the projecting bastions (2 Ch 26", Neh 3-') which guarded the wall at important changes in its course. We conclude from these data that Iha word in the pas.'sage before us must denote some- thing of the natiue of a projecting buttre.s8 at the two western comers of the wooden framework. V.** has been the des…
1,172 wordsSECTION 927Section 927
Over the tapestry curtain was spread in like manner the curtain of goats' hair, the ' tent ' of P*. Our present text (vv.*-'-), however, presents an insurmountable difficulty in the arrangement of these curtains. To cover the dwelling, and that completely, they required to be only 40 x 30 cubits. But even when the sixt…
931 wordsSECTION 928Section 928
The material was acacia wood, overlaid like the ark with pure gold. The sheathing of these two • The arrangement of the Kunva, indeed, affords • striking analogy to that of the curtains of the tabernacle. ^ Tills follows from the fact that the veil is to hang directly under the gold clasps joinini.' the two sets of …
914 wordsSECTION 929Section 929
table was only 1 cubit or six handbreadths, the loaves were baked with two handbreadths [their 'horns'] turned up at either end, thus taking the shape of a huge square bracket! (For these and similar speculations, as curious as useless, see Mcnnlwth xi. 4 tl". ; the Baraithn, % vii., with Flcschs notes and diagrams ; E…
1,155 wordsSECTION 930Section 930
• This appears from 2533, where the cujis are defined as each consisting of 'a knop and a flower'; hence in v. 31 "its knops and its flowers' are to be taken as in apposition to 'its cups' (see Dillm. in loc.), not, as alreaiiy in L.XX, as two additional ornaments («' xpa.r^.ptt k«; m c^xtptiryipu mi rit xp<\x ; cf. th…
965 wordsSECTION 931Section 931
TABERXACLE TABERNACLE 66t of incense* and the ark of the covenant.' The same verse contains a similar divergent tradition rej^arding tlie contents of the ark (see next section). IX. The Fuu.viTunB of the Most Holy Place. —The Ark and the Propitiatory (Ex 25'°-"=37'-» [Gr. 38'"] ; Jos. Ant. III. vi. 5).— Within the …
992 wordsSECTION 932Section 932
For the transport of the sacred chest, its pro- pitiatory and chcrubini, two poles of acacia wood overlaid with gold are provided. These are to rest permanently ( Ex '2.')", otherwise Nu 4", where the staves are inserted wlien the march begins) in four rings, attached, according to our present text, to the four 'feet' …
1,225 wordsSECTION 933Section 933
• The (oudnese of the priestly writers (or proportion (2 : 1) haa oj'ain led to strange results, for, even with the colossal ' boards ' of previous writers reduced to frames (see § vii. (b)), the louls of the Merarites were out of all proportion to those of the tJershonites. Nu 7, however, is now recognized as one of t…
1,003 wordsSECTION 934Section 934
The problem that presented itself to the mind of P was this : Under what conditions may the Divine promise of Ezk 37*'' ('my dwelling shall be with them, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people ') be realized ? This we t;ike to be the supreme idea of the priestly code, the realiza- tion of the presence of …
944 wordsSECTION 935Section 935
The ' symbolism of numbers ' in the measure- ments of the tabernacle, of which so much has been written, is too firmly established to admit of question (for general principles .see art. NuMliER). "The sacred numbers 3, 4, 7, 10, their parts (U, 2, 2i, 5) and multiples (6, 9, 12, 20, 2S, 30, 42, 48, 50, 60, 100), domina…
908 wordsSECTION 936Section 936
TABERNACLES, FEAST OF.— The names ot this feast and the references to it in the Bible are given in the art. Feasts and Fasts. As the present article is a supplement to the above-nanied general one, the reader is recommended to refer to the latter (vol. i.), especially pp. 860, 861, and the synopsis on p. 863. (In the …
903 wordsSECTION 937Section 937
Very dillerent in character from the notice in Ezr 3 18 the account found in Neh 8'''". Here the details are interesting and instructive. The refer- ence to Lv SS""'" is clear. The material gathered by the people is that prescribed in Lv 23" (the wording of the two passages is in some respects ditleieiit ; cf. Ryle's n…
1,189 wordsSECTION 938Section 938
070 TABLE TABLE, TABLET separate table (0<I. xvii. 333). These were some- times covere.1 with a cloth (Crates, Ihena, in Ath. vi 267). The table was removed after the feast. The larger tables of a guest-chamber were longer trapezai, around which tlie guests rechned and liclped themselves from the common dishes ; hen…
956 wordsSECTION 939Section 939
11% it KM,. 19 341 Kr. 4 lU. ■^. 29_ pt 4" 5" l^nS- =1 9» "'• ioTn.15.17 lo'-"'"-"'*'-*-', IK 8», 2Ch 5'"); of a tablet for writing^ a prophecy upon (Is 30' [in?^], Hab 2=) • fi'^. in Pr 3^ 7* (wise counsels are to be written on the table of the heart), Jer 17' (the sin of Judah is graven [nynn] upon the table of thei…
1,109 wordsSECTION 940Section 940
A mountain bo situated, and bo beautiful, necessarily played an important part in the history of Israel. Its isolation, and the steepness of its slope.-i, marked it out, from time immemorial, as a fortress or rallying point ; and ilinktriictive beauty led the Rabbis to maintain that it was the mountain on which the te…
1,394 wordsSECTION 941Section 941
excavation, it is difficult to make any clear dis- tinction between them. The Latins and Greeks have in recent years erected churches and mon- asteries on the sites of the earlier buildings, and the Latins have recovered the place of the Trans- figuration mentioned by abbot Daniel. LlTlRATURl.— PJJF 3[em. i. 367, 388-…
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Whatever view be held as to Tamar, Tadmor is undouliledly the Palmyra of history, a city whose ruins have excited the admiration of all travellers, and whose history under the rule of tidenatus and Zenobia can never be read without feelings of high interest. The city rose from an oasis in the Syrian desert due to sprin…
953 wordsSECTION 943Section 943
E. Hull. • Biet, Augiinl. .Trri'p. p. 180. t Decline anil Fall, i. 391. | lb. i. .SOS. ( Decline and Full, i. 41)0 ; tho history- of Zenobia and Palm^-ra is Uikeri principally from the writintoi of I'ollio ; Vopnieus in Hint. Auijluit. I. ; a ni04lcm romance, Zenobia, or the Fall ojl I'almyra, bv Rev. W. Ware (11*^4…
954 wordsSECTION 944Section 944
TAHREA (!;inn).-A grandson of MepMboshetb 1 Ch 9" IB Gapdx, A eapd Luc. ^^P''")- ^ «' ".ime appears (prob. by a copyist's ei-vor) in 8» as Tarea (Jj4i3 ; B Qtpie, A eap^e, LuC. Gapaa). TAHTIM HODSHI, The Land of (tiij d'P'?,p P? ' •ASa^al; terra inferiora Hodsi)-A place east of Jordan which Joab and his officers visi…
1,011 wordsSECTION 945Section 945
Notice, linall}', some antiquated uses of the phrase to take up: (1) To lift, Is 40" ' He taketh up the isles as a very little thing ' ; cf. Ac 7" ' Ye took up the tabernacle of MolecTi' (i.e. to carry it about with you) ; 21" ' We took up our carriages' (iiroaKevaadfi.ti'ot, edd. <iri<rit., KVm ' made ready'). (2) To …
1,007 wordsSECTION 946Section 946
G. B. Gray. TALMON (p\o, in Neh 12» ps^o).— The name of a family of temple gatekeepers, 1 Ch 9", Ezr ^, Neh 7" 11" 12^ (B Ta^MiiM, TeXMU", TcXomu", TeXa- tielv ; A TfX/idi', TeX^iiy, ToX/iiiv ; Luc. 'ZcKii.wv, except in 1 Ch 9" TeX^iii'). See, also, Telem. TAMAR (ncB ' palm-tree '). — 1. (Qa^iip) A Canaan- ite woman,…
1,006 wordsSECTION 947Section 947
Tammuz was originally the Sun-god, the son of Ea and tlie goddess Sirdu, and the bridegroom of the goddess Istar. He seems to have been primarily a god of Eridu, the culture-city of Baby- lonia on the Persian Giilf. His home was under tlie shade of the tree of life or world-tree, .vhicli grew in the midst of the garden…
907 wordsSECTION 948Section 948
Literature. — Sayce, RH. of the A ncieiu Babyloniang^ ch. iv. ; Frazer, Uolden JJutujh, i. 278 |2 u. 115ff., 263 f.J ; W. K. SmiUi, JVS (Index g. 'Adonis'); Jensen, Eosmot. der Bab., passim; Movers, PA#n. i. liH, 202(1. ; Jastrow, AW. of Bab. andAssur., IS'JS, pp. 482, 564, 674, etc. ; Toy in PB, ' Ezi^kiel,' ad loc. ;…
1,220 wordsSECTION 949Section 949
G. E. Post. TARGET.— l.=ft mark to aim at; see Mark (vol. iii. p. 244). 2. = a shield; see BUCKLER and Shield. TARGUM (c'j-iB * 'translation,' 'interpretation, cf. cj-ir3 Ezr 4'j. — The Targums are the transla- tions or paraphrases of the OT books made in the Aram, dialect, wliich superseded Hebrew as a spoken langua…
904 wordsSECTION 950Section 950
i. For the Pent., three Targums : (1) the Targ. of Onlieloa, also called the Bab. Targ. on the Pentateuch ; (2) a Tarj;. ot certain parts of the Pent., called the Jems. Tarp. II. or the Fra^Tuentary Targum : (3) a complete Targ. on the Pent, akin to No. C^), called the Targ. of Jonathan [pseudo-Jonathan], or Jerus. Tar…
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In passages where eyes, arms, hands, fingers, face, mouth, wings, etc., are attributed to God, some other expression (as 'word,' 'might,' 'shekinah') is often (not always) employed: Gn821, Ex 7-1 »ii> Ism, Jos 42* 9", Ps 3iii. Expressions in the gen. case before the name ot God are paraphrased : Gn 2Sl'~ 3113, Ex 420. …
982 wordsSECTION 952Section 952
Its fragmentary condition ha» been accounted for in various ways. (1) Zunz 5 considered it a collection of various reading to the so-called pseudo-Jonathan Targum on the Pentateuch. But the agreements are no less numerous and striking than the dilTerences, and cannot be reasonably explained by the assumed • Dalman, Gr…
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First edition of Jems. Targ., Venice, 1591. Order and muttial Relation 0/ the Pent. Tar'j urns.— The question whether the I'>ag. Targ. was not a collection ot variants and parallels to peeudo-Jon., and therefore later, has been referred to above. A further question was raised by Gei^rer,' when he clainied to prove tha…
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{lanion works. From certain passages which both lave verbally in common, it has been inferred, probably correctly, that Jonathan used Onkelos : cf. Jg 5», Dt 32", 1 S 12", Nu W\ 2 K 14», Dt ii-', Jer 4S"-" Nu 21^'-. J The Targ. on the historical books is more literal than that on the Prophetce Posteriores, but poetical…
1,143 wordsSECTION 955Section 955
* Of. the preform. Impf. 8 pen. masc. iniat well a< in * ; emph. nati cf noun* etc. )rm. Impl in •.. ; V (or n*; adverbs in n'K, ; Vl (=qi-!K), t Dathe, De rati&ne cniisensus vfrsionis chaldairce et gijriacfe i^rov. Saloin., ed. Rosenniuller, 1814; cf. Noldeke in Merx'B Archie, 1871, p. 240; MayUum, ti. p. 8& The t…
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Even when critically edited, the Targums are not likely to be of much use for the criticism of the lleb. text of the OT. That text was fixed as we have it before any of our Targg. were com- piled, anil it is but seldom that they throw any reliable light where it is needed. For a reflexion of the spirit of Judaism, on t…
908 wordsSECTION 957Section 957
TARPELITES (k:^?^?, plur. emph. ; B Topo^aX- Xafoi, A and Luc. TapipaMaiOi). — One of the peoples settled by Assurbanipal (?) iu the cities of Samaria, Ezr 4'. Their identity is quite uncertain. Kawlin- son suggested the Ttiplai of the Inscriptions, i.e. the TifSapri^oi on the coast of Poutus ; Hitzig con- jectured Tri…
1,000 wordsSECTION 958Section 958
The products of Tarshish are mentioned Ezk 27'-'; Tarshish traded with Tyre with a ' multitude of all kinds of riches, with silver, iron, tin, and lead.' According to Jer 10' ' silver spread (RV 'beaten') into plates' is brought from Tarshish. Fin.ally, the precious stone called tarshish may be noticed ; but this, unfo…
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W<inckler (Forschuntjr.n, i. 44.5) modifies the Tartessus theory of Bochart, by referring Tarshish to Tap<n)io>', a place mentioned by Polyb. III. xxiv. 1 as one of the principal cities of Carthaginian Spain. § This view, however, he puts forward with great reserve. Cheyne (Or. Lit. ■ Zeitnng, iii. 151; cf. the presen…
966 wordsSECTION 960Section 960
The Cydnus originally flowed through the heart of Tarsus, as many authorities mention. But, w hen a flood in the river had done great harm in the cily, Justinian (."i27-5()3) cut an artificial channel to carry part of the water round the east side of the city. It would ajipear that gradually the branch of the river tha…
907 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.