PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 4
James Hastings · 1,396,759 words · 1386 reading sections
Section 1141
8. Confidence, fri«.7, Hab 2* ; probably, however, the meaning here also is 'faithfulness' (R\'m), in which cose this passage should be placed under 3. 9. As a l>tvine attribute ; (a) God's con-Rtafurj/ to His people, ihe/aith/ulnexs with which He had fuIlUled or would fulfil His covenant with Abraham and his descenda…
1,098 wordsSECTION 1142Section 1142
Moreover, the various senses of a word, even after they have once been dillerentiatcd by custom, may act and react upon one .another in their further use. And tlius there can be little doubt that the conception formed of religious and intellectual truth must have been more or less afl'ectcil by the various a.ssociation…
991 wordsSECTION 1143Section 1143
LXX. Again, it expresses the notion of tru-st- worthiness as an attribute of persons, or of their habitual words and deeds. Evidently, this imports something deeper than simply the truth of a particular saying or report can. This appears to be the commonest meaning in the LXX, and we can trace in this the influence of …
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TRUTH TRUTH Sly ' Ye did not so learn Christ if so be that ye heard him, and were taught in him, even as tnith is in Jesus.' But the moral characteristics and contents and eiTertsof the doctrine appear clearly from the context. 6t. I'aul declares that the true reception of it must render it iuip<»tJiible for them to…
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If a certain moral ajititude ia a conriition for recfiving the truth, BO also, when received, it has profoimd moral efl^ecU. It makes fret- (Jn &^«). The recognition of the tnith and c<)nformity to It brings man's being into the state meant for it ; the discords and contrwJictions involved in a state of sin are removed…
1,060 wordsSECTION 1146Section 1146
Unless we impugn the historical trustworthi- ness of the Fourth Gospel, that presentation of the idea of truth which is characteristic of NT begins with the teaching of ChriHt Himself. St. Paul, however, would seem to have acquired his 820 TRYPH/ENA TUBAL-CAIN view of it rather from the effect on his mmd of f^ith i…
1,085 wordsSECTION 1147Section 1147
Slaintive note and unresisting habits of the turtle ove are probably the characteri.stics alluded to by a psalmist, when he pleads that the gentle turtle dove shall not be delivered to the cruelties of the wicked (I's 74"). Its voice is the harhin''er of spring (Ca 2'^). Its migrations are also alluded to (Jer 8'). The…
1,325 wordsSECTION 1148Section 1148
(2) This text in its various forms differs only by adding a word or words after the reading of XAB, etc.J The common reading adds T<j/is after * This is the MSS reading. Many editors follow the scholiast, who evidently had maculo^as. t The orij^in of the name would of course be obscure to us, on this view : it would …
903 wordsSECTION 1149Section 1149
TYRE (^i [11 times nW] ZOr, i.e. 'rock' ; Ivpoi; Tel el-Aniarna tablets Zuru, Zurri ; referred to by Jerome as ~Jip, il^rpa, 17 Tvpiuy iriXis ; Arab. Si'ir). — i. Situation. — The modem small town of Tyre, built on the ruins of the once celebrated city, lies on a narrow strip of the Phcenician plain, about ciiuiilistan…
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iv. Extent and Influence of Tvrian Trade. — While Tvre produced certain manufactured articles, such as glass work and the crimson and bluish-purple dj-es obtained from the shell-fish * of the coast, the chief cau.se of its wealth and fame was its trade-carrying pre-eminence. Tyre was the great sea-pedlar of the ancient…
930 wordsSECTION 1151Section 1151
vi. TvuK AND Israel. — In the partition of the kingdom of Israel under Joshua, the stronghold of Tyre is mentioned in connexion with the portion of Asher (Jos 19'-"). The most intimate connexion between Ty'''' '^"'^ Israel was in the time of Hiram and Solomon, wlicn a covenant of friendship was entered into in connexio…
957 wordsSECTION 1152Section 1152
Few sites in the historical East present such an all'ecting and instructive record of persistent struggle, splendid achievement, and irretrievable doom. By her ilestined pathway of commerce Tyre exerted upon the world an intluence that ranks with that of Jerusalem in religion, Athens in philo- sophy, and Rome in gover…
1,030 wordsSECTION 1153Section 1153
826 UNCLEAN, UNCLEANXESS UNCLEAN, UNCLEANNESS shut up are those ritually unclean. Several allu- sions to uncleiinness are found in the Prophets (Am 7", Hos &>, Ezk 4", Hag 2'*, Is 52'- " 35»), while in Deuteronomy, antl much more elaborately in the Priestly Code, it is made the subject of detailed legislation. The la…
1,217 wordsSECTION 1154Section 1154
The process by which the notions of holiness and uncleanness, which were undifl'erentiated in taboo, came to be distinguished was probably something of this kind. It has already been pointed out that two classes of taboo may be distinguished. A common thing may become taboo if a god or sacred person lays a taboo upon i…
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passage is probably quite early. It is remarkable that some taboos which survived into the Levitieal legislation, disappeared among the more conserva- tive Arabs. ii. Four main types of Uncleanness may be distinguished : unclcanness connected with (a) the functions of reproduction, (A) food, (c) leprosy, (d) death. Th…
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Clolely connected with this form of uncleanness was that caused by abnormal issues JD both sexes The pathological conditions indicated need not be discussed fn detail (see the commentaries). An 'issue of blood' (Lv 15'^-», Mt 9=» and paralls. ) made a woman unclean as in the normal discharge. 1 he impurity lasted seven…
952 wordsSECTION 1157Section 1157
Possibly we should regard aa an extension of the law of issues, the uncleanness of the human excreta. Ezekiel protests against using human e.\cremcnt for fuel with which to bake bread, on the ground of the uncleanness that would then be communi- cated to the food, and is permitted to substitute animal excrement, which …
1,081 wordsSECTION 1158Section 1158
• In spite of this, there is one important respect In which the primitive type seems not to be preserved. Krei]uently certain foo<l3 are taboo to people in various stajrca of life or certain physical conditions, or attain to particular orders of people. ElalKirate rules may be found in Snencer and Cillen, I.e. 2.'i8, 4…
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Further, in the Law of Holiness (H) 'swarming things ' (see art. CREEPING TttiNOS, where the two • See Movers, Die PhSnlzier, i. 218-220 (where several further exx. are collected); W. K. Smith, I.e. 163, 218, 290, 291, 411, 475 ; Frazer, I.e. ii. 29»-311 ; Jevons, I.e. 118, n. 3 ; the very elaborate discussion in Kali…
925 wordsSECTION 1160Section 1160
• For India see Frazer, The Golden Boioh'', i. 466, 457. t In Ex 2231 (JE) • Besh that is torn of teasU in the field' li not to be eaten, because the Hebrews are holy to J" ; it must b« cast to the dogs. UNCLEAN, UNCLEANNESS UNCLEAN, UNCLEANNESS 831 nary sacrifice was made over to the deity. It is probable, however…
902 wordsSECTION 1161Section 1161
(c) Uncleannass connected with leprosy. — This disea.se and tlie purifications after cure are so thoroughly dealt with in the article Lkpiio.si' that it is unnecessary to add more here than a few supplementary remarks. For the view there mentioned, th.at the leper was regarded as the victim, in a peculiar degree, of a …
1,170 wordsSECTION 1162Section 1162
• ' Araonp the Maoris any one who had handled a corpse, helped to convey it to the grave, or touched a dead man's bones, was cut off from all inlercouree, and almost all communication, with mankind. He could not enter any house, or come into contact with any person or thing, without utterly bedevilling them. . . . And …
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UNCLEAN, UNC LEANNESS UNCLEAJN^ UNCLEANNESS 833 sprinkled by a clean person on the third and the seventh daj's, and on the latter he washed his clothes and bathed his body, and was clean at even. The priest who superintended the slaughter and burning of the heifer, and the man who burned her, had to wash their clothe…
923 wordsSECTION 1164Section 1164
iv. Uncleanness in NT. — Since nothing in the Law touched the daily life of the Jew at so many points as the laws of uncleanness and purification, and that not only in the Dispersion (where the sacrificial sj'stem could not legally be practised) but in Palestine itself, it was natural that the scribes should develop th…
1,076 wordsSECTION 1165Section 1165
A. S. 1 E.\KE. UNDERGIRD. — See art. Ships and Boats, p. 5Uli". UNDERLING.— Sir 4" 'Make not thyself an underling to a foolish man ' (m^? vroaTpuia-o^ ataurbv ivdoibrv liupi, RV ' Lay not thyself down for a fool to tread upon ' : for inrouTpCivvviu used literally see Lk 19^ ' they spread their clothes in the way ').…
1,017 wordsSECTION 1166Section 1166
G. E. Post. UNKNOWN GOD liyvaffros ffeis).— In his speech at Athens, St. Paul begins by referring to the uni- versal interest in religious matters shown by the Athenians. In passing through the city he had seen an altar dedicated TO THE UNKNOWN GOD {iyfurrif ffei?). He makes this the text of his speech, saying that tha…
931 wordsSECTION 1167Section 1167
* Tbg rcKdlng -i;^K Instead of I5<N In adopted liy Ewold. KlcMtermaiin, Prince, Driver, Uarti 1' probtbly '\,ttal. 836 UR OF THE CHALDEES UR OF THE CHALDEES and because of the passage in Ac V- *, where the proto-martyr, St. Stephen, places it m Mesopo- tamia, many have 8upi>osed it to be identical with Urfa or Orfa,…
1,028 wordsSECTION 1168Section 1168
means ceiuuiu "'t'^" i^-"-.- ; — --- ■„„ ti,„f worshippers of the moon ; and, even supposmg that such was the case, Haran may have been selected for other reasons than that the moon-god was wor- shipped there, shrines to that deity being not uncommon in the ancient East. Notwithstanding the inherent probability of th…
950 wordsSECTION 1169Section 1169
; According to I'rot. Sayce, the Kasdim and the Chaldasi each ha*l a different oriLnn, tite former being those West Semitic trib4;s who invaded Babylonia towards the end ot the Srd millennium D.c, and esUiiilished there that dynoaty ot kings of wbii'h llanunurubi (Amraphel) is the most renowned. It was at this iime tha…
971 wordsSECTION 1170Section 1170
3. A prophet, son of Shemaiah of Kiriath-jearim, the .story 01 whose death is incidentally narrated in Jer 26-°"^. From this we learn that he was a con- temporary and perhaps a disciple of Jeremiah, whose denunciations against Jerusalem and Judah he is stated to have echoed. Unlike the greater prophet, however, he did …
1,305 wordsSECTION 1171Section 1171
The renderings of the ancient VSS give no help either towards the etymology and significance of the original terms, or towards the real nature of the objects themselves. • In Ps 433 Lagarde (Propheta chald. p. ili-ii) would read ' send forth thy Urim and thy Thummim ' (d. Dt 838). See alM Duhm in Kurztr Bandam. mioe. …
923 wordsSECTION 1172Section 1172
When we pass from these ideal representations to the actual history of the pre-exilic period, while we meet with au ci]ual readiness to presuppose familiarity with the objects under discussion, we are able for the Hrst time to learn something as to the modus operandi in the use of the sacred lot. The most explicit of t…
965 wordsSECTION 1173Section 1173
Indeed most scholars would go further, and miiintain tliat in a number of otlier places, where the same phrase 'to inquire of J" ("$ hK'i')' is em- ployed, and where tlie use of the sacred lot ' before J"' is stated, recourse to Urim and Thummim is implied in every case. Tlie most important of siu'li passages are Jos 7…
902 wordsSECTION 1174Section 1174
* Of. Book of Jiil)ilee8 8", where the lota for the appuitioiiing of the earth among the sons of Nouh are drawu from the patriarch's bosom. t See, however, Hommel, AIIT 282 f., who finds the orifrinal of the Jewish liiph priest's ephod in the pectoral of the lligh Priest of Memphis, as flared bv Emian, hgijpt, '2i)S. …
1,398 wordsSECTION 1175Section 1175
The question of the position of the land of Uf would appear to be determinable within very narrow limits. In Job !'»•" it would seem that • The Assyro- Babylonian royal lists likewise indicate that the repetition of renowned or venerated names woi* far from being an uncommon thiiiK amont; the Semites ui ancient times.…
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LlTERATrRB. — Kautzsch in Riehm's UandivOrterbtich, %v. ; Frd. Delitzsch mZKl' ii. 87 S. (cf. his Paradien, 239) ; Ba^eker"* PcUeMiie a7id Hi/ria, 407. T. G. PiNCUES. UZAI ('"«). — Father of Palal who helped to rebuild the wall, Neh 3=" (B EOel, A EuyiU, Luc Oi'j-ai). UZAL (SiiK, Sam. ^I'n). — Name of a son of Joktan…
922 wordsSECTION 1177Section 1177
D. S. Margoliouth. DZZA (my). — 1. The eponym of a Benjamite family, 1 Ch S' (B Xoara, A 'Afd, Luc. 'Afdi/). 2. Tlie head of a family of Nethinim that returned, Ezr 2'''' (B 06(Ti, A 'Afd, Luc. oni.)=Neh 7" (B 'Ofd, A 'Ofi, Luc. 'Aj-d). 3. The driver of the cart on which the ark was removed from Kiriath-jearim, 2 S 83…
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The record in the Book of Kings gives us no information respecting the events of this long reign, except that Uzziah fell a victim to leprosy towards its close (2 K 15'). But in 14^- we prob- ably have a fragment from the Annals which refers to his reign, though its somewhat strange position after the section by the re…
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It was formerly held by Assyriologists, includ- ing especially Schrader, that the records of Tiglath- pileser prove that Uzziah (Azariah) was the head of a powerful confederacy of Northern Hamathite States against Assyria. Unfortunately, the pas- sages in which reference is made to Azariah (Az(Iz)ri-ya-u), whom Schrade…
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UZZIEL (Sx'iy ' my strength is El,' cf. the name .Tiy Uzziah ; LX'X '0^c)iri\).—i. A son of Kohath, Ex" 6'»*', Lv 10^ Nu a'"-*', 1 Ch (i- '» lo'" -'3'-- '^ 24'-^ ; with gentilic name the Uzzielites (""rN'!;';"), Nu 3=', 1 Cli --0^. 2. A Simeonite ; one of those who took part in the expedition to Mt. Seir, 1 Ch 4^-. 3. …
965 wordsSECTION 1181Section 1181
2. p':;^ 'emek (EV mostly valley ; AV vale in Gn 143- 8- 10 3714^ to ^vijich RV adds Gn 14", Jos 8" 15« 18", 1 S 172- '9 21»). 'Emek (lit. depth, deepening) is ' a highlander's word for a valley as he looks dotvn into it, and is applied to wide avenues running up into a mountainous country, like the Vale of Elah, the V…
1,208 wordsSECTION 1182Section 1182
The varied senses, literal and figurative, of the words tr. 'vanity' indicate the wide range of ita use in the Scriptures. The literal tr. ' breath ' would probably be better than ' vanity ' in several passages (Ps 78^ 94" 144*, Is 57") in which the word IS used to indicate the evanescence of man's life (also Ec 6* 11«…
944 wordsSECTION 1183Section 1183
Brugsch (lielifjion dcr alien ^r/t/pter, p. 152) suggests that Vedan is to be identified with ' Uethen, also written Ueten, Ucden, and Uedenu, a spice-bearing country, situated to the east of Egypt, whose inhabitants, the Uethentians, were first subdued by king Thotmosis III.' According to Mariette (Karnak, p. 47), the…
975 wordsSECTION 1184Section 1184
The veil plays a much more important part in women's life in the East than in the West. No respectable woman in an Eastern village or city "oes out without it, and, if she does, she is in danger of being misjudged ; indeed, English and American missionaries in Egypt told the present writer that their own \vives and dau…
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visions ; (c) printed editions. IL Method of use, and precautions to be observed : (a) those precautions common to all authorities ; {h) tliose pecuhar to the Versions. lU. Uses of the Versions : (a) critical ; (*) exegetical ; (c) general, in connexion with the history of the Bible, Canon, etc, ; (d) literary and phil…
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llie study of this long history is a fascinating subject. It presents problems of all kinds, and for their solution draws on the stores which have been accumulated by the students of language and literature, of art, of pahtography, of liturgical usage, of history.t and many other br.anches of knowledge, while in return…
1,166 wordsSECTION 1187Section 1187
• D« rxTit. Si/r. indole (ed. Semler, 17«6), p. 3S4. f See pp. 2S4, 291. t De doctr. ChriH. 11. 11. { Walton's Polyglot, ProUg. } 6. 3. II Hyvernat, f^tude ntr let versions Copies de la Bible, p. 10 fl., lives a list of MSS here referred to, with dates. % See below on * Revisions.' ** Scrivener, Introd. iL 44 ; ao…
991 wordsSECTION 1188Section 1188
in the 9tli cent Hieronymi transUitione nunc ubigiic utitur tota Romann ecclcsia licet non in ovinibus libris. It is clear from what has been said in regard to revisions which may have been made by private persons without any liistorical notice of tne fact, that they constitute the main ditticulty of the student in hi…
1,077 wordsSECTION 1189Section 1189
•Thus LIghtloot (Colntsians, p. 246 n.) writes aa follows:— 'The readings of the Memphitic (or Bohairic] version are very incorrectly given even by the principal editors such as Tregelles and Ti8chcii(li)rf, the traiiblation of Wilkins being commonly adopted though full of errors, and no attention being paid to tbe var…
905 wordsSECTION 1190Section 1190
Of any doctrinal bias the early Versions show little trace, though we often lind in the Fathers complaints of falsification, which cannot, however, be maintained. As possible instances of intentional alteration may b« men- tioned the Nestorian substitution of leavened for iinUaoeiwd bread at 1 Co b^, a tendency toward…
1,168 wordsSECTION 1191Section 1191
(2) In estimating the value of the evidence of Versions it may be assumed tliat they are based directly or incfirectly on MS.S of the original text, and therefore allowance has not to be made, as in the case of Patristic Quotations, for the possibility of quotations from memory. I'urther, if they preserve for us the re…
1,062 wordsSECTION 1192Section 1192
Gnesbach, at the beginning of the 19th cent., is important in connexion with the use of Versions, not only because of his q^uotations of the Gotliic, Armenian, and Philoxenian, but also, and more especially, because he was the first to assign them a place in the families of text which Bengel had introduced. Thus to the…
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(c) The use which may be made of the Versions in re-'ard to the history of the Bible, the Canon, etc., may be illustrated both from the Old and the New Testament. The importance of their evidence, as in the case of their use for textual criticism, consists in our being able by this means to localize the phenomena with …
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(1) NT: Scrivener's Introduttion (o the Criticvm o/the NT, Tol. li. (Ix)ndon, 189-1), tives the fullest account in En^'isb of the Versions of the NT ; 0. H. Gregory's ProUgamena, part ill. to " See Sanday in Smith's DBt, p. 1240, art. 'Gospels.' t This is worked out fully in the ciiapter In Swete's Introdttc- Hon toth…
1,084 wordsSECTION 1195Section 1195
Voluntarily, therefore, in May 1524, Tindale exiled himself, and after a short stay at Hamburg seems to have visited Luther at Wittenberg. In any case, there can be no doubt that in 1525 he was at Cologne, engaged in bringing out a com- plete edition of the NT. His plan was, however, discovered by a certain priest John…
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• These and many other Interestinff details will be found in A Bil/tiajraphicaJ Dexriplion o/lhe Jiilitunu of the AT, Tynr dale's Verifitm, in Enqtish, by Francis Fry, lb"8. t According to an eminent German scholar, H. Buschius, who met him at Worms in 1526, Tindale was "so skilled in seven lanifuages, Hebrew, Greek, …
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£rincipally from Olivetan's French Bible (1535). like the second edition of Coverdale's Bible, the new version bears to be 'set forth with the kingcs most gracyous 13'ceee,' and Cromwell, instigated by Cranmer, further obtained Henry's peruussiou that ' the same may be sold and read of every person, without danger ot a…
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Regarded simjily as a translation, the version deserves high praise, being based on a careful revision of the (jreat Bible in the OT, and, under the intlaence of Beza's Latin translation and Com- mentary, of Tindale's latest edition in the NT. The changes thus introduced were as a rule marked improvements, and many of …
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• It passed through nineteen editions ; the last bears the d»t« 1606. VtKSIOXS, ENGLISH VERSIONS, ENGLISH 859 Wj'clifite versions, only a secondary translation, and it was not to be wondered at that the extreme literalness at which the translators aimed ' word for word and point for point ' led often to stilled and…
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The immediate reception of the new version can hardly be said to have been altogether encouraging to its jiiomoters, for though there was little active opposition extended to it, and it speedily super- seded the Bishops' Bible as the oHicial version, it was not until the middle of the century that it ousted the Genevan…
903 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.