PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 4
James Hastings · 1,396,759 words · 1386 reading sections
Section 181
• EV 'forgiven,' which no doubt expresses falrlv the general sense, but obliterates the distinctive character of the lleb. word U8ed(ef. s 15, towards the end). t KV 'purged,' substituting an Idea not at all contained in the Ilcb. ItVm ' Or, expiated.' : Comp. tor the thought Sir S»-» (Ileb. nnsn "VOSn np-i)i) S.-.1 …
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for blood unjustly shed, Nu 35**. All these passages belong to P. 12. The following additional facts Avith regard to the usage of kipper deserve al.so to be noted. (a) It is construed with p 'from' of the ott'ence (or uncleanness), — RV 'as concerning,' 'because of,' 'for,' but more probably (so Riehm, 60 f.; Schmoile…
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14. 'I'lie effect of the kappara is a purification, sometimes from sin, sometimes (Lv 12. 14. 15, Nu 6) from merely ceremonial defilement, sin being re- garded as a stain, and the defilement, whether ritual or moral — for in P the two are not clearly distin- guished (see Law, vol. iii. p. 72* ; and cf. Sclimoller, 280)…
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I Whether, in actual ivith, or be propitious to. usage, «niritual dcatli (see Kedeemer) ; as a -caTaXXaT'i, se t ." ' at one,' or rccoru^iUng, God and man and hrin "incr to an end the alienation between them ; ^X.''^ propitiation, breaking, d?-" ^Ue barner thlclT sin^int^rposes between 5od and man, and enabUng God …
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When did the word lose the local (political) and gain this liual technical (religious) sense? Its meaning in the LXX is somewhat disputed. Geiger (Ursrhrift, p. 35311.) maintains that it is there strictly eiiuivalent to gCr in its original sense, while \V. C. Allen (Expositor, 1894, .\. 267- 275) argues that the LXX us…
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Philo's preference for the word fj-TjXut prevents us from supposing that the word irpoff^Xi/ros was current in his circle, though it hardly warrants the opinion that lTri)Xvt was the current technical name of the Greek converts to Judaism of whom he 8i)eak8. It was probably simply the more natural word by which to conv…
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Apoc. Bar speaks of those 'who have forsaken vanity and fled for refuge beneath thy wings,' in contrast to those who have ' withdrawn from thy covenant and cast from them the yoke of thy law' (4H-*);|| and refers to them again as -those who before knew not, but afterwards knew life • See Zee 2", Est 9». t Cf. Dt e's …
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Bertholet is probably ri"ht in insisting that there was only one sort of convert, the circum- cised foreigner, who undertook to fulfil the whole law (Gal 5»). He reco'niizes, too (pp. 2'J8-300, 334), the undoubted fact that Cornelius was a repre- sentative of a large class of Greeks who were attracted by certain belief…
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Various practical limitations of the rights of firoselytes (in respect to marriage, etc.) which ater Kabbis discuss, probably belong to the in- tensified racial feeling which followed the rise of Christianity and the fall of Jerusalem. The proselyte seems to have been feared rather than sought or welcomed by the Judai…
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** See Bertholet, f.c. ; Lohr, Z)*»r Misgioru<<irdanke tin Alien Tesl. 1896; Siegfried, * Prophetische Missionsgedanken und liidische Missionsbestrebungen,' in Jahrb. Prot. Thfol, 1S90. ft See Schurer, HJP u. iu. 248 B. open to foreigners, and were the most effective agency in the propagation of Jud.-iism (cf. Ac 15^…
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LiTERATUitK.— Bertholet, Di^ StfUuiig der Israclittn und tier Judrn zu </.» Frrmdm (1S06) ; Scluirer, IIJP M. ii. pp. 291- 827, c(. p. 2111 (f., iii. 27i)-320 (ct. GJi'^ § 31); Allen, "On the Meaning of -rp^rr./yTo.- in Ihe Septuafrint' (/i'x^'»*(f"r, 1S94, pp. 2W-27i) ; A. n. Davidson, 'They Umt Fear tlie l.oni,' in E…
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138 PKOVERB PROVERB text of Sir IS™*" we read ' Study and meditation is wearisome thought,' where in tlie Greek version this 'study' is specialized as eOpftris rapajioXui', 'in- vention of parables.' iii. The form of the proverb. — The following varieties of form are to be noted — (n) Some of these sentences are af…
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(b) From the Vegetable Kingdom we note first of all the proud question by which Jereiniali dis- tinguishes himself from his rivals : ' What is the chatt'to the wheat?' (23^''). To the same category partially belongs also the saying about the eating of sour grapes (Jer 31'-^, Ezk 18"), as well as the following sentences…
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(e) From the religious or .<nipra-hrimnn sphere the following sayinjjs are derived : ' In the mount of the Loud it is seen ' [i.e. Divine Provi- dence is exercised; see, further, art. Jkiiovah- JlHKH] (Gn 22'*") ; ' The blind and the lame must not come into the house ' ((.e. the temple, 2 S 5'") ; 'The davs are prolong…
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(2) Ch. lOi-Sa's, the ' proverbs of Solomon ' {'h-^'r: nbS^ 10'*; LXX om.), forming the real kernel of the book. Each verse, consisting usually of seven, sometimes eight, rarely nine to eleven, words, forms a saying complete in itself and Independent. In chs. 10-15 the antithetic parallelism predominates, in chs. 16-22…
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PROVERBS, BOOK OF PROVERBS, BOOK OF 141 of 1 K 4" laninit liave meant his remarks to apply tu our buuk, altliuii;:li it is quite conceivable luat tlie trajition that Solomon was the author of the Book of I'roverbs, or of particular portions of it, goes back for its basis to this passage. Against the Solomonic autho…
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The appendixes chs. 30. 31 consist of three inde- pendent pieces, which undoubtedly belong to a somewhat late period, and are in fact probably the latest in the whole book. We are led to this con- clusion by the very form of the proverbs they contain : in 30-31" there is a manifest ellbrt to express ideas in single sho…
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Ifis 178 212 24"') ; He directs all things, the actions of men (IG'- "• ^ 19-' 20=-' 21'-»"- 20-«) as well as their fortunes, etc. In view of this displacement of the subject of religion, it is quite comprehensible why in these proverbs there is likewise no mention of the Messianic deliverance which the prophets ex- pe…
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As to the LXX itself, apart from particular read- ings, this Version is distinguished from the MT by (1) a number of additions and onii.ssions, and (2) a dillerence in the order of the proverbs from 24-- onwards. Whether the plus ot the LXX ahviij's goes back to a lleb. original, or whether we have to do with later add…
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The NT takes for granted the teaching of the OT on Providence. Jesus teaches a beneficent 144 PEOVINCE PEOVINCE Providence to all men, good and bad (Mt 5^') ; and encourages His disciples to trust in and pray to God as Father (Mt 6"). As God cares for the flowers of the field and the birds of the air, so will He ca…
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The following are Roman provinces mentioned in the NT :— Senatorial — Macedonia, enrolled B.C. 146 (Imperial from Tiberiuf to Claudius). (Imperial B.O. 15-A.D. 14X Achaia, B.c, 146 . Asia, B.C. 133. Bithynia (with part of Pontus), | ss„^f„ritLl to A.D. HI. OiT^rus, B.C. 27 ... . (Imperial n.c. 27-22, the> Senat…
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J. Hastings. PSALMS, BOOK OF.— The most important book, Biiil ill inipilern Heb. liililes the first in order, of the tliinl section of the OT Canon— that known as KithuhUim OT Hagiogrnjihft. It has been thought that in the time of our Lord the lik. of P.saliiis furnished a name for the KHimlihim as a wliole (see Lk 24…
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Hbb. LXX Psalms 1-8 1-8 9.10 9 11-113 10-112 114.116 113 116 114. 115 117-146 116-145 147 146. 147 148-160 148-150 The arrangement of the Greek is followed in the Vulg. and in some of the older Eng. VSS. In the LXX is found an additional psalm (151) with the following title : ' This psalm was written …
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c. Another argument is drawn from the titles and the way in which the psalms are assigned in PSALMS, BOOK OF PSALMS, BOOK OF 147 CTonps to various authors, those in Books i.-iii. Caving for the most part some kind of designation, wliUst tliose in Books iv. and v. are generally anonymous. d. The editorial note in P…
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No precise rules can be given for the order in which the psalms are found. A certain broad out- line of chronological order is perhaps discernible ; sometimes psaln\s are grouped together which refer to the same subject-matter, e.rj. the psalms of the Theophany of which Ps 98 forms a centre. The same musical designatio…
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is favoured by Baotbgen, and the possibility of iti acceptance prevents the argument from being con- clusive. Given both texts as they stand, it .seems dilficult to resist the conclusion that Ps 106, with its doxology complete, was before the Chronicler as he wrote. /3. The evidence afforded by the LXX is much more tr…
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iii. Date and Authorship. — Care must be taken not to confuse date of compilation and date of composition, and sometimes a distinction must be made between the date of composition of the original psalm and the date to be assigned to it in its present form. Many of these lyrics were handed down orally, and, in particula…
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Gathering tliis hasty survey to a close, it may be said in a word that the highly elaborated poetical composition entitled ' The Lamentations,' though not by Jeremiah, and perhaps not of single author- ship, may — allowing for the slightly varying dates of its dillerent parts — be with some confidence placed soon after…
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2. Some psalms ascribed to David are evidently late because of tlieir obvious borrowings from earlier psalms. These are tame in stylo, lacking the fresh vigour associated with the Davidic period, though often with a plaintive beauty of their own (cf. Ps 86). 3. The acrostic psalms 25. 34 and 37 cannot be David's. It i…
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external evidence furnishes a fair, tliough not conclusive, case in favour of the Davidic author- ship of Ps 18, such as would reasonably be accejjted in the case of any similar document in classical literature, and it can be overruled only by con- siderations drawn from a general view of OT religion, such as cannot be…
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Eeriod of the Second Temple, and Ps 118, which as generally been considered as especially suitable to the return from Captivity, is conlidentlj- assigned by Cheyne to the Maccabwan period. Ps 45, which most critics place during the monarchy, is under- stood by the same writer of Ptolemy Philadelphus. If historical allu…
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PSALMS, BOOK OF PSALMS, LOOK OF 153 creatcr portion of the Psalter, including all psalms Frum 73 to 150. Ileuss assigned several psalms to a still later period — that of John Uyreanus, B.C. 13.5- 1U7. Cheyne indicates some twenty ■ five psalms as M.iccaba-an, ineludin"; 20. 21. 33. 44. 00. 61.03.74.79.83. 101. 108. …
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Degrees, Songs of, Ps 120. 122-134 niVj/En Tp ; in 121 'y^7 ; LXX (^5^ tujv ava^ad^iGiVj Jerome cantkum gradiium, whence AV ' degrees,' RV ' ascents.' — Grammatically, the form of the title in Ps 121 is the more correct, if ts' is to be under- stood of an individual psalm. W. R. Smith and Chejne understand it collectiv…
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Maschil. — Found prelixed to 13 psalms, viz. 32. 42. 44. 45. 52-55. 74. 78. 88. 89. 142. Heb. 'j-jv"?, LXX avviaeiiii, fi? avv(tsi.v. Cf. 47' V'^B'D iioi, ' make melody in a skilful strain ' (cf. IlVm) ; Targ. ' with good understanding.' Gesenius renders, 'a didactic poem,' which does not lit many of the psalms mention…
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Song of Loves, Ps 45 ninn; Tp, LXX v'oi) inrip tou ayaTnp-ou. — The allegorical interpretation which is suggested by the Gr. is of very early origin, and is based upon the use of language found in Hosea and elsewhere in OT, and recognized by St. Paul in Eph 5^-. The Targ. renders ' Thy beauty, O King Jlessiah.' The fem…
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• Slifbtly modified In Study q/ Uolu Script. (1899) p. 3C9(. 156 PSALMS, BOOK OF PSALMS, BOOK OF are ' to be regarded as logical rather than poetical units, and as not properly deserving — even in its modified sense — the name of strophes.' The construction of Heb. poetry, however, is such that it is always more or…
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vi. Religious and Ethical Ideas. —In the following paragraphs the Psalter will be treated as one whole. Owing to the uncertaintj' which attaclies to the dates of the several psalms, it is impossible to trace out, according to the methods of biblical theology, the growth and development of religious ideas m the psalmist…
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word ' sympathy ' is not found in the Psalter, but that for wliich the word stands sheds rays across the gloom of dirge-like psalms (39 and 88), and shines like a radiant sun in the glow of such psalma as 21. 40. 103, and 140. And the marvel is that He who bends so low to lift the downcast, the de- graded, and the sinn…
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4. This is confirmed by the closeness of personal communion with God, wliich is the characteristic privilege of the devout soul in these poems, and the means by which that fellowship is to be restored, when it lias been lost or impaired. The joy is S]iiritual when the avenue of communion is open ; the sorrow is spiritu…
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PSALMS, BOOK OF PSALMS, BOOK OF 159 Cronounced on tliose who refuse to inherit a le-ssing diller correspondingly. The prospect of a future life— to take one point only — alters the whole question of retribution and destiny. With- out any spirit of Pharisaism or consciousness of superior virtue — which would be gross…
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7. The ho[ies of the psalmists, like those of the prophets, were directed, not to a future life of the mdividual in heaven, but to the future of the community on earth. The subject of Messianic psalms can be adequately treated only in con- nexion with Messianic prophecy, of wliich they form a part. See under the articl…
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The question wliether certain psalms are rather to be considered directly or indirectly Messianic is one for the exegete. It may, however, be ad- mitted that the number of direct prophecies is, at most, very small, and it may well be that the Psalter contains hardly a single instance. For, though p.salmists and prophet…
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vii. Text and Versions.— The Massoretio text VOU IV. — II of the OT, it is now generally admitted, stands in need of frequent emendation. From the Ttli ceo'- A.D. onwards, the lleb. text has been preservev with scrupulous fidelity, passing at times into extreme punctiliousness. But tlie earlj' o-igin of this text is …
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vUi. The L.TKaA™K. of the subject is Port^tously large Even excluding the mMS of dev<,t^na^.^__^j and critical annotations, and l™'X^.»h"s,orv "of exposition would run to Uterature only, a detailed h,stor> o .1__^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ very great length. The >?"o"'"h laming of centunes have Ihe^ Psalms which the piety '^^d '…
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All these points are strikingly appropriate to the Hasmona-an rule in its latter daj's, and to the Sa/iducean party. On the other hand, the dis- tinctive Pharisaic doctrines and aspirations are maintained and cherislied by the psalmist. The ideal of a theocracy, the hope of a Messiah, the expectation of a retribution, …
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Wyclif has a variety of spelling : sautree, sautrie, sawtree, sawtrye, and jisautrie are all found in the Wyclilite versions. The eccles. Lat. psidterium was both a psalterr and a song sung to the psaltery, and then also the book of songs or the Psalter. J. Hastings. PSALTIEL.— 2 Eb 5'« (RVm). See Phaltiel. PSYCHOLOG…
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Now, this account of the origin of man is fitted to exclude certain dualistic views of his nature with which the religion of revelation had to con- tend. ' It directly contradicts the doctrine of the pre-existence of the soul' (Schultz, OT Theology, li. 252, Clark, Edin. 1892). Whether, indeed, the formation of man's f…
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How is it, then, that this term 'flesh,' properly denoting the lower, corporeal or physical element in human nature, should come to denote the being of sin in that nature ? Is it because this phj'sical element is the main seat, or the original source of evU in man? But, according to St. Paul, it is not in the physical …
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Yet there must be some connexion between the two ideas. Otherwise we fall into mere tautology, and oljtain the profound conclusion that ' the flesh ' is sinful human nature. If ' the flesli' be nothing else than just this condition of h\iman nature which is to be explained, then the whole of St. Paul's subtle and acute…
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No doubt, the ' life ' indicated by these terms is that of man and tho lower animals alike. A ' living soul ' is a living creature in general, or an animated being. It is used in Gn P"-^" in a wide sense of creatures that have life, and the same expression is used in Gn 2' to denote the result, even in man, of the Divi…
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Spirit. — On a closely similar line of e.xegetical investigation we explain the Scripture use of this term. It is an entirely original biblical term for the highest aspect of man's life. It is almost inseparable from the idea of man's relation to God, whether in creation or in redemption. All through the OT it is the s…
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The one instance in which a Greek term of this character is introdnced and adhered to in the NT, is ffi'i-a'Sijiris or conscience. It is cnee used by the LXX in the OT (Ec UP), where it is also introduced liy our translators on the margin, but obviously rather with the moaning 'consciousness' than 'conscience.' The fo…
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The distribution of jiarts, however, is not in- variably or rigidly dualistic. For along with such aa those now quoted we have also various trinal phrases, e.(t. ' ily soul longeth . . . for the courts of the Lord ; my heart and my flesh crieth out unto the living God (Fa 84^). 'My heart is glad and my glory rejoiceth,…
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170 PTOLEMY I PTOLEMY in. with this fortress. The last siege took place in 1840, when Sir Charles Napier, tighting for the Turks, took the town from the Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha. Acre never recovered the bonibardinent of the English fleet; and it is now a dull, niiiious town of about 10,(100 inhabitants. It is…
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PTOLEMY III. (first styled 'EiepyiTTi^, ' benefac- tor,' in a decree of the synod of Canopus in B.C. 238) succeeded his father Philadelphus ui B.C. 247. Soon after his accession, to avenge the murder of his sister at Antioch, he engaged in the third Syrian war, during which his conquests led him far into the East, and …
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fiatra; but, after making himself master of Antioch, le retained the crown of Syria for himself. Balas was defeated in battle, and killed in the course of his flight ; but Ptolemy was wounded mortally, and only lived to have his enemy's head luosented to him, in B.C. 140 (1 Mac 11«-'"; Jos. Ant. xill. iv. 8). Dn 11=5-*…
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Antipas, the payment was made to those authori- ties. Even seprirate cities were allowed to collect their o^^-n taxes. An inscrijrtion in Greek and Aramaic at Palmyra, giving the custom taritiof a number of articles in the time of Hadrian, shows that the town had a certain authority in deter- niinin" the details of its…
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The Greek Mcmen, appealing to the authority of Dorotheus, regards Pudens as having been one of the seventy disciples, who afti:rwards accompanied St. Paul on his missionary journeys, and was belicidcd under Nero. His memory is honoured with th.it of Aristarchus and Troiihimus in the Greek Church on April 14. The Roman …
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PURIFICATION.— See Unclean. PURIM (ni!s or Dnsn 'd;). — A Jewish festival of whose origin and institution we have an account in the Book of Esther. There we are informed that the festival had its rise in the resting and rejoicing of the Jews in Persia after their slaughter of their enemies on 13th Adar, in the 12th ye…
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3. Hitzig (Gtgch. ler.) obsen-es that PhuT in mod. Arabic= New Year (cf. pilrva=the first), and argues for a New Year's festival of Parthian origin which the Bk. of Esther (after B.C. 238) was designed to commend to the Jewish nation generally, itfl historical elements, such as they are, being derived from the early Ar…
1,000 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.