PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 4
James Hastings · 1,396,759 words · 1386 reading sections
Section 1201
It will be seen that every precaution was thus taken to ensure that no unneces.sary changes should be introduced into a version already hal- lowed by so many and so varied associations ; and j)robably the charge that is most frequently brought against the Revisers is that they were too apt to lose sight of this. At the…
938 wordsSECTION 1202Section 1202
G. MiLLIOAN. * See Kenyon. Our Bible and the Ancient itantucripU, p. 239 ; and compare Bishop Westcott's weighty words, ' What- ever may be the merits of the revised version, it can be said confidently that in no parallel f.-we have the readings of the original text to be translated been discussed and determined witli…
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(1) (S. -36) is a MS containing Gregory the Great's Commen- tarj' on Ezekiel. Of this 102 leaves(l of which is illegible and 6 blank) belong to a Gothic MS (in which a note at 2 Co 41'* s.'iys, liber sancti Cotumbani de bobio) con- taining fragnionts of Rora., 1 and 2 Cor., Eph., Gal., Phil., Col., 1 and 2 Thess., 1 a…
960 wordsSECTION 1204Section 1204
In these and many other passages the Version will be seen to have a close relation to the Latin. Various explanations of this resemblance are possible. It has been suggested that the Gothic ha.s been influenced by the Latin between the date at which the Version was made and the date of the MSS of it which survive. Besi…
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C. The Slavonic Version.* — i. Origin. — Our information as to the origin of the Slavonic Version is fairly definite, and generally trustworthy, at any rate in its main points. The two men wlio.se names are connected with the beginnings of a Slavonic Version are Cyril and Methodius. They were sons of a Greek nobleman o…
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Passing to the NT we find the Gospels preserved to us in a large number of MSS, many of which are lectionaries. Among them may be mentioned the Codex Zographensis .and C'uclex Marianus, both written in Glagolitic characters, and the Osiromir Codex, written in Cyrillic, and dated 1056-1057. A critical edition of St. M.a…
1,041 wordsSECTION 1207Section 1207
• Church Quarterly Review, l.c. pp. 219, 22ft. i li.cii.p. 3661. VERSIONS, GREEK VERSIONS, GREEK 865 stanlly brought to liglit. A number are to be found in tlie third volume of Pitra's Analecta Sacra, and also in the 3rd volume of Swete's OT in Greek. The last fragments which have been pub- lished are the greater p…
1,034 wordsSECTION 1208Section 1208
There would seem to have been two editions of Aquila's translation. In a few cases he may have altered his mind about the true reading of the Hebrew. Thus in Ps 89'" he appears to have read at first »'», afterwards e'n. Specimens of passages in which the Latin Bible has been influenced by Atjuila's version are to be f…
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For further information concerning the Hexapla and these versions see art. Septuagint. LrrERATURE.— Montfaucon, Origcnie Hexaplorrtm qua super- tunt (1723) ; Field, Orifjenis Uexaptontm ijiue i^uper.'ntTit (IbTo) : Salmon, Introil. to iVr (last edition); Swcte, Introd. to OT in Greek (1900). For Aquila (fra^iiuents), …
1,070 wordsSECTION 1210Section 1210
VILE VILLAGE 867 here, »» AV In Ex 6=2, Dt 268, Amcr. EV ' deal ill with '). 14. P^ r,\p'J dtah ra' (2 S 12i»)='do evil," AVm 'do hurt,' here to oneself by grief. 15. Rti'a: (Jg 105) — ' Tliey ve,\ed and oppressed the children of Israel,' Moore 'they broke and crushed." It is the same verb that in Jg 9W is translate…
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1. Common, jmltry. of gmaUtKXount, Ps I2*(r«^u/A) ; Jerl61fi, La I" ((z<ifof )).. Ier2«i'(»/i(7nr); Wis ll'»(iiTiA lit, RV wretched'), 1314 (,;riAr.(, KV ' paltry *) ; I'll 321 (t.h,,«.-,() ; Ja 22 (fi*.«(). 2. Detpieahle, eonUmptiblf (with moral reprobation), Dl 268 {kiildh) ; 1 8 3>3, 2 8 622, Job 4(l4 (RV correctly…
919 wordsSECTION 1212Section 1212
Nearly all the villages in Palestine are of ancient date. They often stand on the sites, and are buUt from the ruins, of cities not seldom CTeat and splendid in the past. There is something both grotesque and pathetic in the appearance of Corintldan capital and sculptured stone in the walls of mud-plastered huts. Posit…
1,186 wordsSECTION 1213Section 1213
VDfE, VINEYAED VINE, VINEYARD 869 forming a pillar 3 to 4 ft. higli. The top of this pillar is often whitewashed, so that it is conspicu- ous even at niglit. The large numbers of tliese pillars make a marked feature in the Oriental landscape. Vineyards are let out (Ca 8", Mt 21^), or cultivated on the nietairial pri…
1,061 wordsSECTION 1214Section 1214
870 VI^'ECIAR VIRGIN hands they dissolve into smoke and ashes.' Tliis description would apply either to the fruit of the 'ushr, Calotropis proccra, Willd., or to that of the colocyntli, Arab, hondol. liotli of these have fruits, about the size of a pippin, wliich, when ripe and dry, contain a dust, which would sugge…
1,009 wordsSECTION 1215Section 1215
Vinegar by itself was too pungent to drink, hence to give vinegar to drink was part of the punisliment of a victim, as in Ps 69-' ; cf. the iTi 6' ii TO.! iihas ii^os in Aristoph. Batrach. 619. Its efl'ects on the mouth are mentioned in Pr lO'", reminding of the description of vinegar as iroTiK aTv<t>bv given by Nikand…
1,013 wordsSECTION 1216Section 1216
• Peter, 17, 'It was the brazen serpent tliat healed, not the eye that looked on it ; yet without a look- ing eye, there was no help to the wounded party by the promised virtue.' Though more generally, ' inlluence ' is also the nneaning in Melvill, Diary, 15, ' He was a man of rare wesdonie, judgment, and discretion ;…
1,026 wordsSECTION 1217Section 1217
Eose, with H. P. Smith, adloc, that the words ' and is vow ' were added by a scribe). In the period of the early monarchy, Absalom secured permis- sion to go to Hebron on pretext of a vow ne had made, while in exile at Geshur, that he would worship J" if He restored him to Jerusalem (2 S 15'- *). The meaning of the vow…
1,114 wordsSECTION 1218Section 1218
VULGATE VULGATE 873 tlie field dedieated is not a portion of the owner's liereUitar^' possessiona, then the money payment given in commutation ia fixed by the time tliat has to ehipae before tlie J'ear of jubilee, and in that fear it returns naturally to the hereditary owner. n tliis case the redemption penalty of …
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In search of a life of solitude and asceticism he moved the same summer (374) to the desert of ChalcLs, east of Antioch, where he passed five years in strict self-discipline ami diligent study, a Rahbi who had been converted to Christianity teaching him Hebrew. But this period also saw the beginning of the corresponden…
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• Aug. De doctr. clirist. ii. 11. The Jews, too, laughed at the variations in the Latin versions ; see Jerome's Comm. in Ezech. c. xxxvii. (v. 432 in Vallarsi's edition, Venice, 1706-71). t Apol. adv. liu/. iii. ti (\'all. ii. 637), ' Ego philosophus, rhetor, graminaticus. dialecticus, hebrseus, grscus, latinus, triii…
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VULGATE YULGATE 87: Jerome was also perfecting himself in the know- ledge of Hebrew, and was studying under a Jew, who, in fear of being persecuted by his country- men, used to visit him at night, like a second Nicodemus (Ep. l.\x.\iv. 4). He also published new translations of other books of the OT from the LXX, but…
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About 15 years — from 390 to 405 1 — were spent on the new translation. Jerome began his work ■(vith the books of Samuel and Kings, which he published with the famous Prologus Galeatus or 'preface with the helmet' — armed against opjio- nents ; this preface, however, is really an intro- duction to the whole OT, and sho…
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Joshua, Judges, and Ruth are numbered with Esther as books he was just publishing, 'post fflmcta Paulas dormitionem ' in the I'ra'/atio in Jobue. For Tohit and Jttdith see the prefaces to those books ; Jerome was not himself acquainted with Chaldee, but he obtained the help of a scholar who translated the Chaldee into…
1,023 wordsSECTION 1224Section 1224
•Jerome's former friend Rufilnus was one of his fiercest °T Aug. iJe Civ. Dei, xviii. 43 : ' Spiritus enim qui in prophetis crat, quando ilia dixerunt. idem ipse erat in L.X.K vins, quaiido ilia inteniretati sunt' ; see also the pass:iges in van Ess, p. HI 1. 1 Kit hi. (Aiigustini ad Uic-onifmum) written in 394 ; thi…
1,016 wordsSECTION 1225Section 1225
Yet we should be mistaken if we measured the disappearance of the older versions simply by the quotations in ecclesiastical writers; the evidence of M.SS of the Sacred Books, of Lectionaries, quo- tations and lessons in service booka, etc., must also be taken into account ; and these show us that these versions died ve…
1,082 wordsSECTION 1226Section 1226
Large numbers of Italian texts must have been brought to Britain in and after the mission of Augustine, if not earlier ; and in the late 7th and 8th cents, the monasteries of Weaimouth and Jarrow were, we know, enriched with copies of the Bible (Pandectes or BibliotJmcB as they were called) and other MSS obtained from …
907 wordsSECTION 1227Section 1227
VULGATE- VULGATE 879 Frnnce a whole congeries of corrupt readings from Spain. The best specimen of his revision is the exquisite Bible at Paris numbered Lat. 93S0 in the Bibliotliique Nationale. Theodulf's worlv had a dillerent late from Alcuin's ; it was tlie private enterprise of a scholar, not a public work under…
910 wordsSECTION 1228Section 1228
(3) The Correctorium of ths Dominicans, prepared under the auspices of Hugo of St. Caro, about 1240, the final corrected form of which is now preserved in the Bibl. Nat. at Puris (Lat. 19,719-16,722) : this, like the emendation of Stephen Harding, was an endeavour not so much to recover Jerome's actual te\t, as to obta…
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6. The Vulgate Bible of Robertus'Stephanus, Paris, 1528, the first genuine attempt at a critical edition : three good MSS were collated for it. This was followed by a larger edition on the same lines, for which seventeen MSS were collated, four of which can be still identified ; printed 1538-40, reprinted 1.546. This …
1,055 wordsSECTION 1230Section 1230
" So Paul Fabre, La Bibl. Vaticane, p. 56 ; see also Kaulen pp. 401, 402. t See the art. on the Vulgate in Wetzer and Welte s Kirchen- lexicun ; van Ess, pp. 197 1., 245 n. 1, 408, 421 ; the same author's Pragmatica doct. Cath. Trid. circa Vulg. dtcreti tcnsum, Sull. bach, 1816, pp. 7, 24 ; Kaulen, p. 405 f. J See va…
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Vet this attempt to shift the blame from the editors to the printers cannot be justihed. The number of misprints in the Sixtine edition is extraordinarily small for a book of such size, and many of them were conected, either with the i)en or by pasting a small slip of paper with the rij;ht reading over the misprint, be…
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iii. The Natui;e and Method of Jerome's Revision. — Tlie work before Jerome in his edition of the two Testaments varied so widely that we must treat them apart ; and, as the NT was pub- lished first, it may be advisable to consider it before the OT. In his letter to Daiiiasus, Jerome describes plainly enough the natur…
904 wordsSECTION 1233Section 1233
j In Mt 243' ' in GriBcis et maxinie Adamantii et PierU exemplaribus' ; in Gal 3' 'in exemplaribus Adamantii' (=Ori- genis). 5 Rules o/ Ti/conitu, Cambr. 1894, p. cviii. II Westcott and Hort, Introduction, p. 206 ; Robinson, Eutha- liana, p. 42 f., Cambr. 1895; Berger, i/w(. de la Vulgate, eK. p. 357. II e.g. Mt '27…
1,057 wordsSECTION 1234Section 1234
Jerome's work on the OT stands on different ground from his work on the NT ; here it was not an emended translation in the light of better MS authority, but a completely new version made direct from the Ilelnew, where the text was, as he thought, in a fairly even and satisfactory con- dition, comjiaied with the confusi…
917 wordsSECTION 1235Section 1235
The translation, too, varies in the ditterent books ; some were translated with the utmost care, some were finished in extraordinarily short tijue. In the Friiluqus Galeatus Jerome speaks of the dili- gence he iiad bestowed on the Bks. of Samuel and Kings, It and Kaulen ranks his translation of the historical books as …
913 wordsSECTION 1236Section 1236
• See Ilagen, Spr. Erorterunaen zur V\Ug. p. 6 ; Kaulen, pp. 137, also his llaudbuch zur Vuuj. p. 6. t Biblia Sacra Latina vet. Tentam^nti llieronymo interprets . . . ed. Heyse et Tischendorf. Lipsite, 1373. t Varia icctimies vnlgatce lat. Bibl. editUtnis^ torn. Wk Rom», 1800-1S04. 5 § 'The Value of the Vulg. Old Te…
900 wordsSECTION 1237Section 1237
11 Sesa. iv. Vecretum de Canonicit Scripturis. ** For this apocryphal letter sec Lightfoot, Colouiaiu, pp. t74- SOO ; also Westcott, Canon <(/ the XT, App. E, p. WO. f, Chronicles), Esdroe primus et secundus, qui dicitni Neliemias, Tobias, Judith, Esther, Job, Psalterium Davidicum centum quinquaginta Psalmonun, Parab…
907 wordsSECTION 1238Section 1238
The lists may be consulted which have been drawn up by Le Long, Bibliotheca Sacra, ed. 1723, vol. i. p. '234 f.; Vercellone, VaricB lectiones, Romfe, 1860, vol. i. p. Ixxxiii f., ii. p. xvii f.; in the fourth edition of Scrivener's Introduction, vol. ii. p. 67 f., the present writer has drawn out a selected list of 181…
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Madrid, University Library, No. 32 ; second volume of a mag- nificent Bible, in Visigothic hand [ix or x], containing Proverbs- Apocalj-pse. The ornamentation occasionally resembles the Codex Cavensis\ the Pauline Epp. are headed by the Canons of Priscillian and the proitmium Vereyrini ; see Berger, p. 15. Codex ^-Emi…
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S(onvA urel Ht. John. The minute but exquisitely written MS of St. John, now in the possession of the Jesuit College at Stonyhurst [vii or viii) ; originally, according to a legend as old as the 13th cent., the property of St. Cuthbert, in whose cotHn it was found. The text closely resembles Aniiatinus, but is on the w…
907 wordsSECTION 1241Section 1241
Book 0/ Durrotc : Trin. Coll., Dublin, A. 4. 6. Gospels (vi- vii) ; according to an inscription on what was the lost page, the lKX)k was written by St. Columba in twelve days, but, as with the Echteriiach Gospels (see below in this column), this, witii the rest of the book, must have been copied from an earlier exempla…
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Brit. Mus., Add. Sitio. Gospels iroin che monastery of St. Peter at Beneventum [viii or ix), written in a fine reWved uncial hand ; usually supposed, on the strcn^'th of an inscrip- tion, to have been written for Ato, abbot of St. Vincent de Volterno. near Beneventum. about the mifldle of the Sth cent. Berifer would, h…
931 wordsSECTION 1243Section 1243
longing to Perpignan. Ordinary text in Gospels, but parts of the Acts (li-i:i' 28'^ ad jin.) are Old Latin and allied to the text of the Codex Laudianus (E e) and the Gigas (.'",7) ; Catholic Epp. have a Spanish text, resembling the Codex Toletanxit, The Old Latin portions of the Acts have been published by Berger, Un …
1,007 wordsSECTION 1244Section 1244
VULGATE VULGATE 88S through the S. of France with the X.E. frontier of Spain, so that we tin J the Southern type of text a'^'ain creeping up ami showing trac-eti 111 the iswiija and N. Italian MSS. Examples of this are — 'Xhe Bobbio MS uuw at Milan (Ambruisan Libr. E. '^ti inf.), containing Chron.- Pauline Epp. [ix…
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UL Tubodcltiah Bbcbkbioh. — Paris, Bibl. Nat., LaU 9380. The famous Theodulflan Bible [ix], written in beautiful and minute hand. Wordsworth's ** ; see Berger, p. 149 f., and Dehsle, Le« liiblea de Tlu-udulj'e, Paris, 1879 ; sometimes known OS the Codex M'-muiiaiius. Puy, Cathiciral Library. Bible [ix], written under…
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890 VULTUEE WALLS and its Birthplace,' in Sttidia Biblica et Ecclesiastica, vol. ii., Oxford, IS'JO ; W. A. Copinger, Incunabida liiUica, or the first half-century of the Latin Bible, London, IMiii ; E. Nestle, Ein Julnluum der Lateinischen Bibel, Tuliingeu, 1892; H. J. AVhite, 'The Latin Versions,' in Ncrivener- Mi…
933 wordsSECTION 1247Section 1247
iavrCv, RV 'looking for'); Ac 10" 'Cornelius waited for them ' (?';;' vpo<TOoKwv aiVroi's, RV ' was waiting for them'); IT'" 'Now while Paul waited for them at Athens' [iKdexop^^vov avroui toO IlaiJ- \ov) ; 2 Th 3' ' the patient waiting for Christ ' (uTTOyuoi'^, RV as AVm 'patience'), (c) The most important use of this…
942 wordsSECTION 1248Section 1248
In building the tower of Habel we are told ' lliey had brick for stone, and bitumen had they for mortar' (Gn 11'). Herodotus says (i. 179), in regard to the walls of Babylon, ' As they dug the ditches they converted the excavated earth into bricks, and when they had enough they burnt them in the kilns. Finally, for mor…
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There exist a number of instances at the present day of the magnificent walls of cut stone built in early days from the time of Solomon to Herod, at Jerusalem, Hebron, Arak el-Emir, Baalbek, Tyre and Zidon, and Egypt. At Jerusalem some of the stones in the wall of the temple enclosure, still existing, are over 30 feet…
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Before leaving this subject one possible strategic line, lying for the most part outside Palestine, must be mentioned, i.e. the sea route from the Egyptian Delta to the coast of Palestine. The possession of this line gave the king of Egypt an advantage ovel the rival power (Assyrian or Babylonian) in the Euphrates Vall…
912 wordsSECTION 1251Section 1251
pursuers while the booty was being safely carried ott' into the desert. The Philistines (I S 13"), the Moabites (2 K 13-"), and the Hebrews themselves (David, 1 S 27'*; Joab, 2 S 3"-; and Gad, Gn 49") were much given to making raids (' roads,' AV). ii. The Method of War. — (a) The Prelimxn- ari€s. — Wars were regularl…
1,110 wordsSECTION 1252Section 1252
The usual defensive tactics of the Hebrews con- sisted of standing in close order, shield touching shield, with spears carried at the charge, and of awaiting the attack of the enemj'on higher ground and with the front protected by a wfuly or other obstacle. Such probably was tlie array ('^?^;^.? maarakhah) with which t…
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WAR WAR 693 bv the Assyrians was a movable tower occupied by archers iF^Lese archers succeeded in c eannj: the TJ\ oi its defenders, the to'jver could then be p\r.hed up to the wall and the place taken by stor'.. (cf. 1 Mac 13«-«). The steps in a siege are 'TrPaltenAf^f^or. on service wa3 appar- ently mXehieflv in …
943 wordsSECTION 1254Section 1254
waghig a warfare » .ari -^-^P- aS'"-!:.P"t The disShedience in his converts 2 Co lO ). In t e Apocalypse there are several references to the teat struggle between the saints and he powers S evil, fhevc is ' war in heaven,' which results n ?he drac'on and his angels being cast down to ear i ( Rev P'^-'^). The Beast (ri …
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aunce whiche he dyd and was not ware ') ; Lk n"Rhem. 'Woe to you, because j'ou are as monu. ments that appeare not, and men walking over, are not ware.' Udall (in Erasmus' Paraph, ii. 278) uses 'ware' for modern 'wary'; so Erasmus, CreiU. 127, 'ware and wvse circumspection.' 'Wary oci urs in AV in 2 !Bs 7°*, and ' wari…
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WATER in EV is usually the equivalent of o:c or Cdojp. In 8 K W, Is 86H RV ■ water' represent* D"}'5' and KM has D;^n '5- In 2 Co 1128 'waters' stands (or r«T«^i(RV" rivers'). 'Watercouree' is the tr. o( nh-^a (Job SSa RV 'waurflood'), of D:5 S3; (Is *i*), and of d:5 Ufa (2 Ch 323» RV ■ sprinR of waters '). Tlie last …
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Essential to vegetable life, water is equally essential to animals and man. It is enumerated among the necessaries of life in Is 33", Sir 29^' 39". Among its uses may be noticed — (a) Drinking. Here particular references are un- necessary, except to the water which flowed from the rock in Iloreb (Ex 17°'*) and Kadesh …
946 wordsSECTION 1258Section 1258
5-'^, Lk 8^-"), or when rushing along in a torrent (2 S S-'", Rev 12"), or from its simply submerging the works of man (Ezk 2G'-- '"). 'Water' is used for tears (Ps 119'", Jer 9''", La 1'* 3'*), and for the liquid that flowed along with the blood from the pierced side of Christ (Jn Iff"). The nature of the latter has …
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WAVE - BREAST, WAYE - OFFERING. — See Sacrifice. WAW (letter).— See Vau. WAX.— See Wkitino, p. 945». WAX. — This verb, which means to grow (Middle Eng. waxen, AngloSa.x. weaxan, allied to ouidvciv), is trcquently used in AV, and gives another syn. for ' grow,' as in Lk I* ' And the cliild grew, and waxed strong (iKp…
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The purpose of God, foretold by the prophets (Is 40", JIal 3') and fvdlilled in Christ, is described as the ' way of the LoED ' (Mt 3', Mk 1=- ', Lk 3* 7", Jn 1==, Ac 18=»'«', cf. Ac 13"'), of peace (Lk 1"), of truth (2 P 2=), and of salvation (Ac 16"). Christ Himself is (Jn 14*-°''), or has opened up, the way for man …
1,103 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.