PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 4
James Hastings · 1,396,759 words · 1386 reading sections
Section 601
i. Self-Surrender in the OT.— (a) This is an important element of the Hebrew faith in its various phases. In the patriarchal history it appears in the submission and obedience of Abraham and his family in leaving Ur of the Chaldees and migrating to an unknown land where they must live a no- madic life in response to th…
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(6) Jesus Christ invites His disciples to a similar life of self-surrender. That is seen outwardly in the call of the Twelve, which leads each to give up his work and his liome in order to follow Christ. At Cffsare.a Philippi the underlying principle is made a rule of universal application when our Lord says, ' If any …
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SELF-SUEREXDER SENAAII 435 introduced ; but the prenous sentence about tlie cross, an instrument of capital punishment, should make it clear tliat it is not the soul, especially as we now understand the word 'soul,' but the life, that is here referred to. The Gr. word is used in the same sense in Mk lO'", where Jesu…
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SEMACHIAH (>.t;59 'J' has sustained').— The name of a Korahite family of gatekeepers, 1 Ch 26' (B ^apx^ii, A Sa;iax'as). It is not improbable that the same name should be substituted for Ismachiah ('■"'""V 'J" sustaineth' ; B ^a/xaxeii, A 2a^Laxili) in 2 Ch 31". See Gray, HPi\ 291, 295. SEMEI (B Zfiutt, A le/iel), 1 E…
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the help of Hezekiah, but they were defeated at Eltekeh and driven back. Sen. thereupon swept the country of Judah, capturing 46 fortresses and carrj-ing into exile 200,150 person.s. While he was besieging Lachish, Hezekiah sent rich presents to him, in the vain hope of buying oft' his attack. The presents consisted of…
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8EPHARVAIM (D^rjs? ; LXX A has in all the passages in Kings Zeip(papoviiii, B has in 2 K 17" 2fT0aDowfiAt, in V." [where MT is dub.] ^eir<papo6v, in 18** ~tiripapovnd.iv, in 19" Xt<p(papovdti' ; in the Isaiah passages B has 'Eiripapovdiii, A Ziir((>apeln). — The ' two Sijipars,' a city of Babylonia, called in the cunei…
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Martc Twe ifiiitfi7ix49Tm stands in the subscription to Genesis in Codex B ; irapat i^tf(jLt»;*«yT« stands at the end of Proverbs in C ; ii TMt il3iofcKiuiiTet txeteti in the note of (^ before Isaiah ; >-, tu» e tor op') ipfjtyittJtA (or ixio^t!), and shorler oS «' (or «^), became a common expression, especially subseq…
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iii. Origin and History of the legend.— The story that there were seventy (or ratlier seventy-two) translators was first told by Aristeas, who claims to have been one of the ambassadors sent by Philadelphus to the high priest Eleazar of Jerusalem, to ask from him the copy of the Law and the men to translate it. This i…
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• That the predervatioti of Aristeas goes back to the library of Cu-uurea has been Bu^jgewtcd liy Weiuiland. It may have hhii a place in one of the Bible XISS issued by Eiisebius and FainphiluM.— Add to the ' testimonia ' collected by MendelaHobn- Wendland the strant,'u statement from pscndo-KuHcbiu!! on the .Star (pub…
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iv. Printed Editions.— Long before the first edition of the New Testament in Greek ujipeared in print, a Greek and Latin Psalter was printed in Milan as first part of IS (20tli Sept. 1481), contain- ing among the Canticles at its end the Magnificat * On the notlc« of Aristobulus (Clement Alex. Strvm^ L £2 Euseb. I'Tap…
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A merit of its own belongs to the fourth great edition which was begun by Ernest Grabe (tl712), and appeared in 4 vols. fol. or 8 in 8° at the Oxford University Press, only the first (Octateuch), 1707, and the fourth (Poetical books), 1709, during his lifetime, the second (Historical books), 1719, being linished by Fr.…
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i'oint editorship of which is entrusted to A. E. {rooke and N. McLean. Its apparatus will em- brace the evidence of all uncial MSS and of a considerable nuiiil)er of cursives selected after investigation, with the view of representing the dillerent types of text ; the Old Latin, Egyptian, Syro-Hexaplar, and Armenian ve…
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B. Apocrypha : — The first aeparate edition of the so-called Apocrj-pha appears to be that of PJantin, Antwerp, 1666, 4* : T« Ta>, Bi^Aioiv tctpat, 6 iiSpaiffTi fjpii\ ci» Imv. This edition has the strange arrangement, that on the first three sheets the leaves are numbered and the lines counted on the margins, on the f…
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J A well-known instance is the reading rfc^i^i In On 16", which is found in all our MSS of © (for rxtt^t, not 6«^iif, as Melanchthon put in his edition of 1645), presupposed already by Philo (the same insertion of ^ is illustrated by Codex F, spell- ing i9^«-4.«> for the thirf i««4«» in On 49^il ; see Sw.'s edition, p.…
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SEPTUAGINT SEPTUAGIXT 443 took tlie greate-:t biblical work which Christian antiquity ever saw— the first Polyglot Bible, the Bo-callol Hexapla, anil a smaller edition of it, the Tetrapla. In the first column he placed the Hebrew text !n Hebrew lettere, in the second the same in Greek trant^lileration ; then loliow…
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The later fate of the original is unknown. Jerome saw and used it in the library of C;esarea;J perhaps it was destroj'ed by the invasiin of the Arabs. A similar fate may have brought the codex, from which the Cairo-leaf was saved, into the hand of the Jew wlio used it in the eleventh cent, for a Hebrew liturgical book.…
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_ D'DT ... pT}fJ,L/i p.OVQKepU}TWV pOVOK€pit)TU}V — [I 'jn-jy .— €L<yaKowxow ftov TT)V KaKdtfflV flOV i^v raireiviixriv pLOV ». iitrfixouffcte • Whetheror where the Quinta, Sexta, and Septima, which for this Psalm are expressly testified, hod found a place in this cop,v, cannot be ascertained; see, on the…
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Now it is clear that if we were to succeed, by a comparison of tliose docunionts which go back directly or indirectly to the Hexapla, in restoring its i5 (-olumn, we sliould have a Septnagintal text, but not the original one ; for, as indicated above, the principles on which Origen chose his text are not the true ones …
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The Lucianic recension is of the highest value * Olkonomos, Iv. 99, wishes to road Ammmwh. 446 SEPTUAGINT SEPTUAGINT for the textual criticism of tlie Hebrew OT ; for tlie Hel)row MSS, used by Lucian at Antioch, seem to liave been liilferent from those whicli were at Origen's (iis|iosal, furtlier removed from the t…
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Scarcely any addition has been made to the Arabic versions since they were treated by F. C. Burkitt in vol. i. p. 13611". Of the Gothic version ascribed to Ulfilas, only a few fragments of the OT are extant, from Gn S-''*", Ps 52=^, Ezr 15. 16. 17 (not 28-'=) ; but these are sufficient to show that Ulfilas, as might h…
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Matkuials for run Restoration op ffi.— The materials for the restoration of (5 are, as can be gathered from the preceding history, (1) manu- scripts, (2) versions, (3) quotations. (1) Manuscripts. — The M.SS used for the work of Holmes-P.arsons arecountcil at the end of vol. v. as 311 ; I. -XIII., being uncial MSS, a…
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In A (Alexandrinus) the Psalter appears not to have been copied from the same original as the rest of theMS.but taken from a separateChurch-Psalter (just as in the Aldine Bible of 1518). Hence the additions before and after the Psalms (letter of Atiianasius, canon of morning and evening psalms, etc. ; Canticles). It wo…
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( — ) A Psalter not mentioned by Sw. is in the Brit. Museum, Add. MS 19,352 a.d. 1066, valuable not only aa a dated e.\aniple of Greek writing of the 11th cent., but especially as an example of the best style of Bj-zantine decorative art, applied to the ornamentation of copies of the Scrijjtures [sea Kenyon, Facsimiles…
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The differences between (5 and ffl can be tabu- lated as touching the sequence or the subject- matter. The difierences of the subject-matter are, of course, of greater interest ; they are of a tliree- fold character — additions, omissions, variations. On the differences of sequence see Sw. pp. 231- 242. There are unim…
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The number of these books varies greatly in the still e.xisting documents ; of others only the titles have survived ; a certain number remained known through the medium of the mediajval Bible as 'Apocrypha' even in the Protestant Churches. On these see art. Apocrvtha, vol. i. p. Ill tl'., and the special articles, as B…
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SEPTUAGINT SEnUAGINT 451 H ;lmes, the versions as mtuesses for ffi, we must add further v.*; i.e. not 5 times, but 8 times, G omits ■Ti.T in this chapter, and liaa it only twice (w."-").* The second care must be to observe the practice of these translators ; cf. Sw. p. 325 : 'The Alexandrian translators, wliile loya…
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Nor can the student of Ecclesiastical Literature succeed without familiarity with G (see Sw.pt. iii. ch. V. ' Influence of the LXX on Christian Litera- ture,' p. 46111".). The doctrinal as well as the devotional wTitings are full of its influence. Take a book like Brightman's Liturgies, Eastern and Western, where tlie …
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grefixed to the books (Sw. p. 354). The ' Synopsis ' ascribed to hrj'Bostom is, to a large extent, nothing but a collection of such *ijaAa<oE, The 88 chapters into which Hesychius di\ided Isaiah have been published lately by M. Faulhaber {Uesyckii Hierosoliimitani Interpretatio Isaiie prophette, Friburgi, 1900). These …
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The Hebrew text which was translated hy Aquila agrees very closely with fH ; but it is interesting to observe that, of his few variations, some at least liave the support of still existing Hebrew MSS. The tetragrammaton ni.T is written in the old Hebrew letters. The version seems to have covered the whole of the Hebrew…
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The Greek column of the Hebrew - Chaldee- Sjianish-Greek Polyglot of the Pentateuch, printed at Constantinople in Hebrew characters (1547), has been transliterated and printed separately ( 1S'J7) by D. C. Hesseling, and described by Lazare Belleli (Paris, 1897, La version 7i6ogrec(fue du Pcntateuche Polyglotte). It is …
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To Sw. p.. 285 (non-Canonical Books) add: W. J. Moulton, 'iiber die Uberlicterung imd den textkritischen Wert des dritten Ezra-Buches \ZATW, 1899, iL 20911.; 1900, i. Iff.]. Judith : Willrich, * Esther und Judith,* in Jmlaica, Gottingen, 1900, 1-39. On Tobit : 41. Luhr, ' Alexandrinus und Sinaiticus zumBucheTcil)it'(^J…
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A touching illustration of the father looking forward to a meetin" in another world with a departed child is David's ' I shall go to him, but he shall not return to me ' (2 S 1'2^). But while Sheol is thus ' the house of assemblage for all living,' it was in the sepulchre of his fathers, in the ancestral bur3'ing-place…
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Burinl was the universal mode of disposing of the dead at all periods of Jewisli history [see BfRIAI,]. Bnrninri, which was the Babylonian and Roman usage, was among the Jews a death punislinii-nt intlicted for aggravated transgressions rathi-r than a mode of disposing of the dead (Gn 38«, Lv 20" 21", Jos 7", I K 13-, …
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• So K. H. Charles, Esohaloloav, p. 82. t Kayce, Social Life among th» Auvriant and Babiilonian$, p. 67. 456 SEPULCHRE SEPULCHRE found in Western Palestine:* (i.) Rock-hewn Tombs; (ii. ) Masonry Tombs ; (iii.) Sarcophagi. i. KoCK-HEWN Tomhs. — These are by far the most numerous, and they are found in many varietie…
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Conder (,PEFSt, 1878, p. 31) classifles the rock-cut tombs a* follows :— 1. Kokim tombs. 2. Locidus tombs, 3. Sunk tombg. The first two classes he believes to be of Hebrew and Jewish ori^Mn. but the third more likely to be Christian of the Byzan- tine period. The word kok and its plural kokim desij^nate the pi^^eon-hol…
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In the Greek age monuments erected over torn 1)3 became common, the tombs beneath being rock-cut. In such cases there is a combination of * W. K. Lottus, ChiihUM and Sutiana, p. 202. f Conder, Syrian Stone Lore, p. 97. the masonry and sarco|>liagus type of tombs. Hiram's Tomb,* about three miles from moilem Tyre, con…
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LnERATHRK. — Keil, Bib. Arch. ii. 199 ff.; Benzingrer, Efh. Ari-h. iiji. 103 ff., 224-227; Stade, GVl i. pp. 14, 15 fl.; Schwally, Das LeU'ii nach devi Tvd^, pp. 54-fi6 ; Conder, Syrian Stmie Lore ; K. H. Cll.arles. Eschatolofry : Hebrew, Jewish, and Christian; Thomson, Land and Book; Bliss, Eaxavatimis at Jerws.; SlfP…
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It is now usual to bring the prophet's conception into relation with popular Hebrew mythology The sarCtph of Nu 21«, Dt 8"> is a 'hery,' i.e. venomous, serpent, which bites the Israelites in the desert (see Sebpent). In Is 14** 30« allusion is made to a ' flying fiery serpent ' {adrdph), which hns its home in the deser…
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3. njicc; ''pKeh. The Arab, 'a/'a is defined as ' a certain serpent of a malignant kind, spotted white and black, slender in the neck, broad in tlie head. It is said that it will not quit its place.' There is nothing in this de.scrijition which fixes the species or even genus of the serpent referred to. AV and RV tr. '…
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The reputation of the serpent has alwaj's been double. It was the emblem of Mercury and .,Esculapius. A serpent, to this day, figures on devices and badges pertaining to the healing art. The Phoenicians worshipped the serpent, and the Chinese do so now. The Egyptians also wor- shipped Kneph under this form. They embalm…
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SERUG (y^, lepofrx)- — Son of Eeu and father of Nabor, Gn U^-'---^, Lk 3^. Etlinologically the name is tliat of Saruj, a district and citj' north of I,laran (see Dilhu. Gen. adloc. and the authorities quoted there). SERVANT, SLAYE, SLAVERY.— 1. The hired servant. U. The slave. 1. Kame and meaning. 2. Orijjin of sla…
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• A nthropotogy, p. 434 ft. 462 SERVANT, SLAVE, SLAVERY SERVANT, SLAVE, SLAVERY reader will not fail to note that this theory is confirmed by the results of critical imiuiry in the OT, for at the commencement of this article we showed good grounds for believing that the t:^ or hired servant hardly appears in the ear…
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Thus, in that early and simple Hebrew civiliza- tion, slavery was free from half the terrors with which the later Roman civilization and the con- ditions of our modern life have invested it. It cannot be said that in the earlier pre-exilian days the lot of a Hebrew bond-slave among his countrymen was oppressive or even…
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* The Amyrlan t«nn wag lallatu (VSe>) and kiiittu (kiiidtu, loot 1173). The foniinr tcnn, characteristically enough, is In- cluilvo o( gpoll (temnilly ( I iKlath-pilcscr I. I'rism In»c. col. il. 80, hi. 06, 85 (B.O. 11001), But the meaning Ih only too clear In AJurna^irabal's Annals, I. 108 (c. 880 B.C.), where we read…
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A. We shall deal, first, with the pre-exUian legis- lation contained in the two sections {a) and (6). The period of service is fixed as six years ; in the seventh there is tlie year of release. The question has been asked whetlier the six years may not be regarded as a maximum period. It is certainly quite possible tha…
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Budde In ZATW, 1891, p. 100 f., discusses the difflCTiltie« ol Ex 21*". After remarking that Dt 16i- 17 indicates an artvanc* in civilization, he compares Lv 1920, which, however, contem- plates a different set of conditions. Budde suggests an ingeni- ous emendation of the doubtful my' k'7 ib-k into nv;; «> is-H 'provi…
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(w.' "). The ciiiidition of foreirjn {i.e. non-Hebrew) slaves has been already referred to, and will now be con- sidered in further detail. The captive taken in war naturally bore a somewhat heavier lot than the Hebrew slave who had pa.ssed into tliat con- dition by iin]ioverisliinent or debt. But there were mitigati…
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"'"x^ilrel; another interesting word employed mere in nuuuuci .••~- o . in Hebrew to express slave-concubine, (SjVs). No satisfactory Semitic etymology can •See art. MiRRUOK. vol. iii. P- ^'O"- ""4^ 'Dowry.' .nd -h. 21 E preJen the UOe .niJN tor Hagar. be found for the word, and its form strongly suggests a tJreek…
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The number of slaves In Palestine at any time down to the lat cent. a.d. was probably small in coinpririson uilh that which was to be found in ancient Greece or in Konie in the later days of the Itepublic. From the report of a census made in B.C. a(i», the male citizens of Athens numbered 45,0(X», and the slaves V.o.fX…
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* Yoke and thong will bow the weak : And for an evil servant there are rocks and tortureB*(v.a6). It is necessary to bear the last passage in mind if we are to gain a true and complete picture of this a.spect of Jewish social life (cf. Mt 25^", Lk 12^«, the latter passage showing that very severe corporal chastisemen…
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* On the humane treatment of slaves by Moslems see Lane's Araf/ian Nights, vol. i. p. 64 fl. (ch. i. note 13). Nevertheless, we are told that 'a master may even kill his own slave with impunity tor any offence, and he incurs but a slight punishment (as im|irisorunent for a period at the discretion of the judge) il he k…
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This term St. Paul, in the introduction to his Epistles, not infrequently uses with reference to himself (Ro 1', Ph 1') ; and that it is employed as an honourable designation, like the n?i; of Lzekiel and Deutero- Isaiali, is evident from the corre- eix)nding use of d^riaroXos in 1 Cor., 2 Cor., GaJ., Epb., and Col. (e…
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5. The following phrases are mostly bihlical : (1) Set one's hand to, I)t 23=" 'In all that thou settest thine hand to' (RV 'puttest thine hand unto '), 28". Cf. Ac 12' Rhem. • And at the same time Herod the king set his handes, to afflicto certaine of the Church.' (2) Set one's heart to, Ex 7" 'Neither did he set his …
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set forth His most worthy praise, to hear Ilia most holy word ' ; Shaks. King John, II. i. 2'J5 — • Up higher to the plain, where we'll set forth 1b best appointment all our regiments.' The same phrase is used technically of placing food before one, Jn 2'° ' Every man at the begin- ning doth set forth good wine ' (TW…
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BEYER.— The verbs to ' aever ' and to ' separate ' lK)th come from Lat. separare, the former tlirough Old Fr. sevrer, the latter directly. The form 'sever' now expres.ses a sharper stroke than ' separate,' but in older Eng. no distinction waa observed between them. All the verbs tr^ 'sever' in AV are also tr^ 'separate…
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2. A town of Simeon (1 Ch 4") which appears as Sharuhen in Jos 19^, and as Shilhim in Jos 15^. It was situated in the Negeb, and was possibly the same place as the Canaanite ' fortress of the land of Sharuana,' mentioned in the annals of Thothmes in. (RP ii. 38). This indicates that the form Sharuhen is correct. C. W. …
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SHALLUM (mV and dScI).— 1. One of the kings of Israel, 2 K IS'""" (rcXXoO/n). He headed a con- spiracy against Zechariah, the last king of Jehu's dynasty, murdered him, and usurped his throne (c. 740 B.C.). After the short period of a month, he himself fell a victim to MenaHEM (see vol. iii. p. 340»). 2. It is not impr…
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' Many there are of tfie same wretclied Kind, Whuiu llieir desi'uiriii*,' Creditors nia.v find Lurking in Shanililes ; where with borrowed Coin They buy choice Meats.' J. Hastings. SHAME (Heb. e'"i3 ' to be ashamed,' n;^3 'shame,' also other words ; Gr. o/irxw7j, artfila, etc.). — In the biblical use of the word ' sha…
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A. E. Garvie. SHAMEFACEDNESS.— The adj. 'shamefaced' occurs in Sir 26"-^ 32"' 41'»-«, and the subst. ' shamefacedness ' in Sir 41", I Ti 2'. But in the 1611 editions, and for some time after, the spelling is always 'shaniefast' and 'shamefastness.' Davies says he has not found ' shamefaced,' ' shamefaced- ness' earlie…
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SHAM.MAII SHAPIIAX 475 brothers, he joined Saul's forces in the campaign Bgainst tlie Philistines, and was with the Israelite army in the valley of Elah when Uavid overcame Goliath (1 S 17"'"). According to a later writer, he was present at the anointing of David bj* Samuel (1 S 16'""). He was the father of Jonadab,…
1,022 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.