PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 7
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,372,028 words · 1337 reading sections
Section 541
e. The Composite Order, called also Roman, being in- vented by that people, and composed of the Ionic graft- ed upon the Corinthian, is of the same proportion as the Corinthian, and retains the same general character, with the exception of the capital, in which the Ionic volutes and echinus are substituted for the Cori…
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they were to light the candles in the church, and to supply wine for the Eucharist. Concerning the duty of the exorcists, from the obscurity attaching to the history of the energumens intrusted to their care, it is difficult to speak with certainty; it is thought that pe- culiar sanctity and especial reservation must h…
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Orders, Religious, are conventual communities comprehended under one rule, subject to one superior, and wearing the same dress. Religious orders may be reduced to live kinds, viz. monks, canons, knights, men- dicants, and regular clerks. They are, however, gener- ally classified simply as monastic, military, and mendi-…
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ORDINANCE 411 ORDINATION priest in the Church of God," etc. The onl.v other cer- emony is the presentation of each candidate with the Bible' in token of authority to preacli ; as the deacons had been before presented with tlie New Testament in token of authority to read tlie Gospel. The service concludes with the ad…
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In a broader, and in fact its only important sense, or- dination signifies the appointment or designation of a person to a ministerial office, whether with or without attendant ceremonies. The term ordination is derived directlj' from the Latin ordinatio, signifying, with ref- erence to things or affairs, a setting in …
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2. The appointment of the Jewish prophets was by direct command or inspiration from (Jod, without any ceremonial induction to their sacred office. In this feat- ure the appointment of the holy prophets prefigured the Messianic period, and Christ's own mode of appointing his disciples to their ministry. 3. The most dir…
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ORDINATION 413 ORDINATION not to assume personal or official prerogatives, but to employ the Gospel plan of salvation as the one and only agency for securing the remission of sins. In so doing they faithfully warned the wicked of their certain con- dernnation and ruin outside of the provisions of the Gospel, while t…
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5. These principles were illustrated in the experience and ordination of Paid. On no subject did the great apostle speak more emphatically and repeatedly than that of his divine call, in the absence of which he would have regarded himself no true minister or apostle, what- ever ceremonies might have been enacted over h…
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7. The Ordination of Elders. — When Paul and Bar- nabas went forth upon their mission, it is recorded of them that " they ordained them (i. e. for the disciples) elders in every Church" (Acts xiv, 23). As to the ceremonies employed in these ordinations, only prayer, fasting, and commending the persons ordained to the L…
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Such, as to form and ceremony, was ministerial ordi- nation as practiced in the apostolic Church. As to effect, it claimed only to separate, by solemn acts on the part of the Clnirch, holy men. already called of God to the exclusive work of the ministry. No intimation is given that ordination conferred priestly functio…
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Let the above strange language be contrasted with the inspired utterances of the apostle Peter himself (see 1 Peter v, 1-4) : " The elders which are among you I exhort, who am also an elder, and a witness of the sufferings of Christ, and also a partaker of the glory that shall be revealed: feed the flock of God which i…
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Could it have been certain that these forced ordinations were conferred only on good men, such proceedings would by no means have been so bad as the more com- mon act of ordaining men of nnc[uestioned vileness of character, who by intrigue or simony secured clerical offices, and consequently the so-calle(l sacrament of…
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ORDINATION 417 ORDINATION and is the fountain-head of some of its worst corrup- tions. Once grant that ordination in direct line and by direct sanction from the pope of Korae is the one essen- tial channel for the descent of God's grace to man, and there is conceded a power as far-reacliing and dangerous as it is fa…
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The Protestant churches of Germanj-, Holland, Switz- erland, France, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Scotland, etc., have only presbyterial ordination, and place no re- liance on the derivation of their clerical orders, from the fact that their founders, such as Luther, Calvin, and others, had been episcopally ordained as pr…
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This formidable array of antitheses by no means ex- hausts the list of practical contradictions embodied in the Church of England. Rejecting the supremacy of the pope, she accepted, or, rather, had forced upon her, that of the temporal sovereign, subjecting her to the most extravagant assumptions of an unscrupulous mon…
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To embody in any system such a series of contradic- tions and oppugnanccs was to plant the seeds of inter- minable strife, and to such a strife has the Church of England been subjected from the days of the Reforma- tion downward. Nor has the strife been limited to words. In its earlier periods, persecutions, bloodshed,…
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A new phase of this controversy arose about 1830 in connection with the issue of the Oxford Tracts (q. v.) in England. Although the days of persecution were then past, the spirit of intolerance was by no means ex- tinct, and the attempt to secure a Romanistic reaction in England and other Protestant countries was so de…
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The most active controversy in reference to the question of ordination prevailing in the United States at the present time is between the high and low church- men of the Protestant Episcojjal Church. The former appear to have been advancing within recent years both in numbers and the assertion of principles of ex- clus…
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Ordo (order), as applied to the clergy, has been the occasion of controversy. Many contend that it is adopt- ed from the Roman language, and used by Tertullian and others in the classic sense, to exhibit the patrician rank of the clergy, like the ordo senatorius of the Eo- inans. The fact is, that the word is used to d…
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See Hoffmann, Nova scriptorum ac monumentorum collectio, ii, 16 sq. (Leips. 1733, 4to) ; Eheinwald, Ordo Romanus, in Ersch u. Gruber, Allgem. Encyklopadie, sec. iii, pt. V ; Herzog, Real-Encyklop. x, 693 sq. (J. N. P.) Ordo Salutis. See Salvation. Ore. See Gold ; Metal. O'reb (Heb. Oreb', "ZT^VJ [Judg. vii, 25; Isa.…
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Oremus (^Let us pray) is an exclamation used in the early Christian Church to invite the different classes of praying ones to worship. It was usually followed by Flectamus ejenua, and at the conclusion of the prayer was heard the exclamation Levate from the mouth of the deacons. See Siegel, Christliche Alterthumer, iii…
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The Syi inx (Fiom a Gieek sculpture.) In the last-quoted passage it is said that Hermes first made the syrinx with one reed, while Silenus, or, ac- cording to others, two INIedes, Seuthes and Ehonakes, invented one with many reeds, and IMarsyas fastened them with wax. The reeds were of unequal length, but equal thickn…
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pinging against e, imparts a vibratory motion to the column of air in the pipe, the result of which is a mu- sical note, dependent fur its pitch on the length of that column of air, and consequently on the length of the body of the pipe : by doubling the length of the pipe we obtain a note of half the pitch, or lower b…
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The time when the wind-organ took the place of the water-organ is not ascertained; some saj- in the 7th centurv. We have no trustworthy evidence of any im- provement having been made in the organ from that time until the loth century, when the pedals were in- vented in Italy by Bernhard, a German organist at the court …
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An organ having been erected in the new Claremont Church, Glasgow, the same question came up in 1856 before the United Presbyterian Synod, with which the Relief Synod had been for some years incorporated. Again more formally in 1858, when the following mo- tion was carried alike against one for toleration, which had ma…
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To the second objection it is replied by those who favor its use in the synagogue that the organ did not come to be generally used in the churches until musical instruments were used in the synagogue of Bagdad, as reported by the German traveller Petacbya, of Regens- burg. The venerable Alt-Neu synagogue of Prague poss…
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Oriel or Oriole (Lat. Oratoriolum, or little place for prayer, its original meaning) was a portion of an apartment set aside for prayer, and in the mediaeval houses it was not an uncom- mon practice to arrange the domestic oratory so that the sacrarium was the whole height of the building, while there was an upper Hoo…
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Orientation. As Christians from an early period turned their faces eastward when praying, so Christian churches, especially in the Western countries, for the most part were placed east and west, in order that the worshippers, as they looked towards the altar, might also look towards the east. The Council of Milan gave …
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Origen ('Qpiys j'j;C) from h> 6pu yn'Tjidc, because he was barn in the viountain region, to which his parents had retired to escape persecution), also surnamed Ada- MANTius, on account of his remarkable firmness and iron assiduitj-, is called the father of Biblical criticism and exegesis in the Church. But it is not on…
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It was a little while preceding these important acts (about A.D. 211) that Origen visited Itome, in order to acquaint himself with the doctrines, practices, and general character of its truly ancient Church. The Alexandrian and Roman views of the Church were widely different. By the latter, the one Church and body of C…
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Origen is undoubtedly one of the most remarkable men among the ancient Christian writers. His talents, eloquence, and learning have been celebrated not only by Christian writers, but also by heathen philosophers, including Porph\Ty himself. Jerome calls him " a man of immortal genius, who understood logic, geometry, ar…
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OKIGEN 431 ORIGEN quce supersum, midtis par-tibus auciiora, quam a Fla- minio Nohilis et Joanne Di-usio edita fuerint. Ex MSS. et ex libris editis eruit et notis illustravit D. Bernardus de Montfaucon, Monachus Benedictiniis (Paris, 1713, 2 vols. fol.). This edition was brought out in a revise by Bahrdt, entitled He…
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in the course of controversies against heretics and non- Christians to a systematic form was first felt by the teachers in the school for catechists, and they, in going to work to meet this necessity, were guided by the bap- tismal confession and the Regula Fidei. In the writ- ings of Clement the subjects of his Gnosis…
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The completest edition of Origen's works has been published under the style, Opera omnia, quce Grace vel Latine tantiun extant et ejus nomine circumferun- tur, ex vai'iis editionibus et codicibus manu exaratis, Gallicanis, Italicis, Germanicis, et Anglicis, collecta, re- cetisita, Latine veisa, atque annotationibus ill…
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"In his Pncumatology," says Schaff, "Origen vacil- lates still more than in his Christology between or- thodox and heterodox views. He ascribes to the Holy Ghost eternal existence, exalts him, as he does the Son, far above all creatures, and considers him the source of all charisms (not as vXri tCjv \apiapaTti}V, as Ne…
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by their own names; and in the midst of them he saw Origen, who was there damned among the others, load- ed with horror, flames, and confusion." Protestants have alwa3-s revered his memorj'. The orthodox and heterodox have frequently quarrelled over his relative position in the Church. It would be difficult for us to d…
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and bad angels; he does not hesitate to invent a sort of mythology, of which tlie inspiration is Christian, but which in its bold additions to the positive statements of revelation necessarily becomes visionary. Herein is not the strength and beauty of his system. These are found in that bold vindication of liberty whi…
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Origen's name was also drawn into the Arian contro- versies, and used and abused bv both parties for their own ends. The question of the orthodoxy of the great departed became in this way a vital issue of the daj-, and increased in interest with the increasing zeal for pure doctrine and the growing horror of all heresy…
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Zijckler, Tlieromjmus, p. 396 sq.). The result of this controversy was that Rufinus was cited before pope An- astasius (398-402), who condemned Origenism in a Ro- man synod, notwithstanding that Rufinus sent a satis- factory defence. Rufinus thereafter sought an asylum in Aquileia. He enjoyed the esteem of such men as …
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Literature. — (I.) Epiphanius, ZTcere*. 64; several epis- tles of Epiphanius, Theophilus of Alexandria, and Je- rome (in Jerome's Ej). 51 and 87-100, ed. Vallarsi) ; the controversial works of Jerome and Rufinus on the ortho- doxy of Origen (Rufini Prafatio ad Orig. irepi apX'i'V ; and Apologia s. inrecticarum in Hiero…
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(6.) That the earth, after its conflagration, shall be- come habitable again, and be the mansion of men and animals, and that in eternal vicissitudes. For it is thus expressed in Isaiah : " Behold, I make new heavens and a new earth," etc.; and in Ilcb. i, 10, 12, "Thou, Lord, in the beginning hast laid the foundations…
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"Another point'which has been in controversy is the national obligation of the religious covenants euteied into in this land. The doctrine of the New Testimony is that 'religious covenanting is entirely an ecclesiastical duty;' that persons enter into it 'as members of the Church, and not as members of the State;' that…
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Original Burghers is the name of that body of secessionists from the Scotch Establishment who in" the schism of 1747 remained steadfast to the oath obliga- tion, and favored the National Establishment, though they did not form a part of it. See Antiburghers. In the agitation regarding the power of the civil magis- trat…
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ORIGINAL SECEDERS 439 ORIGINAL SECEDERS Synod became merged in the National Church of Scot- land. A small minority of the synod declined to ac- cede to the union, preferring to maintain a separate po- sition, and to adhere to the secession Testimony, still retaining the name of the Associate or Original Burgher Syno…
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"1. We acknowledge that the fundamental deed of con- stitution in our refoiming period, hi all mor.il at:i)ects, is essentially unalterable, because of its agreeableness to the Divine will revealed in the Scriptures, and because it was attained to and tixed in the presence of our solemn cov- enants ; and tfiat the nati…
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"1. As it is a matter of great importance to swear b}' the great name of God, so the utmus-t caution should be taken to ascertain the lawfulness of any oath which we are required to take ; and it is the duty of ministers and Church courts to give direction and warning to their peo- ple in such cases, especially when th…
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enanted Reformation and Reformed principles of the Church of Scotland. In seceding from the established jurisdictions, onr fathers, as we have seen, espoused that cause ; declared their adherence to the VVestmiuster standards as parts of the unifcu'mity in religion for the three nations ; declared the obligatiou which …
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"Our objections," they say, " to the Established Church of Scotland are not contined to the adnnnistratioii : we cannot uuieservedly approve of her constitution as it was establislied in the fievululion. Though our fathers were in communion with that Church, yet they, together with many faithful men who died before the…
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ORIGINAL SECEDERS 442 ORIGINAL SECEDERS lowship ami co-operation, and to prevent, through the blessinj^ of Hod, the recurrence of any similar difference in future: 1. 'That when the Church of Christ is in danger from adversaries who hold persecuting prin- ciples, or who are employing violence or insidious arts to ov…
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The year which succeeded the formation of the Syn- od of Original Seceders was the year of the disruption of the Established Church of Scotland, an event which was one of deepest interest to the Christians of Scot- land, if not of the world, but more especially to the rep- resentatives of the first seceders. The format…
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dependently of divine grace, of originating, prosecut- ing, and consummating good works. God. they allege, gives us the ability to believe, but We can experience the ability without further assistance. This doctrine has been revived in our own day by the members of the Evangelical Union, commonly called Morrisonians. S…
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ORION, a mythological personage of the Greeks, was represented as a gigantic hunter, and reputed the hand- somest man in the world. His parentage is differently stated. According to the commonly received myth he was the son of Hyrieus, of Hyria, in Bceolia, and was called in his native country Kandaon. Another ac- coun…
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ORISSA 445 ORISSA animals, etc., which show that at that date the plastic and mechanical arts were in a more advanced state in that part of India than they were in England. Orissa maintained its position as an independent mon- archy till 1558, when, its royal line having become ex- tinct, it was made an outlying pr…
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The natives of Orissa, composed, as we have seen, of different tribes, of course do not all speak in one tongue, but though there are a score or more of dialects, there are only three principal vernacular languages spoken by the Orissans. 1. The Oriya, one of the Hindu fam- ily of languages, derived principally from th…
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Religion. — Christianity was introduced into the Ork- neys by the Norsemen in the beginning of the 11th century. Down to the time of the Reformation the Orkneys and Shetland Isles formed a separate bishop- ric, under the archbishop of Trondhjem, and the bish- op's seat was Kirkevaag, the present Kirkwall. After the es…
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L The First Council ok Orleans (Concilium Au- relianense) was held July 10, 511, by order of Clovis. It was attended by the archbishops of Bordeaux, Bourges, Auch, Tours, and Kouen, with twenty-seven bishops, among whom were Quintianus, bishop of Rodcz, near Clermont, Blelanius, bishop of Rennes, and Theodosius of Auxe…
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16. Excommunicates those who swear, after the fashion of pagans, upon the heads of beasts, or who invoke the names of false gods. 33. Declares that any person desirous of having a parish upon his property, must, in the first place, give a sufficient endowment for the clerks who shall serve it. Such is supposed to hav…
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Popish Paganism (1612, 4to). See Chalmers, Biog. Diet. xxiii, 389. (J. H. W.) Ormond, William, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born in (ireen County, N. C, Dec. 22, 1769 ; was converted Dec. 11, 1787 ; entered the itinerancy in 1791; travelled and preached extensively from Maryland to Georgia; and di…
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The Zend-Avesta, however, soon went one step far- ther. In the old nature-worship there had been no at- tempt to subordinate one power to another. But when the deities were regarded as persons, the question soon arose, How did these various beings combine to act together V was there among them any order of agree- ment?…
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In his general siunmary of Mazdeism, as the worship ORNAMATUAS TUS 450 ORNAMENT of Ormuzd is called, after 3fazJa, the second part of the deity's name, Jlr. Kawlinsou (p. 337) points out that, besiiics their belief in a spiritual world, composed partly of i,'ood, partly of evil intelligences, the Zoroas- trians hel…
1,210 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.