PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 7
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,372,028 words · 1337 reading sections
Section 781
Palgrave, Francis, Sir, an English knight, distin- guished alike as a zealous and intelligent antiquary and as a historian, was born of Jewish parentage, named Cohen, at London in 1788. Of his early childhood nothing is known beyond the fact that at the age of eight years he translated the Butrachomyomachia of Homer fr…
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Palingeuius, Mahcellus, an Italian poet of the IGth century, was a native of Stellada, in Ferrara. He is chiefly known by his Zodiacus Vitw, which brought him into trouble, as it contains many sarcastic attacks on nioid<s and Church abuses. His name is therefore iu the Jiide.r fAlirortun J'rohibitornm as a Lutheran her…
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Pall, in heraldry, the upper part of a saltire conjoined to the lower part of a pale. It appears much in the arms of ecclesiastical sees. Pall is the name given in English to different portions of ecclesiastical '^ • vesture, employed by the Komish and other churches. 1. It is applied (Lat, pallium ; Gr. tiXrjTov) t…
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The pall represents the lamb borne on the Good Shepherd's shoulders, and also humility, zeal, a chain of honor, and pastoral vigilance. Its other names were anajihorion, superhumerale, and — in Theodoret and St. Gregory Nazianzen — ifpa aroXi). Before the 8th cen- tury it was ornamented with two or four red or purple, …
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pal works in ecclesiastical architecture are the churches of San Gioi-gio Maggiore and II Santissimo Redemptore at Venice, the atrium and cloister at the convent Delia Carita, and tha facade of San Francesco della Vigna in the same city. Palladio died at Vicenza Aug. 6, 1580. He wrote a work on architecture which is hi…
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men of eminent holiness, and his history bears incident- al testimony to the extent of his travels. The The- baid, or Upper Egypt, as far as Tabenna, and Syene, Libya, Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, and even Kome and Campania, and, as he vaguely and boastfully states, the whole Roman empire, were visited by him, and th…
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Another work ascribed to Palladius is entitled Ata- \oyoQ laTopiKOQ JlaWaSiov'EXti'OVTToXtojc yivof^uvoQ TTpUQ QEvSwpOV dlClKOVOV 'PMp)]Q, TTipl ftioV Ka'l Tio\l- Tsiag Tov fiaicapiov luiavvov tinaKOTrov Koji'tTTavri- voTToXfwg TOV XpytToaroi-iov — Dialogus Historicus Pal- ladii episcopi Helenopolis cum Theodoro eccl…
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sostomi. Baronius also ascribes to him (ibid.} Liber contra Pehir/ianos, Ilomiliarum Liber lani.i, and Ad Cce- lestimtm Epistoluruin Liber unus, with other works writ- ten in (ireok. For these statements he cites the au- thority of Trithemius, who, however, mentions only the IHalogue. It is probable that the statement …
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Pallavicino, Ferrante, an Italian monastic of questionable repute, was born at Parma in 1615. He entered at an early age the Order of the Canons of St. Augustine, and made his vows ; but after a few years he found that he had acted rashly, and that he was to- tally unsuited for the life which he had embraced. With his …
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Pallor, a divine personification of paleness or fear, which was regarded by the ancient Romans as a com- panion of Mars. PALLOKII ;94 PALMA Pallorii, a title of the priests of the deitv oi pallor (q.v.). Pal'lu (Ileb. Pallu', X*^S, disiinfjuished ; Sept. $aX\(ic» 'baWovQ), a son of Keuben, the head of a family (Pa…
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Palma, Giacopo (1), called IlVecchio ("the el- der''), to distinguish him from his great-nephew, a cel- ebrated Italian painter of the 16th century, was a na- tive of Serimalta, in the Vallc Brembana, in the Bergamese territory. There is uncertainty as to the exact time when this artist flourished. Lanzi, in his last e…
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Palma, Giacopo (2), called II Giovine (i. e. " the younger"), to distinguish him from the preceding artist, his great-uncle, was born at Venice, according to Ki- dolfi, in 154-1. There is as much contradiction about this artist as about his great-uncle, and we therefore depend solely on Lanzi. He was the son of Antonio…
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Palmegiani, Marco, called Marca da Forli, an Italian painter of much merit, scarcely known fill the researches of Lanzi brought him before the world, was a native of Forli, and the favorite disciple of Francesco Melozzo. He had two manners: the first dry and for- mal, extremely simple in composition, with gilt orna- me…
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Palmer, Elihu, an American Eationalist, who flour- ished near the close of the last century, was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1787. He was the head of the Columbian llluminati, a deistical company at New York, established about 1801, consisting of ninety-five mem- bers. Its professed aim was to promote " moral sci…
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oned as a heretic and burned. See Soames, Ilist. of the Reformation, iv, 47, 70. Palmer, Mrs. Phcjebe, one of the most noted American women of our day, is celebrated not only for many philanthropic labors, but for an unusually pious life. She was born near the opening of this century. Inheriting Methodism as a birthri…
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Palmer, William, an English theologian of our times, was educated at Oxford University, and became fellow of Worcester College, Oxford. After taking holy orders, he was made prebendary of Sarum, then rural dean, and finally vicar of Whitchurch, at Dorset. He is especially noted as a student of liturgy (q. v.). His mast…
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The English word palmer-irorm is provincially used for the hairy muff-like caterpillar of the great tiger- moth {Arctia caja). This is a very indiscriminate and voracious feeder, but we never heard of its attacking cultivated plants in such numbers as to produce the slightest alarm. Indeed, we much doubt whether any P…
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countries of the West, a priest, or occasionally a lay figure, was led at the head, mounted upon an ass, in commemoration of Christ's entry into the citj- — a usage which still exists in some parts of Spain and Spanish America. Before the party returns to the church the doors have been closed, and certain strophes of t…
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The ordinary reckoning of the events of Passion- week places this event, as its name imports, on Sunday ; but a more careful examination of the Gospel narratives inclines us to locate it on Monday. The indications of date are most explicit in the Gospel of John, which states (xii, 1) that the tinal arrival of Jesus at …
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Palm-Synod {Palmaris Synodus), an important ecclesiastical council, so called after the building in which it was held ("A porticu beati Petri Apostoli qua; appellatur ad Palmaria," as Anastasius says), was convened bj' Theodoric in A. D. 501 (Gieseler and others place it in A. I). 503) to consider the charges of simony…
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1, Cluster of dates ; 2, flower ; 3, a date ; 4, section of the same. PALM-TREE 602 PALM-TREE yearly proiluced in numerous clusters and in the utmost abiiniiancp, is its cliief value ; for whole tribes of Arabs anil Africans tind their chief sustenance in the date, of which even the stony seeds, being ground down, …
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III. Scripture Xotices. — 1. As to the industrial and domestic uses of the palm, it is well known that they are very numerous; but there is no clear allusion to them in the Bible. That the ancient Orientals, how- ever, made use of wine and honey obtained from the palm-tree is evident from Herodotus (i, 193; ii, 86), St…
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(7.) There is little doubt that Solomon's Tadmor, af- terwards the famous Palmyra, on another desert fron- tier far to the north-east of Tamar, is primarily the same word ; and that, as Gibbon says {Decline and Fall, ii, 38), "the name, by its signification in the Syriac as well as in the Latin language, denoted the mu…
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PALM-TREE, SYMBOLISM OF 604 PALM-TllEE, SYMBOLISM OF from earth, and as near as possible to heaven. Perhaps no point is more worthy of mention, if we wish to pur- sue the comparison, than the elasticity of the fibre of the palm, and its determined growth upwards, even when loaded with weights (" nititur in pondus palm…
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3. The palm is doubtless often found upon the tombs of faithful ones who were not martyrs; some of these bear dates earlier than those of the persecutions (Arin- ghi, ii, 639). It had become such a common ornament that moulds were made of it in baked clay (D'Agin- court, Terres cuiles, xxxiv, 5), which were used as an …
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Pal'ti (Heb. Palti', "^13^5, my deltrerance; Sept. 4>a\ri), son of Raphu of the tribe of Benjamin, and one of the twelve spies sent out by Moses (Numb, xiii, 9). B.C. 1657. Pal'tiel (Heb. Pallid', ^X'^^bs, deliverance of Cod; Sept. <I>aX7-(>;X), son of Azzan, and chief man of the tribe of Issachar, one of those appoi…
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Pamniachius, St., a friend and contemporary of St. Jerome (q. v.), was a senator at Rome, and stood high in the esteem of his countrymen. Being persuaded of the value of a religious life, the death of his wife con- strained him to turn aside from societj', and he em- braced an ascetic life. He died in a convent in 410.…
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' It was in Pamphylia that St. Paid first entered Asia Minor, after preaching the Gospel in Cyprus. He and Barnabas sailed up the river Oestrus to Perga (Acts xiii, 13). Here thej' were abandoned by their subordinate companion John-^Mark; a circumstance which is alluded to again with much feeling, and with a pointed me…
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2. Machabdth, ri3ri^ (from tni^n obs,, prob, to cook; comp. Arab, khubaza, to jjreparefood), a shallow vessel or griddle used for baking cakes (Lev. ii, 5 ; vi, 14 [A. V. 21] ; vii, 9 ; 1 Chron. xxiii, 29 [" flat plate," marg. A. v.] ; Ezek. iv, 3) ; Sept. Ti'iyavov ; Vulg. sarfago ; ap- parently a shallow pan or plate…
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Wlien, after the establishment of Christianity, the heathen deities were degraded by the Church into fall- en angels, the characteristics of Pan— viz. the horns, the goat's beard, the pointed ears, the crooked nose, the tail, and the goat's feet — were transferred to the devil himself, and thus the "Auld Hornie" of pop…
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Pancarea is the name given to a representation of the six general councils painted on the walls of St. Peter's at Rome in the 8th century. Panchatantra (literally, the Jive books) is the name of the celebrated Sanscrit fable-book of the Hindus whence the J/itojutdesa was compiled and enlarged. Its authorship is ascrib…
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Pandemos, a surname oi Aphrodite (Venus), imder which she was worshipped at Athens from the time when Theseus united the scattered tribes of Attica into one political body. White goats were sacrificed to the goddess. The surname of Pandemos was also applied to Erus (Cupid). Pandera. See Pantiiera. Panderen, Egbert va…
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Paneas. See C.esarea Philippi. Panegyric (Lat. panegyricce orationes) is the name of the orations pronounced upon the graves of the early Christian martyrs. Tiiey were especially a labor of love with the Cimrch fathers, who thus came to compose some of their most praised homilies (q. v.). Among tlic ablest were those …
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Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium is one of the most famous and remarkable hymns of the Roman Breviary (q. v.). The Pange Lingua was writ- ten bj' St. Thomas Aquinas, the " Doctor Angelicus," and is used in the Roman Catholic Church on the feast of Corpus Christi and in solemn masses. It was composed at the inst…
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Like the preceding it has been translated into English aiid German. See Schaff, Christ in Song, p. 155 ; Neale, Mediwval Hymns and Sequences, p. 1-4 ; Caswall, Li/ra Catholica,\). 137; Mrs. Charles, Christian Life in Song, p. 133; Hymns Ancient and Modern ; IsWWcr, Singers and Songs of the Church, p. 11 ; Evenings with…
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Panini, the most celebrated of the Sanscrit gram- marians, is said to have been the grandson of the in- spired legislator Devala, and lived at so remote an age that he is reckoned among the fabulous sages men- tioned in the Puranas (see Colebrooke, Asiat. Res. vii, 202). With regard to his death we have the following t…
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Pan-Movements for the union of the different Christian bodies of the world are of recent origin, and so largely at work at the present time that it is hard- ly possible to say more here than simply call the in- quirer's attention to the Pan- Anglican Synods lield in recent years [see Synods; CEcumenical Councils]; and …
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Pannorniia is the title of a canonical collection by bishop Ivo of Chartres (q. v.), consisting of eight books, and counted among the most valuable ecclesiastical la- bors of the pre-Gratian period. They were freely used by Gratian. See, on the relation of the I'unnormium to the Decretum, Theiner, Ueber Ivo's vermeintl…
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Panteoil is the Spanish term for a crj-pt (q. v.) be- hind the altar, serving as the burial-place of the bishop. Pantheism (from irac, all, and Srtoc, God), a gen- eral name for a belief in the identity of God and nature. I. Dejinltion. — This philosophical dogma has been very variously conceived, and is therefore li…
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Scripture, indeed, fairly interpreted, knows nothing of that immanence of God in nature which lies at the root of all pantheistic modes of thought. Physical pan- theism, which confounds God with nature and nature with God, and looks on the world as a huge animal with a rational and sensitive soul, repels by its very gr…
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To the careful student of the sacred Scriptures the O.-T. writings reveal a healthy realism in their con- ception of God. He is above the world and outside it. He taketh up the isles as a very little thing. He weighs the hills in scales and the mountains in balances. To the Psalmist, e. g., God is present in nature ; …
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1. Hindu Pantheism. — Hindu philosophy proceeds upon the fundamental axiom that Brahm (q. v.) alone exists; all else is an illusion. Accordingly when man regards external nature, and even himself, as distinct from Brahm, he is in a dreaming state, realizing only phan- toms. But when he recognises Brahm as the one total…
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3. Greek Panthtism, — Those who distinguish in philos- PANTHEISM 619 PANTHEISM ophy between science and ethics — the former dealing with what is, the latter with what ought to be — point us to Hindii speculation as philosophy within the swaddling bands of theology, and claim that it Avas left for (ireece to free ma…
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With Socrates (B. C. 468-399) opens a new epoch in Greek speculation. Hereafter we meet again with pantheistic notions, but they are no longer in extensive acceptance. The philosophers up to the days of Soc- rates had been simply physicists ; they looked on nat- ure or ^vaiQ as an entity in itself. The other or com- pl…
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5. Pantheism in the Church of the West. — As we have j ust seen, most of the Christian sects of the early Chu rch known as Gnostics were pantheistic in tendency. They were the first Christian Pantheists probably. Witli their disappearance pantheism disappears for a time from the Church. The foundation of schools of lea…
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PANTHEISM 621 PANTHEISM nevertheless, by using its formulas as mere allegories and symbols of speculative ideas, combats it in its foun- dations, and is to be regarded as the most important mediaeval prelude to the pantheistic speculation of modern times." The fundamental notion of Eckart's system, which approached …
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Spinoza, like Scotus, was never the representative man of a school; yet to this philosophy, propounded in the 17th century, can be most reasonably referred that pantheistic spirit which has pervaded the philosojjhy as well as the theology of Germany since the beginning of our present ara. Schelling (q. v.) and Hegel (q…
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It is at the Tubingen University ])rineipally that pantheism has obtained its favorable exponents and lieartiest advocates. 'I'lie boldest and most reckless of pantlicistic divines is undoubtedly Dr. David Friedrich Strauss (q. v.), who represents the left wing of the He- gelian system, as applied to theology. A person…
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The sj'stem of philosophico-theology, which main- tains God to be everything, and everything to be God, has extensively spread its baleful intiuence among the masses of the people in various Continental nations. It pervades alike the corammiism of Germany and the socialism of France. Feuerbach, in the one country, hold…
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In other words, the God of Christianity must be al- lowed not to be a God creating a world, and acting on a world from without, but a God immanent and energiz- ing in the universe which is co-extensive with him as its source; and dogmatic formulffi and Biblical repre- sentations irreconcilable with that doctrine must b…
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Modern pantheism is nothing else than the theoso- phy of the East imported into the West : an avowed at- tempt to dis]dace the religious idea which (iod stamped upon the soul and conscience of humanity from the very cradle of the race in Paradise. The personality of the Deity and of Christ, with the individual responsi…
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PanueeLs, William, a Flemish painter and en- graver, was born at Antwerp about 1600. Little is known of him as a painter, but it appears that he was a disciple of Kubens from the inscriptions on some of his prints. He etched quite a number of plates after Rubens and from his own designs. They were execut- ed in a spiri…
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PANZER 626 PAOLO 1804. Besides his Annales Ti/poffraphici, he wrote a history of the German Bible, Literal-. Ndchrichten v. den allerdltesten gedruckten Deutschen Bibeln (Nuremb. 1777) : — Gesck, der Niirnherger Ausgahen der Bibel, etc. (ibid. 1778) : — Gesck. derAugsburgerA nggahen (1780) : — Die unveranderte A ugs…
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Paolo Veronese (or Paolo Cagliari), a very noted Italian painter who belonged to the Venetian school of the 16th century, was a native of Verona, whence his surname. He was born, according to Ridolti, in 1532; though others say in 1528. His father was a sculptor, and afforded the boy all the art-training that he seemed…
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Papa, Simone (2), called // Giovine (the young- er), a Neapolitan painter, born in 1506. He was the son of a goldsmith, who desired to bring him up in his own business, but showing an earl}- passion for painting, Papa was placed under the instruction of Gio. Antonio d'Amato. He acquired distinction, and exe- cuted seve…
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With Xystus I (about 115 to 12a) a second division in the oldest papal catalogues begins. It is regarded as probable that he was the iirst who occupied in the pres- byterial college of Rome an episcopal position, although his fellow-presbyters may have only regarded him as primus infer pares. With Hyginus (about 135 to…
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PAPACY 629 PAPACY cide the case of the appealing bishop either through the bishops of the ecclesiastical province, or through his delegates, or in the exercise of liis own power. It was, however, only one party among the bishops which conceded to the bishop of Rome these excessive powers, for the other party, embrac…
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PAPACY 630 PAPACY em criticism. The conversion and baptism of Constan- tine b}' S_ylvester; the inviolability of the pope in the pretended acts of a Synod of Sinuena, with the fabulous historj" of pope Marcellinus; the Cmisti/ii/iim Si/lvesfri, the Gesta Liberii, the Gesta Xysti III, and towards tlie close of the Gt…
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The first half of the 10th century is known as the period of '• pornocracy," during which the papal chair was filled by a succession of reprobates, for which the history of few, if any, episcopal sees of the Chris- tian world furnishes a parallel. Two Roman fami- lies strove to obtain permanent control of the papal cha…
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This excess of daring arrogance brought on a fatal collapse. As in England the nobility and commons had extorted from their cowardly king the Magna Charta as a bulwark against royal and popish presump- tion, so in France the Assembly of Estates derided the papal excommunication; and when Boniface himself was imprisoned…
1,121 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.