PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 7
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,372,028 words · 1337 reading sections
Section 841
PAPACY 632 PAPACY against beinj:; stripped of the more extensive authority of their predecessors; the majority of Catholic scholars chafed ai^aiiisr the condition of abject servitude which the papal liierarchy, as it was understood by the Jes- uits, assigned to them ; and many governments became alarmed at the exces…
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About the middle of the 18th century a violent tempest began to collect throughout Catholic Europe against the papacy. The educated classes of these countries were very largely pervaded by a disbelief in the entire doctrinal system of the Catholic Church, and regarded the papacy as the chief obstacle to the progress of…
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spread of ultra-papal tendencies, as the Orleans dj'nasty in France, and the Protestant governments of Germany, made little or no effort to prevent the elevation of the most zealous adherents of the papal theories to the episcopal sees, and the coercion of the lower priesthood to the same views. It soon became apparent…
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Literature. — The chief sources for the history of the Roman bishops until the 6th century are the papal cata- logues. They are divided into two classes, the tireek and the Latin. Of the former, only those found in Ire- naius {Adv. Hvereses, iii, 3, 3) and in Eusebius are of im- portance. Of the latter writer we have …
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Papadopoli, Niceola Commenus, a noted Ital- ian theologian, was born Jan. 6, 1655, in the isle of Candia. When eleven jears old he came to Rome, where he was educated in the college of St. Athana- sius. In 1672 he joined the Order of the Jesuits, whom he afterwards left. In 1688 he was appointed profess- or of canon la…
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Papendrecht, Cornelius P. von, a Roman Cath- olic tiieologian, was born at Dort in the j'ear 1686, and died in 1753, as canon of Mechlin, after having occu- pied for twenty-four years the office of secretary to the cardinal d'Alsace, archbishop of Mechlin. Papen- drecht wrote a Histoi'ij of the Church of Utrecht since …
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Paplinutins of Tiiebais, a noted martyr of the early Church, flourished near the opening of the 4th centurj' as bishop of a city in the Upper Thcbais. During the ]Maximian persecutions he lost an eye, and was sent into the mountains, raphnutiiis's ascetical life and martyrdom made him notorious, and he was brought to t…
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/ U .-* i'K^^ 3Coutx<i Riiius of the Temple of Venus at Old Paphos. 2. New Paphos (fld^oc N«i), now Baffa, wa? seated on the sea, near the western extrcmit}' of the island, and possessed a good harbor. It lay about sixty sta- dia, or between seven and eight miles, north-west of the ancient city (Strabo, xiv, 683).…
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Papillon dii Rivet, Nicolas-Gabriel, a French Jesuit, was born in Paris January 19, 1717. He early entered the Society of Jesus, and gained a reputation bj' his eloquence in most of the pulpits of the capital. He retired to Touniay after the suppression of his order, and died there in 1782. The Latin poems of which he …
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Tlist. of Djctr. (Index in vol. ii) ; id. Kirchengesch. vol. V. (J. H. W.) Papist (Lat. p:ipista, i. e. an adherent of the pope) is generally ajiplied with some admixture of contempt to Roman Catholics. Of itself, the name Papist im- plies nothing more than that he is an adherent of the pope ; but in its popular use i…
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Germanica, ii, 273, "My cause is God's, and I am still"). See Fechtus, Hist. CuUoquii Kinmendingcnsis (Rostock, 1709) : Kittelraeyer, Die evanyeL Kirclien- lieder des Elsasses (Jena, 1855, in the Btitrdgen ziir theiilog. Wissenschaft, by Reuss u. Canitz, G vols.) ; Melch. Adami, Vitw Germ, theologorum ; Thtologisches L…
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VII.— S s This country was first discovered by the Portuguese commanders Antonio d'Abrew and Francisco Serrani in 1511. It was in part visited by the Dutch under Schouten in 1G15; in 1828 their government built a fort, called Du Bus, in Triton Bay, 8° 42' S. lat. and 133° 51' 5" E. long., but it had to be abandoned af…
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but believe that the soul of the father at death returns to the son, and that of the mother to the daughter. The Papuans of Humboldt Bay are farther advanced than those of any other part of the island, carve wood, make fishing-nets, build good houses above the water of the bay, and connect them with the mainland by bri…
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2. In the New Testament it is employed by our translators as the rendering of TrapafioXi) (derived as above), a word which seems to have a more restricted signification than tlie above Hebrew term, being gen- erall}' employed in the second sense mentioned above, viz to denote a fictitious narrative, under which is vei…
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1. The parable is not a mere similitude, in which the mind rests simply upon the points of agreement be- tween two things that are compared, and experiences that pleasure which is always afforded by the discovery of resemblances between things that differ. lu such a case both terms of the similitude must be enunciated,…
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Thus distinguished both from similitude and meta- phor, and regarded as a species of allegory, the parable may be said to be a story which, either true or possess- ing all the appearance of truth, exhibits in the sphere of natural human life a process parallel to one which exists in the ideal and spiritual world. It di…
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rabbins of the two preceding centuries. The pane- gyric passed upon the great rabbi Meir, that after his death men ceased to speak parables, implies that up to that time there had been a succession of teachers more or less distinguished for them (.iota, fol. 49, in Jost, Jtidenthum, ii, 87; Lightfoot, I. c). Later Jewi…
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If we test the parables of the Old Testament by the rules above laid down, we shall not find them wanting in any excellence belonging to this species of compo- sition. What can be more forcible, more persuasive, and more beautiful than the parables of Jotham (Judg. ix, 7-15), of Nathan (2 Sam. xii, 1-14), of Isaiah (v,…
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It has been urged by some writers, by none with greater force or clearness than by Chrysostom (I/om. in Malt. 64), that there is a scope or purpose for each parable, and that our aim must be to discern this, not to iiiid a special significance in eacli circumstance or incident. The rest, it is said, maj' be dealt with …
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PARABLE tioned, however, whether this canon of interpretation is likely to lead us to the full meaning of this portion of our Lord's teaching. True as it doubtless is that there was in each parable a leading thought to be learned, partly from the parable itself, parth^ from the occasion of its utterance, and that all …
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It is possible, no doubt, that the individual parts of a parable may be full of instruction. In that of the sower, what a field of thought is opened by the expres- sion, " The seed is the Word of God" (Luke viii, 11). In that of the prodigal son, the description of the 3'ounger son's wandering from his father's house, …
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(h) Traits which, if interpreted, would lead to con- clusions contrary to the analog}^ of faith belong only to the coloring. In the parable of the unmerciful servant we read, " But, forasmuch as he had not to pay, his lord commanded him to be sold, and his wife and children, and all that he had, and pa^nnent to be made…
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PAKABOLANI 650 paracp:lsus Lectures (il)itl. 1852, 12mo) ; Newland, Posiils (ibid. 1854, l"2nio) ; Stevens, Parables (Phila. 1855, 8vo) ; Kirk, Lectures (N. Y. 1856, 12mo) ; Oxenden, Parables (Lond. 18(j5, 1866, 8vo); Machlachlan, Notes (ibid. 1870, 8vo) ; De Teissier, Parables (ibid. 1870, 12mo). Fur treatises and …
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PARACELSUS 651 PARACLETE tagia niirifica arte sustulit," including his treatment of S3'i)hilis and obstinate ulcers, in which he excelled. Though Paracelsus pretended to he guided by Hip- pocratic principles, his action appears more that of an empiric. He taught ratlier a trust in experience and experiment, and asce…
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Paraclete (J\apaK\i]Toc, lit. one called near for aid; A.V. "Comforter"). This word is applied in the original to Christ in 1 John ii, 1, where it is translated "advocate" (q. v.). Indeed, in that famous passage in which Christ promises the Holy Spirit as a paraclete (" comforter") to his sorrowing disciples, he takes …
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Paradise is but an Anglicized form of the Greek word TrapdSttaog, which is identical with the Sanscrit paradesa, Persian pat-des, and appears also in the He- brew pardh, CI"! 3, and the Arabic firdaus. In all these languages it has essentially the same meaning, a park. It does not occur in the Old Testament, in the Eng…
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The word itself, though it appears in the above form in the Song of Sol. iv, 13 ; Eccles. ii, 5 ; Neh. ii, 8. may be classed, with hardly a doubt, as of Aryan rather tlian of Shemitic origin. It first appears in Greek as coming straight from Persia (Xenoph. ut sup.), (ireek lexicogra- phers classify it as a Persian wor…
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These apparently exact topographical data have ex- cited the zeal of historians and theologians, who have vied with each other in efforts to point out the precise geographical site of the garden. It is unnecessary here to adduce all the views proposed. Most of them are collected in INIorini Diss, de Pa7adiso Tenrsti-i …
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In order to escape the difSculties presented in tliis account, attempts have been made to force upon the text various strange interpretations. Thus Verbrugge (Orat. de sit. Paradis. p. 11) understands the river ("lil3) to mean merely a great abundance of springs; and hence one need onlj' seek a well-watered district of…
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2. Fationalistic Interpretations. — Turning from such doubtful inqturies, later German interpreters have mostly agreed to consider Gen. ii, 10 sq. as a nij'thical description of the lost Paradise, to be compared with PARADISE 655 PARADISE the Grecian accounts of the trardens of the Hesperides. They assume, as its p…
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Of the three hypotheses which we have last stated, that given by Hartmann is the most simple. Sickler's supposes a conception on the part of the ancient writer which is entirely too inconsistent with itself. That of Buttmann rests upon too many separate suppositions, improbable enough in themselves; and assumes, beside…
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These last-named ti'aditions even proceed to detail the steps hy which this fair abode was forfeited. Ac- cording to the Zendavesta, men were so blinded by a wicked dtemon that they viewed the whole creation, and their own happiness, as the work of Ahriman. After thirty days they -went hunting, with black cloth- ing o…
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1. To the idealistic school of Alexandria, of which Philo the Jew is the representative, paradise was noth- ing more than a symbol and an allegory. That writer (De Mundi Opif. § 54) is the first who ventured upon an allegorical interpretation. To him the thought of the narrative as one of fact was unendurable. The prim…
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It is with this popular belief, rather than with that of either school of Jewish thought, that the language of the N. T. connects itself. In this as in other instances it is made the starting-point for an education which leads men to rise from it to higher thoughts. The old word is kept, and is raised to a new dignity …
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5. The later history of the word presents some facts of interest. Accepting in this as in other instances the mythical elements of Eastern Christianity, the creed of Islam presented to its followers the hope of a sensuous paradise, and the Persian word was transplanted through it into the languages spoken by them. In t…
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his patron the elector palatine would bring upon him^ self by accepting the crown of Bohemia caused him to change his residence. He terrified himself with a thousand bad omens; he feared the success of the Im- perialists; and, considering the books he had written against the pope and Bellarmine, he looked upon it as th…
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History. — The history of Paraguay is highly interest- ing. The country was discovered by Sebastian Cabot in 152G; but the first colony was settled in 1535 by Pedro de Mendoza, who founded the city of Assuncion, and established Paraguay as a province of the viceroyalty of Peru. The warlike native Guaranis, a people who…
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PARAH 661 PARALYTIC imlependent of Brazil, after the re-establisliment of peace in 1870, until the people had time to elect Kiver- ola as their president. In December, 1871, Salvador Jovellanos became president. Under his administra- tion the country was slowly recovering from the dread- ful devastations in which th…
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On the other hand, the case of Alcimns, spoken of in 1 Mace, ix, 55, was probably one of sudden tetanus, which would account for the severe pain mentioned, a symptom not found in apoplexy, as well as for the sudden death. The tetanus (which receives its common name of lock- jaw from its effect on the organs of speech) …
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1. The WiLDioitNiissoi- Paijan ("pNS ^31^; Sept. >'/ tp7]i.ioQ ToiJ 'Papc'iv). — The situation and boundaries of this desert are set forth witli considerable exactness by a number of incidental notices in Scripture. It had Palestine on the north, the valley of Arabah on the east, and the desert of Sinai on the south. I…
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It is strange that both Eusebius and .Jerome (followed by Steph. Byz. ; Reland, p. 55G; Kaumer, and others) speak of Paran as a city, which they locate three days' journey east {TTfioQ avciToXciQ, but they must evidently mean ivest) of Aila {Oiwmast. s. v. Faran). They refer, doubtless, to the old town of Faran, in the…
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The name Paran thus corresponds in general out- line with the desert Et-Tih. Tlie Sinaitic desert, in- cluding the wedge of nietamorphic rocks, granite, sy- enite, and porphyrj', set, as it were, in a superficial margin of old red sandstone, forms nearly a scalene triangle, with its apex southward, and having its base …
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Paranymph {Trapavvi.i<piog), a term used in an- cient (ireece to denote one of the friends or relations of a bridegroom who attended him on the occasion of his marriage. Among the Jews there were two para- nymphs, one a relative of the bridegroom and the other of the bride; the tirst was called his companion, and the o…
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In the article Marie a la Coque we have already given the personal history of this remirkable Komish saint. It remains to be added here that the Romanists of Paray-le-Monial claim to possess her bones, and that over them stands the altar erected to her memorj-. A correspondent of the New York Tribune, -who was an eye- …
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The name of the Parcffi, according to Yarro, is derived a partu or parturiendo, because they presided over the birth of men, and, by corruption, the word jutrca is formed (wm paifa or partus; but, according to Servius, they are called so by antiphrasis, quod newini par cant. ' The power of the Parcaj was great and exte…
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PARCHED GROUND 667 PARCHMENT sum, or bean of Pythagoras, and most abundantly the pulse called fjram by the English, on which their cattle are chiefly fed. This is the Cice}- arietinum of bota- nists, or chick-pea, which is common even in Egypt and the south of Europe, and may be obtained every- where in India in a p…
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Parchi, Estori ben-Moses, a noted Hebrew schol- ar, was a native of Provence, and belonged to those ex- iles who were driven from France in the year 1306, un- der Philip IV, the Fair, one of the most rapacious, per- haps the most cruel sovereign who ever sat on the throne of France. At the time of the expulsion Parchi …
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ment of the great metropolis, a:id had a wide influence in leading to similar operations elsewhere. He resigned his position in the Union in the fall of 18G3 to take a l)osition as agent in a life insurance company, but he so conditioned his employers that he had perfect liberty to go and come when he pleased, and he b…
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Pardies, Ignace Gaston, a French Jesuit, much noted for his attainments in philosophy, mathematics, and belles-lettres, was born, of distinguished parentage, at Paris in 1G36. After due training at the schools in Paris, he conceived the purpose of entering the Society of Jesus, and joined the order in 1652. For several…
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9. Josijahn, a pupil and son-in-law of Saul Levi Morteira, also officiated as chacham or rabbi until, in 1674, he went in the same capacity to Cura(;oa, and af- terwards to Jamaica. His son David (4) was rabbi at Surinam, where he died about 1717. See Kayserling, Die Pardos, in Frankel's Monats- schrift, 1859, p. 386 …
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"First, they assert, as Bellarmine saith, that 'many holy men have siiftered more for God and righteousness' sake than the guilt of the temporal punishment which they were obuoxious to for faults committed by them could exact.' " Secondly, hence they say, as Johannes de Turrecre- mata, 'That one can satisfy for anothe…
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Pardus, Georgics (or Gregorios), a noted East- ern prelate, who is supposed to have flourished after the 11th centurj', although the time is not exactly known. The only clew that we have to the period in which he lived is a passage iu an unpublish- ed work of his, De Constructione Orationis, in which he describes Georg…
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PARE 672 PARIS, COUNCILS OF tsxt has it, is established bj' the custom of the East, of allowin<,' them to grow when in sorrow. The mar- ginal reading, therefore, would have been much better for the text. When people are performing penance, or arc in captivity or disgrace or prison, or are devo- tees, they suffer the…
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Parentino, Bernardo, called also Fra Lorenzo, an Italian painter, was born at Parenzo, in Istria, in 1437. He was a pupil of Andrea Mantegna. Lanzi says that he approached so near to Mantegna that his worlvs might easily be mistaken for those of that master. In the cloister of Santa Giustina, at Padua, are ten Acts fro…
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5. In 615 a council was convened under king Clotaire II. This was the most numerously attended of the Gal- VII.— U u lie councils up to that period. Seventj-^-nine bishops from all the newly united provinces of Gaul were pres- ent. Fifteen canons have been preserved, but others probably were published. Among the most…
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See Labbe, Conc.vi'u 1590. 8. In the autumn oC the year 849 a council convened at Paris, which was composed of twenty- two bishops from the provinces of Tours, Sens, Kheims, and Kouen. These prelates addressed a letter to Nomenoi, the duke of Bretagne, concerning his proceedings in the Council of Rennes in the precedi…
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4. Forbids them to dance in the cloisters, or anywhere else ; and declares that it is better to dig or plough on Sunday than to dance. 5. Directs that abbesses who fail in their duty shall be suspended; and, if they do not amend, shall be deposed. 9. Directs that abbots, priors, and other superiors who ofleud iu the …
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bishops by no means corroborated. This was not strict- Ij' speaking an ecclesiastical council, but a national as- semblj'; two others of the same kind were held in the following year, upon the subject of the differences be- tween the king and the pope. In September, in that year, the latter drew up a bull excommunicati…
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27. A national council was held in 1408, convoked to deliberate upon the government of the Church, and the presentations to benefices : first, The declaration of the favorers and adherents of Pedro of Luna was read ; then a great number of articles were drawn up, upon the manner in which the French Church should be gov…
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10. That" they who take from the number of sacraments, and who deny their efficacy to confer grace, are to be treated as heretics. This decree treats of each sacrament in detail. 11. That the necessity of the sacrifice of the mass is sup- ported by several passages of Holy Scripture, especially by Luke xxii. That this…
936 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.