PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 7
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,372,028 words · 1337 reading sections
Section 901
the monaster}' of Port-Royal-des-Champs. From this he removed — driven away, it is said, by fear of the wolves which infested the neighborhood — and became sub-vicar at Saint-Etienne-du-Mont. He finally set- tled in Paris, where he died, Oct. 17, 1718. He pub- lished several works, among others, De V Usage des sa- crem…
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language of unqualified condemnation. The most in- fluential of the appellant clergj' took the same line ; the famous Duguet, Jerome Besoigne, author of the llistoirc de Port-Royal, Boursier, Delan, D'Asfeld, Pe- titpied, and others, earnestly reprobated the prevailin'; mania, and deprecated the obloquy which it brough…
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The distribution into parishes appears to be compara- tively modern. Originally all the clergy were (in the opinion of the Episcopalian churches) but coadjutors of the bishop, and served in his church, at which all the faithful assembled. Necessity, no doubt, and conven- ience gave rise to the division of parishes: for…
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"In the law of England, a parish is an important subdivision of the country for purposes of local self- go vorn men t, most of the local rates and taxes being confined within that area, and to a certain extent self- imposed by the parties who pa}' them. The origin of the division of England into parishes is not very cl…
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The first duty of the incumbent is to perform public worship in the parish church every Sunday, according to the form prescribed by the Book of Common Prayer, which is part of the statute-law of England. He must adhere strictly to the forms and ceremonies, and even to the dress prescribed by the Book of Common Prayer a…
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In Ireland the parish system has undergone consid- erable modilication. It is in. its present condition far more liberal than the Church of England parochial sys- tem, and may be fairly pronounced republican in char- acter. There is, first, in each diocese a committee of "patronage" or appointment, consisting of tlie b…
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682 PARISH SCHOOLS civil functions of the parish officers are now performed in the main by the town organization. The term parish is .'dso nsed in a popular but inaccurate way to signify the members of the congregation worshipping in any local church of any denomination. It may not be out of place here to add that t…
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Parish Schools have existed in the Church since the Cth century. Of course we refer to schools for sec- ular instruction. Catechetical schools existed much earlier. See Cateciiktics. In the 7th century we find enactments regarding parochial or parish schools. (See Council of Constantinople, A.D. 680, and of Trulla, A.D…
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IGIG was confirmed by the Parliament in 1G33, and un- der its authority a number of additional schools were erected in the more cultivated districts of the country. Five years later the General Assembly gave directions " for the settling of schools in every parish, and provid- ing entertainment for men able for the cha…
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revision, which fell due in 1853, but was delayed by temporary acts until l.s.')7. Various attennpts were made during the interval to increase the emoluments of the schoolmasters, and to adapt the system to the existing state of the country, but the prejudices and conflicting interests of rival sects rendered them abor…
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Parisian Sanhedrim. The year 1789, which marked an entirely new epoch in the history of Europe, was not without influence on the history and condition of the Jews. The contest between tradition and revo- lution, between the ancient order of things and the new lights, concerning the Jews and their position in society, b…
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S. The rabbins have no judicial power; that belongs exclusively to the Sanhedrim. As the Jews of France and Italy enjoyed the equal protection of the laws at that lime, there was no necessity to confer any jurisdiction or authority on their teachers. 9. The election and authority of the rabbins are gov- erned solely b…
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PARK 686 PARKER the position of ihe several religious corporations towards the state is rciiiilmed according to the constitution and law ol' the land ; the peculiar motive idea is that every one ol' the generally recognised religious communities shall enjoy equal rights and ecjual protection in the state ; and in th…
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Parker, Matthe^w, an eminent English prelate, noted especially for his connection with the Nag's-Head Consecration, is so closely related to the history of his own times that the period of his activity is regarded as a chapter in Church history, or, as some have it, " arch- bishop Parker's history is that of the Church…
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publish the Bible when it pleased the king that his subjects should read it, and to recall that book when the king found that its circulation was becoming dangerous to his pretensions. Parker's office was to carry into execution the law which made it criminal not to con- form to the Prayer-book, and high-treason itself…
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Those who desire a careful but cluircbly estimate of archbishop Parker must consult the Life written by the indcfatigalde Strype (Oxf. 1711), and Hook, Lives of the Archbishops. See also Soames, Hist, of the Ref. Ch. of Enyland, iv, 579 sq. ; Strj-pe, Annals, i, 262 sq. ; Buniet, Hist, of the Ref. iii, 387 sq. ; Soames…
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PARKER 689 PARKER chaplain to archbishop Sheldon ; in 1670 he became archdeacon, and in 1G72 a prebendary of Canterbury, and had the livings of Ickhara and Chartham. When king James II contemplated the reunion of England with tlie general Church, with its head in the Koman pontiff, he looked among the English divine…
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Parker, Samuel (2), son of bishop Samuel Parker, was an excellent scholar, but a man of singular mod- esty. He married a bookseller's daughter at Oxford, where he resided, and appears to have had a situation in the Bodleian Librarj*. Parker declined taking the oaths at the Revolution, and therefore did not enter into o…
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Parker, Theodore, an American theologian of the extreme rationalistic order, was possessed of one of the brightest intellects of this century, and in many respects was fitted by nature to lead and to teach. He is not noted, however, as the founder of any school in religion or philosophy. Theodore Parker was born in Le…
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taken only a very few lessons himself, and Spanish without having enjoyed the instruction of a master for a single hour. When just twenty he went to Cam- bridge to be examined for admission to Harvard College. He was admitted; but being a non-resident, and nn- able to pay the tuition fees, he was not entitled to the de…
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dive into the college librarj', and fish up huge tomes in Latin and Greek, which he would lug off to his room, and go into them with as much eagerness as a boarding-school girl goes into a novel. His power of speech also began to attract attention. He was the best debater, if not the best writer, in Divinity Hall. He f…
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The society which Parker found at West Roxbury was of special value to his culture. His immediate neighbors were a choice circle of cultivated persons used to the refinements of life, accomplished in litera- ture and art, with high tone of sentiment, and "that rich flavor of character which distinguishes people well br…
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The autumn of 1843 found Parker so much worn out by toil that a voyage to Europe was recommended for recreation. A friend was near to supply the pecuniary needs of such a journey, and he set out September 9, to remain a whole year on the other side of the Atlantic. It proved no holida}' trip for sight-seeing, but a ser…
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! addition to the duties of his parish, his public labors ' were ver^- numerous. He lectured before lyceunis all ! through New England and many other Northern states, to the amount of eighty or one hundred times in a j'ear; was present at and addressed many kinds of meetings for the promotion of temperance, antislavery…
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Parker Society is the name of an English or- ganization of churchmen started in 1841, for the pur- ])ose of a complete republication of the writings of the Reformation. We append a list of the works published and proposed to be published by the Parker Society : In roval octavo — liecon, Cranmer, Jewell, Whitgift, Tind…
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PARKINSON 695 PARLIAMENTARY CHURCH Ixvii and Ixx; North Amer. Revieic, xliv, 282; Ixxii, 269. Parkinson, Richard, D.D., an English divine, was born near the opening of this century, and was ed- ucated at St. John's College, Cambridge. After taking lioly orders he ■vvas successively canon of jNIanchester, rural dean,…
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Parks, Martin P., an American minister of the Gospel, who distinguished himself by a most consistent life and great devotion to the Christian cause, was bom in North Carolina in 1804 of pious Methodist parents. He chose a military career, and was educated at West Point, While at the academy he was converted under the p…
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Leo X in 1513. They continued under the sovereignty of the ])opes till 1543, when they were alienated by pope Paul III, and with the surrounding territory were erect- ed into a duchy for his natural son Pier-Luigi Farnese, the grandfather of Alessandro Farnese, the celebrated regent of the Low Countries. On the extinct…
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Parmelee, David Le^w^is, a somewhat noted Congregational minister, was born in Litchfield, Conn., Nov. II, 1795; received his preparatory training at the school of his native town, and then entered upon mer- cantile employment. He was all this time a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, but the frequent appeals f…
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PARMIGIANO 698 PARNASIM Platn, in his dialogue entitled rarmenides, to have con- I versed with Parmenides and Zeno on the doctrine of ideas, which we can hardly suppose to have been the case, as Socrates at that time was only thirteen or four- teen. AthenKUS (xi, p. 505) accordingly has censured riato for saying tha…
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Par'nach (Heb. ParnaV , ~3"iB, perhaps swift; Sept <t>api'ax), the father of Elizaphan, which latter was prince of the tribe of Zebulun at the close of the Exodus (Numb, xxxiv, 25). B.C. ante 1(518. Parnasun (n'^D3~iS = Troip'tvic, she2)hei-ds') is a name by which the rulers of the synagogue in the time of Christ were…
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youth, finally to have enrolled himself in the military profession. He returned to his native island at the age of twenty, where he became acquainted with a young Creole lady, the Eleonore of his verse, which acquaint- ance his fervent imagination soon converted into the most ardent attachment. Their mutual love inspir…
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Pai'one, Fran'cksco, an Italian painter, was born about 16U0 at IMilan. According to Baglioni he was the son of an obscure artist, who taught him the rudi- ments of the art. At an early age lie went to Rome, where he had the good fortune of being taken under the protection of the marquis Giustiniani, for whom he painte…
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PARRICIDE (01 PARRY that on these subjects his mind underwent a change in the latter part of liis Hfe. Still his notions about civil and religious liberty were never the clearest or the most comprehensive; for while he could recommend conciliation to the Koman Catholics and the Unitarians, he did not hesitate to sug…
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Parrocel, Etienne, a French painter, was born in Paris about 1720. He painted historical subjects, but attained little reputation. He executed several scrip- tural works, among which was Christ on the Mount of Ollces. There are several etchings by him, in a bold, free style, among which is The Triumph of Mordecai (afte…
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mondley, which was in a work of a controversial kind with Dr. Williams, of Kotherham, On the Origin of Mor- al Evil. It liad been his intention to write a history of the Dissenters, a work for which he was well quali- fied, and for which he had made considerable prepara- tion; but a painful nervous affection coming on,…
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muzd himself. They are all called "immortal saints," and each rules over a special province of creation. These are in their origin personifications of abstrac- tions, representing the gifts of Ormuzd to his worship- pers. Ahriman has also a council of six (later seven) evil beings, the counterparts of Ormuzd's councill…
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During those fierce persecutions of the 7th century many of those Avho still cleaved to the religion of their forefathers found a refuge in the mountainous districts of Khorassan, where, for about a hundred years, they lived in the free and undisturbed exercise of their re- ligion. At length, however, when the sword of…
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PARSEES V05 PARSEES they are afterwards removed to a subterranean cavern. The Parsees having so long mingled with the Hindus have naturally adopted many of their customs and prac- tices, which for centuries they have continued to ob- serve; and though the piinchd/jef, or legal council of the Parsees, about twenty-li…
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The Parsees practice also five kinds of "sacrifice," which term, however, is rather to be understood in the sense of a sacred action. These are, the slaughtering of animals for public or private solemnities; prayer; the Darinis sacrament, which, with its consecrated bread and wine in honor of the primeval founder of th…
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in the grossest ignorance, until the recent efforts for their elevation. As we have said above, the Parsee merchants of India sent a member of their denomination to Persia, witli the view of ameliorating the condition of their poor brethren residing in tliat kingdom. The emissary of his people bore the name Jlaiiokji L…
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Parsons, David, D.D., a Congregational minister, was born .Ian. 'IS, 1749, at Amherst, JIass. He gradu- ated at Harvard College in 1771, entered the ministry in 1775, and was ordained pastor in Amherst, Oct. 2, 1782, and resigned Sept. 1, 1819. He felt much interes-.; in the cause of education, and gave land for the s…
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Parsons, Moses, a Congregational minister, was born at Gloucester, Mass., in 1716. He graduated at Harvard College in 1736; taught school at Manchester, and subsequently at Gloucester; was ordained at B}'- tield, Mass., in 1744, and continued pastor of that Church until his death in 1783. He published several Set-mons …
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PARSONS 709 PARSONS seminaries at Rome and Rheims, but of those at Valla- dolid, Seville, and St. Lucar in Spain, at Lisbon in Por- tugal, and at Douai and St. Omer in Flanders. In all these the English Roman Catholic youth who were sent to them were educated in violent prejudices against their native country, and t…
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The Jesuits all abound in praise of father Parsons, but there are many Romanists who impeach the in- tegrity of his character. Thus cardinal D'Ossat, in a letter to the king of France, giving an account of Parsons's Conference, declares that he was a man who regarded neither truth nor reason. Pasquin also at Rome thus …
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Parswanatha is the name of the twenty-third of the deilied saints of the Jainas in the present fera. Par- swanatha and JIahavira, the twenty-fourth, are greatly revered, especially in Hindostan. In a suburb of Be- nares, called Belupura, there is a temple honored as the birthplace of Parswanatha. See Jainas. Partake, …
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Parthenon is the temple which the Greeks dedi- cated at Athens to IVIinerva (q. v.). It is one of the most celebrated of the Greek temples, and is usually regarded as one of the most perfect specimens of Greek PARTHENOS 711 PARTHIAN architecture. Many of the sculptures have beeu re- moved from the Tarthenou in mode…
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It has already been stated that the Parthians were a Turanian race. Their success is to be regarded as the subversion of a tolerably advanced civilization by a comparative barbarism — the substitution of Tartar coarseness for Aryan polish and refinement. They aim- ed indeed at adopting the art and civilization of those…
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The rock-partridge is strong on the wing, and fleet of foot. It is wild and shy, sagacious in availing itself of whatever facilities for concealment may be afforded by the district in which it happens to be. The flesh is used as food by the Arabs, though it is dry, and far in- ferior in flavor to that of our species. I…
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pair of spurs (though others of the genus have two), and has the tail longer than true partridges. This spe- cies is valued for the table, is of handsome plumage, and common from Spain and France, on both sides of the Mediterranean, eastward to Bengal. The partridge is a third genus, reckoning in Syria the two species …
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er than the commm English partridge, and a bird of most delicate pencilling in its plumage. The bill and legs are a rich orange color, the back finely mottled, a bright white spot behind the ej'e, and the flanks striped with purple and red-brown. It is peculiar, so far as we know, to Arabia Petr.Ta. the basin of the De…
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Parvati, one of the names given in Hindu my- thology to the consort of Siva. She was worshipped as the universal mother and the principle of fertility. She is also considered as the goddess of the moon. In consequence of her remarkable victory over the giant Durgil she was honored as a heroine with the name of Darya, a…
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PASAGINIANS ■]( PASCAL first-born of creation, would point also more directly to the connccliou of their doctrine with some older Jewish theology than to a later purely AVestern origin." There are also some who believe the Pasagii to have been Jews, who, to escape persecution, assumed enough of Christian practices a…
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It may be counted a curious exemplification of the anomalous conditions of the human mind, that while Pascal was immersed in his superstitious observances he published his famous " Provincial Letters," in which, under the name of Louis de Montalto, he assailed the morality of the Jesuits with equal wit and argumenta- t…
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be that has guided them to such precipices ; my fervent prayer is that he would fill their hearts with that love of himself from which they have dared to give man a dispensation." What he uttered on his death-bed was the real motive which prompted him in all his contro- versies : " As one about to give an account of al…
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"lie comprehended, he explained that it was not in the head, but in the heart of man, that the belligerent parties could meet to treat of jieace; and he inaugurated, or, rather, he drew from the Gospel, and laid before ns, under the form which was ))roper to his genius and suitable to liis time, tljat beautiful doctrin…
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at Cologne in 1G84. See Recueil de pliisieurs pieces pour servir a I'JJistoire de Port-Rotjal (Utrecht, 1740); Me- moires pour servir u VHistoire de Port-Royal et de la Mere Angelique (ibid. 1742); Nicole, Eloge de Pascal; Bouiller, Sentiments de Af. sur la Critique des Pensees de Pascal (1741 antl 1753) ; Vie interess…
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Paschal, antipope of Rome, flourished in the 7th century. lie was early admitted to the service of the Church, and was for some time archdeacon of the Rom- ish Church. During the sickness of i)o|ie Conon, in or- der to take possession of the gold which tiiis pontiff had bequeathed to the clergv and to the monasteries, …
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pope and the emperor, the latter, who wished to be crowned at all events, determined to frighten the pope into compliance. At the suggestion, it is said, of two German prelates, one of whom was the archbishop of Metz, Henry ordered his German soldiers to lay hands on the pope. A scuflle ensued; and the people of Rome, …
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Easter has been the high festival of the Church since the days of the apostles; though the primitive ritual like the primitive creed foUowed no invariable rule. Tlius wliile the churches in a large majority celebrated Easter-Sunday on the first Lord's-day after the 14th of Nisan, on which our Lord suffered : others, as…
921 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.