PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK

McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 7

John McClintock & James Strong · 1,372,028 words · 1337 reading sections

Section 601

Ornament is the usual and proper rendering in the O. T. of the Hebrew "'"'"t "rf* (Sept. usually Kucrpog). The Israelites, like other Oriental nations, have always been remarkable for their love of ornament (Gen. xxiv, 47 ; li^xod. xxxii, 2 ; xxxiii, 4, etc.), not only in costly garments and braiding the hair (I Peter …

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Section 602

mented, and thus the practice of the Israelites would be exactly similar to that of the Babylonians, who, accord- ing to Herodotus (i, 105), "each carried a seal, and a walking-stick, carved at the top into the form of an apple, a rose, an eagle, or something similar." The first notice of the ring occurs in reference t…

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Section 603

The passage of Isaiah (iii, 18-23) to which Ave have already referred may be rendered as follows : (18) " In that day the Lord will take away the bravery of their anklets (CD-^i akasim), and their lace caps (D''D'^3'J, shebisini ; rather, perhaps, disks attached to the neck- lace), and their necklaces (^lunettes); (19)…

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Section 604

ORNAMENTS 453 OROBIO The material in use must also have an influence on the form and stj'le of the ornament. Thus stone-carv- ing and metal-work must evidently require different treatment. Fac- simile leaves might be formed in iron, but could not be so carved in stone. This con- structive element should be carefully…

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Section 605

See Bingham, A ntiquities of the Christian Church, bk. viii; Riddle, Chi-istian Antiquities, p. 741 sq., 811 sq. ; Coleman, Aiwient Christianity exempilijied, p. 2G0 sq. ; and for the Church of England especially, Hook, Church Diet. s. v. (J. H. W.) Or'nan (Heb. Om(TO', ■3'IX; Sept. 'Opva; Targum usually IJ^l^X, but a…

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Section 606

tioned as the translator; and it is remarkable that neither Basnage nor Wolf, who appear to have had his works as published in Spanish before them, enu- merates any treatise with this title. The work Is- ruel Venge has been translated into English by Miss Anna IMaria Goldsmid (Lond. 1839), and also in the same year by …

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Section 607

Oroth. See Heub. Or'pah (Heb. Orpah', '^5'?>', supposed to be trans- posed for mS", a gazelle; Sept. 'Op(pci), a Moabitish woman, wife of Chilion, son of Naomi, and thereby sis- ter-in-law to Ruth. B.C. cir. 1360. On the death of their husbands Orpah accompanied her sister-in-law and her mother-in-law on the road to …

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Section 608

The question of most consequence in relation to the public support of orphans is, whether it is best, in a moral, physical, and economical point of view, to bring up large numbers of orphans in great establishments where they live together, or to put them out singly in trustworthy families paid by the community (see Br…

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Section 609

ORPHIC MYSTERIES 458 ORSI ture still remains Lobeck's Aglaophamus, p. 244. See Smith. Diet, of Class. Biog. and Mijthol. s. v. ; Menzel, ChristUche Symholik, ii, 174-575; Westrop, Handbook of A rchceoL p. 199 ; Martigny, Diet. Jes A ntiquites Chre- tiennes, s. v. Orphe'e. Orphic Mysteries, a class of mystical cerem…

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Section 610

Orsi, Benedetto, an Italian painter, was a native of Pescia. and flourished about 1660. Lanzi says he was an eminent pupil of Baldassare Franccschini, called II Volterrano. There is a fine picture of 67. John attributed to him in the church of St. Stefano, at Pescia. He also painted the Seven Worhs of Mercy for La Camp…

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Section 611

Orsini. See Bexedict XIII ; Uusins. Ortega (St.), Juau de, a Spanish architect, flour- ished during the 11th century. According to IMiliza, he was tlie son of Vela Velasquez, and a native of Fon- tana d'Ortunno, iiear Burgos. He is said to have made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and to have erected at Montesdosa a church…

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Section 612

Plato considered heterodoxy as error, not as a simple departure from orthodoxy. Yet the ancient Church did not particularly attach itself to these denomina- tions of orthodoxy and heterodoxy as designating the contrast between the Christian truth and its opposite, for its doctrines were not yet firmly enough establishe…

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Section 613

ORTHODOXY, FEAST OF 461 ORTLIBENSES of Spener, and the orthodox party became but a shad- ow of its former self. Soon, however, under the influ- ence of Kant, philosophy also entered into the strife. As it prevailed, orthodoxy became but a name to be mocked at (Nicolai Elias Hartknoch), and all the views which were fo…

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Section 614

Ortlibenses is the name of a Christian sect, some- times spoken of as a branch of the ancient Vaudois, or W'aldoises (q. v.). They were afterwards identified with the Brethren of the Free Spirit. The Ortlibenses are mentioned in the treatise of Reinerius against the Waldenses (Bibl. Max. xxv, 266), where also they are …

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Section 615

Oi'us, See Horus, Orvis, Samuel, a minister of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, was born at Denmark, Lewis County, N, Y,, Dec, 5, 1813; was converted in 1829; commenced preaching in 1839 ; joined the Black Kiver Conference in 1842, and died at Carthage, N, Y,, Sept, 14, 1850, Mr, Orvis was one of the brightest orname…

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Section 616

governmental authority had approved the episcopal verdict, no officer dared to execute the Church decree. The delay only encouraged the opposition ; and when in 1550 a diet was convened to further consider the case, general opinion was so outspokenh' arrayed against the Church that Orzechowski found it an easy task to …

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Section 617

Osband, (tIdeox, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born near the opening of this century. Of his early history we have but little at our command. He entered the Genesee Conference in 1842 or 1843, and for twelve 3'ears successfully labored for the Christian cause. '" He accomplished," says the rec- ord,…

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Section 618

Oscar I, King of Sweden and Norway, deserves a place here on account of his varied philanthropic labors. He was born at Paris July 4, 1799, and was the son of the French general Bernadotte. He came to the throne in 1844, and was then already noted as an author and a man of rare culture. He had renounced Romanism, and b…

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Section 619

great reputation, and he was soon looked upon as one of the principal followers of Luther. Gieseler speaks of Osiander as at this time " the highly endowed Re- former of Nuremberg" (Eccles. Hist, iv, 469 sq.). In 1529 he was sent to the Conference of Marburg, whose object was to reconcile the Lutheran and Swiss theolog…

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Section 620

Osiander was well versed in mathematics, astronomy, and physics. He was very eloquent, but he had all the coarseness of his age ; he overwhelmed his adversaries with insults, unbecoming jokes, and cynical jests. His works were numerous, but are now altogether forgotten; the most important are, Conjectura: de ultimis te…

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Section 621

Osiander, Lucas (2), called the Younger, son of tlie preceding and brother of Andreas the Younger, was born at Stuttgard, May 6, 1571. He became pro- fessor of theology at Tubingen in 1619, and died there Aug. 10, 1638. He was much given to controversy, and wrote against the Jesuits, the Reformed Church, the Anabaptis…

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Section 622

OSIRIS 468 OSIRIS which the murderer had thrown into the sea; and to render liim all the honor which his humanity deserved, she made as many statues of wax as there were mangled pieces of his body. Each statue contained a piece of the flesh of the dead monarch ; and Isis, after she had summoned to her presence one b…

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Section 623

Considerable diversity of opinion existed among the ancients themselves as to the meaning of the myth of Osiris. He represented, according to Plutarch, the in- undation of the Nile; Isis, the irrigated land; Horus, the vapors; Buto, the marshes; Nephthys, the edge of the desert; Anubis, the barren soil; Typhon was the …

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Section 624

Osorio (or Osorius), Geronimo (1), a learned Roman Catholic Portuguese divine, and an excellent writer, the descendant of an illustrious family, was born at Lisbon in loOG. Showing an extraordinary inclination for literature, he was sent, at thirteen, to the University of Salamanca, and there learned Greek and Latin, a…

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Section 625

Osprey or Fibh-hawk {Pamliuii Ilalautm). piscivorous, and is found only in the vicinity of lakes, rivers, or such pools as abound with fish. It is a pow- erful bird, often weighing five pounds; the limbs are very muscular in proportion to its general dimensions; its feet are admirably adapted for retaining firm hold o…

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Section 626

diplomatic correspondence (1st ed. Paris, 1624, fol. ; best by A. de la Houssaye, Paris, 1697, 2 vols. 4to, with notes; reprinted, with more notes, Amst. 1707, 1714, 1732, 5 vols. 12mo). This work was translated into Italian by Jerome Canini (Venice, 1729, 4to). He is also considered the author of the Lettres published…

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Section 627

Ossilago (bone-hardenincj). See Ossipaga. Ossilegium {as, "a bone," and legere, "to gather"), the act of collecting the bones of the dead. It was customary among the ancient Greeks, when the funeral pyre was burned down, to quench the dying embers with wine, after which the relatives and friends col- lected the bones …

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Section 628

OSTIARII 473 OSTRICH Church being divided into numerous parties excommu- nicating each other. It was therefore necessary to lay aside all these vexatious minor points, and to adhere firmly to the essential doctrine, for fear lest religion should be still more dishonored. The teachings even of the catechisms were mor…

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Section 629

(2.) F«Vm C)^'"') occurs only in the plural number 0*^52?% ye'enim (Sept. arpov^iov, Vulg. stnithio'), in Lam. iv, 3, where the context shows that the ostrich is intended: "The daughter of my people is become cruel like the ostriches in the wilderness." This is im- portant, as showing that the above word, which is mere…

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Section 630

4. Locality. — Tlie ostrich roams over the whole of Africa from the Sahara to the Cape ; but principally affects vast desert plains, over which its lofty stature gives it a great command of sight. It is still abundant in the Arabian peninsula, and extends into the waste and arid regions that bound it on the north. It w…

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Section 631

"The wing of the ostrich [is] flaunted ; [Is her] pinion perchance [like that of the] pious [stork], or [her] feather? [Nay], for the will leave to the earth her eggs, Even upon [tlie] dust will she warm tliem ; While she has forj^otten thnt a foot may crush it, Even the living [thing] of the field trample it. She has…

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Section 632

he was filled with an ardent zeal for the Christian faith. He sought to re-establish in England the Christian re- ligion, which had been wcU-nigli abolished by Penda, the warlike pagan monarch of ISrercia, and liis equally warlike ally Cadwallon. Oswald defeated and slew Cadwallon, and having restored to Northumbria it…

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Section 633

Oswald OF Worcester, an English prelate who flourished in the second half of the 10th century, is noted as one of the principal advocates on English soil of the monastic associations. He was a nephew of Odo of Canterbury (q. v.), and was, like him, of Danish par- entage, but of English birth. In his childhood he was pl…

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Section 634

Geschichte des deutschen Kirchenliedes his auf Lntherszeit (Hanover, 1851), p. 23 sq. ; lA. Fundgruben fiir deutscke Sprache und Liteixitur, i, 38-47; Wackernagel, Litera- turgesch.%d\,Z-2. (J.H.W.) Othlo, a Benedictine monk who flourished near the middle of the 11th century, is noted for his mystico-the- ological wri…

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Section 635

Othman I and III, sultans. See Turkey. Othniar, St. (Audemar, Automarus), is the name of one of the most celebrated monastics of the Middle Ages. He was the first real abbot of the convent of St. Gall, one of the most noted of ascetic asylums in Europe. As has been seen in the article St. Gall, the disciples of Gallus…

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Section 636

OTHO 479 OTHO mann, who invited him to his court, and made him his chaplain (1082-1103). Having the confidence of the duke, he was soon employed on political missions, and in this way became known to the emperor Henry IV. This monarch finally drew Otho to his own court, and made him one of his chaplains, and also em…

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Section 637

Otho or Otto OF Fkeising(en), a noted German monastic who attained to high ecclesiastical offices, and was one of the crusaders, was a nobleman by descent. The date of his birth is not exactly known ; it is sup- posed to be Dec. 5, 1109; some, however, put it in 1108. He was the third son of duke Leopold of Austria, an…

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Section 638

that time forward it had an uninterrupted existence" (Keichel, The Roman See in the Middle Ages, p. 124). For a short period the spiritual and temporal heads of Christendom seemed to be happily united, but the fickle pope, influenced either by mistrust or jealousy, soon again interrupted that happy concord by concoct- …

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Section 639

Otho IV OF Germany ruled from 1198 to 1218, but he played no part worthy of special mention here. He was crowned by Innocent III in 1209, but on ac- count of the occupation of the papal territory was vis- ited with the ban by this same pope, and thus crippled in his power he found it impossible to contend with the riva…

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Section 640

Otho'nias (^O^oviac, Vulg. Zochias), a corrupt form (1 Esdr. ix, 28) of the name Mattaniah (Ezra x, 27). Otolengo, Samuel bex-David ben-Jechiel, of Casale, a noted Italian rabbi, flourished for a while at Venice, and died at Padua Aug. 22, 1718. He distinguish- ed himself as a poet and grammarian, and published ^"'"^ …

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Section 641

Ott, Johann Baptist. See Ott, Johann Hein- Ricn. Ott, Johann Heinrich, a noted Swiss Protestant divine and Orientalist, was born in the canton of Zurich OTTAVIANI 483 OTTERSON in 1617. His father, also a minister in the countr\-, placed him at Zurich under the care of the distinguished Breit- inger. In 1636 he wen…

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Section 642

Otterson, James, a Presbyterian minister, was bom in New York City Oct. II, 1791. He graduated at Co- lumbia College, New York ; studied theology with Dr. J. M. Mason ; was ordained by the Associate Presbytery of New York, and installed as the successor to Dr. Proudfit, pastor of the Church of Broadalbin, Fulton OTTIL…

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Section 643

The people are of a decidedly warlike disposition. The bulk of the inhabitants are Hindus, though the dominant race for centuries, until the British annexa- tion, was Mohammedan. The Brahmans are now the most numerous class, but there are twenty-nine differ- ent Rajput tribes. It is these two classes that mainly suppli…

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Section 644

One of the principal towns of Oude, of like name, is noted on account of a temple erected there in honor of Hanumat, the fabled monkey-ally of Rama, an incar- nation of the god Vishnu. The ancient city of that name was situated opposite the modern Oude, where its ruins may still be seen. Ayodhya was one of the oldest s…

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Section 645

obert I, St. Ouen and St. Eloi, afterwards bishop of Novon, became the principal ministers of the nation, St. Ouen holding the position of chancellor. But not- withstanding the onerous civil duties thus imposed upon these excellent men, they labored zealously for the spiritual welfare of the people. St. Ouen in par- ti…

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Section 646

Oulif, Gerson Ashkenazi, a rabbi of the 17th century, studied at Nikolsburg under Menachem Men- del Krochmal, or Krochman. In 1644 he was called to tlie rabbiship at Prossnitz, then to Ilanau, Nikolsburg, and Vienna. When, however, in the year 1670, the Jews OUR LADY OF MERCY 487 OUSELEY ■were expelled from the las…

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Section 647

Ouseley, Gideox, a minister of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection in Ireland, noted as a missionary, was born at Dunmore, Galway, in 1762. He was the eldest son of his house, the brother of General Sir Ralph Ouseley, and cousin of Sir William and Sir Gore Ouseley, the Orientalists; and his family is distin- guished in B…

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Section 648

candidates for the priesthood, were converted by it, and not a few of these converts became preachers of the Wesleyan body or of the Established Church. See ^i(tyens, Hist. <}f Methodism, voX.'iii (see Index); Riley, Life of Ouselei/ (Lond. and New York, 1848); Arthur, Life of ike Ecu. Gideon Ouseley (Lond. 187G). Out…

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Section 649

"Little or nothing," says the Missionary World (N. Y. 1874), " has as yet been done for the benefit of the wandering tribes which inhabit the dreary regions of Ovampoland." German missionaries, employed by the Rhenish Society, have labored here as well as in Namaqualand, but thus far no marked results have crowned thei…

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Section 650

Another sort of oven, or rather mode of baking, is much in use among the pastoral tribes. A shallow hole, about six inches deep by three or four feet in diameter, is made in the ground ; this is filled up with dry brush- wood, upon which, when kindled, pebbles are thrown to concentrate and retain tlie heat. Jleanwhile …

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Section 651

OVERBAGH 491 OVERBECK fluence of archbishop Laud. Overall had a particular I friendship for Gerard Vossius and Grotius; and was much grieved to see the love of peace, and the projects of this last great man to obtain it, so ill requited. He labored heartily himself to accord the differences in Hol- land, upon what i…

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Section 652

tially different from those inculcated in the academy, he was expelled along with certain other students who entertained the same views, and in 1809 set out for Rome. There he was soon afterwards joined by the now world - wide renowned painters Cornelius and Schadow ; and these three, animated with similar ideas, and m…

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Section 653

Overberg, Bernhard, a distinguished German theologian and writer, was born at Hoeckel, near Osna- briick, about 1757. In 177-1 he went to study theolog}' at Minister, was ordained priest in 1780, and appointed professor in the normal school of Jlinister in 1783. In 1789 he became intimate with princess Amelie GaUit- zi…

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Section 654

OWEN 493 OWEN Owen, Griffith, a minister of the Society of Friends, flourished towards the close of the 17th centurj-. He died in 1717. As a minister of the Gospel, he was lively and pathetic ; as a member of religious society, he was active and exemplary. William Fenn, in one of his letters, mentions him as " tende…

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Section 655

age, and most conspicuous among the English Congre- gationalists of his day. Descended from an ancient and honored familj' in Wales, he was born (161G) at Stadham, near Oxford. His father, Henry Owen, was an earnest and laborious minister in the Church of Eng- land, but a Noncomformist. At the age of twelve he was ente…

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Section 656

written by a young man of twenty-six years, com- mended its author to the Parliamentary committee for purging the Church of scandalous ministers, and thus it was the occasion of liis being introduced to a pastoral charge. The incumbent of the parish church at Ford- ham, in Essex, having been found "scandalous," the liv…

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Section 657

tract for use in his own parish ; but the more arduous labor of his mind and of his pen, while he ministered to that congregation of two thousand souls, appears in an- other publication. Salus Electoritm, Sanguis Jesu, or the Death of Death in the Death of Christ, a volume of more than 300 pages, quarto, was another of…

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Section 658

nance for the encouragement of religion and learning in Ireland, Certain lands were appropriated to the sup- port of Trinity College, to the founding of another col- lege in that university with maintenance for teachers, and to the establishment of a free school with support for masters and scholars. At the same time s…

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Section 659

Slany of Owen's works have been often reprinted, and are among the classics of English religious literature, A collected edition of all his works in twenty-three vol- umes, the first being Memoirs of his Life, by the Rev. William Orme, was published at London in 1820, An- other edition, in twenty-four volumes, carefull…

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Section 660

O'wen, Lewis, an English theologian and writer, was born in Merioneth Count3' in 1572. After passing some time with the Jesuits in Spain, he left them to re- enter the world, and was ever after a bitter opponent of the society. He ^vrote The Rnnniny Register, recoi'ding a true Relation of the State of the Enylish Colle…

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Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.

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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.