PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 7
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,372,028 words · 1337 reading sections
Section 301
Copper Half-shekel of Simon Maccaboeus. which is a citron. Reverse, " The Redemption of Sion ;" a palm-tree between two baskets of dates and other fruits. The quarter presents an obverse similar to that of the half, but without the citron, and has a corresponding difference in the legend. Reverse, the same legend as …
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In the year B.C. 37 Herod I, surnamed the Great, after the execution of Antigonus, ascended the throne. Considering the position and resources he attained, there Later Coin of Alexander Jau- ua!us. greatly incensed them. His second coinage, therefore, substitutes the sacerdotal for the royal titles, and re- turns to …
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Coin of Herod Agrippa I. bear the name and titles of Agrippa on the reverse, with those of the reigning emperor surrounding his portrait on the obverse. Of this class we have pieces of Caligula and Claudius, and on a coin of the latter the Jewish king is represented as sacrificing at an altar to one or more heathen de…
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Coiipei' Coin of Eleazar. Another, with similar obverse, bears on the reverse the name " Simon" in a wreath. This latter, of which only one specimen exists, is considered a forgery, but an imitation of a genuine coin. If so, it would intimate from the spring of Siloam ; and when the priests arrived with it at the wat…
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But the Jews continued their rebellions, and in the reign of Hadrian a war broke out under the leadership of the celebrated Simon Barcochab (the son of a star). Of this leader we have, it appears, a curious and inter- esting series of coins, and they are the last ever struck b}' the Jews as an independent people. Till …
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a. A certain number of these bear the legend "Virtus exeixitus ,-" and a fact worthy of remark, although but little observed hitherto, is that three of these pieces be- long to the two Licinii. We are entitled to believe that the coins comprising this series were struck be- tween the years 321 and 323. h. To an age bu…
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Honorius and Arcadius, on dividing the empire of their father, adopted the same types of money ; it even appears that for a certain time the same coins served for both portions of the empire. A notable innovation is due to these two princes, namely, the introduction of the monogram of Christ on the sceptre. The usual l…
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NUN 235 NUN Gold Coin of Justinian II (A.D. 705), bearing on the re- verse the bust of the Saviour, witii the cross hehiiid the head, tlie books of the Gospels iu the hand, aud the legend " Vn. IHS rex regiiantium." Coin of Leo VI, "the Wise" (A.D. SS6), bearing on the reverse the bust of the Virgin Mary, the hands…
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The consecration of virgins has varied in the Church. In the early ages, when there Avere ecclesiastical or ca- nonical virgins, the mode of consecration was as follows : It was usually performed publicly in the church by the bishop, or some presbyter particularly deputed by the bishop for that purpose. When a virgin h…
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The remaining services consist principally of the mass, the de- livery of the breviary to the nuns, and their return to the gate 1 NUN 237 NUN of the monastery, where the pontiff formally presents them to the abbess. The pontiff then returns to the church, and closes the whole with the beginning of the Gospel acco…
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moments at the side-altar, and then the princess con- ducted her to the cardinal-vicar. They both knelt to him, and as the candidate bent her head her long, rich tresses of chestnut-colored hair fell like a veil around her, and gave her a peculiar interest. He then blessed a crucifix, and presented it to the kneeling n…
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NUN 238 NUN maid of above forty yenrs of age ! She was the maid of the princess Boi'i;hese, and the daughter of another do- mestic, and had now changed the service of the princess, where she was a menial, for a life in a monastery, where she was an eqnal of the sisterhood. The princess, iu a foolish pride, displayed…
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" As a general thing, however, the convent (so far as Rome is' concerned) is neithei', on the one hand, a terres- trial paradise inhabited by angels, nor, on the other hand, is it generally a place of open and shameless vice." In regard to health. Dr. De Sanctis divides the con- vents of Rome into two classes : 1. Tho…
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Nuncio is the term designating an ambassador from the poi:ie to some prince or state ; or a person who at- tends on the pope's behalf at a congress, or at an assem- bly of several ambassadors. A nuncio, in fact, is the pope's ambassador, as the internuncio is his envoy ex- traordinary. A nuncio has a jurisdiction, and …
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KUNES-TORRES 240 NUPTIAL DEITIES Machado, B'Miotheca Lusitana ; Vasconcellos, Noticia do Bntsil. — Iloefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxxviii, 363. Nuiies-Torres, David, a threat Talmiulical schol- ar, was born in the second lialt' of the 17th century, either at Lisbon or Amsterdam. In the last-named place he was for m…
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Nuuez, Don Pedro Villavicencio, a Spanish painter of note, was born at Seville of a noble family in 1635. He studied design as an accomplishment, but made such excellent progress that he was induced to enter the school of Murillo, although without the in- tention of practicing painting. He was greatly beloved by that m…
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the noblest of its kind in Germany, and is adorned with works of Albert DUrcr and Gabriel Weyher; the noble Gothic fountain opposite the cathedral by Schiinhofcr, with its numerous groups of figures, beautifully restored in modern times ; and many other fountains deserving notice. Of its numerous churches, the most rem…
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The state of things in Germany, the relation of the emperor to the empire and to foreign countries, and the change which had just occurred in the papal see, led to another diet, which convened at Nuremberg Nov. 11, 1523. The members were a long time assembling, and Frederick was only prevailed upon by Ferdinand himself…
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The Reformation all this time was rapidly gaining ground. In 1542 and 1543 two other diets were held at Xuremberg, but they were of less importance, both in a political and in a religious point of view. In 154"2 the emperor was in a very critical position, being at war with the Turks and with France, while at home the …
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Wurse (properly "pX, omen', masc., r\.^r]r6q, nutrix, nutritius; fem. T'liz'A, ome'netJi, Ti5r]v6g, nutrix ; from ■^X, to carry [see Isa. Ix, 4] ; usually rjTi'^^, meyne'- keth, fem. part. Hiph., from p'^'', "suck," with Ml-'X, yvvr) rpocptvovaa [Exod. ii, 7]; in the N. T. Tpo(p6c, nutrix [1 Thess. ii, 7]). Moses appli…
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rhoea (Aleppo) as being rich in the production of these trees ; the town of Batna, in the same district, is believed to derive its name from this circumstance : Betonim, a town of the tribe of Gad (Josh, xiii, 26), has in all prob- ability a similar etymology. Bochart draws attention to tVie fact that pistachio-nuts ar…
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The walnut, or Juc/lans irrjia of botanists, belongs to the natural family of Juglandece, of which the species are found in North America and in Northern Asia. The wahiut itself extends from Greece and Asia Minor over Lebanon and Persia, probably all along the Hindu Khiish to the Himalayas, and is abundant in Cashmere …
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trade, and flourished in the tima of Shir Shah, the Cromwell of Indian liistor\% There are, however, vari- ous and contradictory traditions relative to our humble ])hilosophcr, as some accounts bring him down to the time of Akbar. All, however, agree as to his being a Sflpu, or Deist, of the most exalted sentiments and…
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Nuva, an ancient goddess among the Chinese, was worshi]iped before the time of Confucius. She presided over the war of the natural elements, stilling the vio- lence of storms and establishing the authority of law. She caused the world to spring from the primitive chaos, and out of elemental confusion brought natural or…
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Ny^ya (from the Sanscrit ni, " into," and aya, "go- ing," a derivative from in, "to go," hence literally "en- tering," and figuratively "investigating" analytically) is the name of one of the three great systems of ancient Hindu philosophy. See Hinduism, There arc, it is true, six systems of Hindu philosophy, viz. the…
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"After (as above) 'instruments of right notion,' and 'the objects of inquiry,' the Nyaya proceeds to the in- vestigation of the following topics. 3. Doubt (samsaya^. It arises from unsteadiness in the recognition or non- recognition of some mark, which, if we were sure of its presence or absence, would determine the su…
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'• The founder of the Nyaya system passes under the name of (Jotama (q. v.), or, as it also occurs, Gautama (which would mean a descendant of Gotama). There is, however, nothing as yet known of the history of this personage or the time when he lived, though it is probable that the work attributed to him is, in its pres…
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Nymphae or Nymphs (Gr. vvn<pai) is, in classic mythology, the name of a numerous class of inferior fe- male divinities, though they are designated by the title of Olympian, because they were said to be called to the meetings of the gods in Olympus. They are described as the daughters of Zeus, and were believed to dwell…
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3. iVym2)hs afforests, yroves, and glens were believed sometimes to appear to and frighten solitary travellers. They are designated by the names 'AXaifioeQ, 'YXijiopoi, AvXoji'idcec, and NaTrnTai (Apollon. Khod. i, lOGG, 1227; Orpheus, //ym?«. 50, 7 ; Theocritus, xiii, 44; Ovid, Met. XV, 490 ; Virgil, Georg. iv, 535). …
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OAHU 251 OAK ths Holy Spirit proceedcth from the Son as well as from the Father. The Greeks did not accuse the Latins of error in doctrine, and the legates therefore maintained that i*: was lawful for the Latin Church to confess with the mouth what it was lawful for her to believe. The erjperor, in order to effect a…
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5. Allah (risX: Sept. ») Ttpj.in'Boc, Aq. and Symm. r'l SpvQ ; Vulg. quercus) occurs onl}' in Josh, xxiv, 26, and is correctly rendered " oak" by the A. V. 6. Allon ("lij^X; Sept. »'/ ftdXnvoQ, Sh'Spov /SnXn'roi', opT'c ; Vulg. quercus) is uniformly rendered "oak" by the A. v., and has always been so understood by com…
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Oriental Gall-Oak {Quercus infecloria). tree. It is also called the Kermes oak {Quercus coccife- ra), from an insect (kermes, of the genus coccus) which adheres to the branches of this bushy evergreen shrub, in the form of small reddish balls about the size of a pea. This affords a crimson dye, formerly celebrated, bu…
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OAK-WORSIIIP 254 CANNES Among the ancient Greeks the oak, as the noblest of trees, was sacred to Zeus, and among the Ko- mans to Jupiter. Oak-worship, however, was one of the most remarkable peculiarities of tlie religion of the northern nations. The inhabitants of the holy city of Kief, in Russia, offered their sac…
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Oannes, the name of a Babylonian god, who, in the first year of the foundation of Babylon, is said to have come out of the Persian Gulf, or the old ErythriTjan Sea, adjoining Babylon. He is described as having the head and body of a fish, to which were added a human head and feet under the fish's head and at the tail. …
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Notwithstanding the almost universal credence which was given to him at the time, it has subsequently been placed beyond doubt that the plot which Oates pretend- ed to reveal was an infamous fabrication. His circum- stances, his character, the nature of his evidence, the manner of its production, not at one time but at…
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I. Scriptural rc?-ms.—-' Oath" is the rendering in the A.V. of two Hebrew words, alah', tlbx, and shcbuah', il>"!12':3, each of which is used in the three significa- tions: I. An oath as an appeal to God in attestation of the truth of a statement (Neh. x, 30; Exod. xxii. 10) ; 2. A sivorn covenant (Gen. xxvi, 28 ; 2 S…
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3. As a consequence of this principle, (o) appeals to God's name on the one hand, and to lieathen deities on the other, are treated in the Scripture as tests of alle- giance (Exod. xxiii, 13; xxxiv.C; Deut. xxix, 12; Josh. xxiii, 7; xxiv, 16; 2 Chron. xv, 12, 14; Isa. xix, 18; xiv, 23; Jer. xii, 16; Amos viii, 14; Zeph…
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1. Originally the oath of a covenant was taken by solemnly sacrificing sercn animals, or it was attested by seven witnesses or pledges, consisting either of so many animals presented to the contracting party, or of me- morials erected to testify to the act, as is indicated by one of the Hebrew names for oath (n"in"iy),…
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On the same analogy witnesses laid their hands on the head of the accused (Gen. xiv, 22 ; Lev. xxiv, 14 ; Deut. xxxii, 40 ; Isa. iii, 7 ; Ezek. xx, 5, 6 ; Sus. v, 35; Rev. X, 5 ; see Homer, II. xix, 254 ; Virgil, yEn. xii, 19t> ; Carpzov, Apparatus, p. G52). Oaths were sometimes taken before the altar, or, as some und…
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VII. Oaths of contemjwrary and later Nations. — The stringent nature of the IJoman military oath, and the penalties attached to infraction of it, are alluded to, more or less certainly, in several places in the N. T., e. g. Matt, viii, 9 ; Actsxii, 19; xvi, 27; xxvii, 42 ; see also Dionys. Hal. xi, 43, and Aul. Gell. x…
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Among Christians an oath is a solemn appeal for the truth of our assertions, the sincerity of our promises, and the fidelity of our engagements, to the one only God, the Judge of the whole earth, who is everywhere present, and sees and hears and knows whatever is said or done or thought in any part of the world. Such i…
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" Per Solis radios, Tarpeiaqiie fulmina jurat Et Manis frameani, et Cirrhffii spicula Vatis; Per calamos Veuairicis phaietianique Piiellae, Perque tunm pater ^gsei Neptune Iridentem ; Adilit et IJeiculeos aicus, hastainque Minerva;, Quidquid habeiit telorum annanieutaria coeli." Indeed, the common profane oath of the …
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The form of oaths in Christian countries varies great- \y, but in no country in the world are they worse con- trived, either to convey the meaning or impress the ob- ligation of an oath, than in Great Britain and America. The juror with us, after repeating the promise or afhrma- tion which the oath is intended to confi…
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OATH 262 OATH the rash and prcsumptnoiis; how to couvict the dcliber- att'ly and wilfiiUv false ; huw to extort from reluctant lips the tnith, and nothing' but the truth— by what processes these results may be attained, is the great question. In- terrogation and cross- interrogation— rigid, severe, and scrutinizing—…
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is the basis of the obligation, and upon which its binding force rests? When Herod, pleased wilh the dancing of the daughter of Ilerodias, ' promised with an oath to give her whatsoever she would,' and when she requested the head of John the Baptist iu a charger, was he thereby bound to give it to her ? "Mohammed says…
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"In what does the difference consist between judicial and extra-judicial falsehood? The consequences of the latter may be more or less injurious than those of the I'di- nier ; Iheinjury iireater, the loss iu the latter case ofprop- ertv, reputation.'^or even life, in the former of a few shil- lings, it mav be; is the f…
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iu their turn were excluded by Christians ft)r the same cause. Such was the common law, as drawn from it.s purest fountains — from Fleta and Bracton. Coke, its greatest expounder, excludes them as unworthy ofci edit; for, says he, they aic perpetual enemies — 'as between them, as with the devils, whose subjects they ar…
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OATH 264 OATH or want of belief, may uot merely be conceded, but the enteriiiiiiiug of such sentiments may be deemed the mis- fortune of one's life. But because one of the securities for truth may be wantiu":, it is difficult to perceive why, 1(11 others remaiuin;? in full force and vigor, the witness should not be …
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which generally involved a recognition of particular pagan divinities ; and that they condemned these pagan oaths, rather as involving, or even directly containing, a profession of the popular paganism, than as unlawful in themselves. The Christians of the later ages may perhaps be said to have multiplied in an opposit…
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Oath of Allegiance. See Oaths of Alle- GIANCli AND Sl'l'ttliMACY. Oath, Burgess, an old oath in some Scottish burghs. It was — "Here I protest before God and your lordships that I profess and allow with my heart tlie true religion pres- ently jirofessed within this realm, and aiithoiized by the laws thereof: I shall…
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At the solicitation of the bishops in council assem- bled at Baltimore in 1846, the pope of Rome " consented," according to archbishop Kenrick, ''to the omission of the feudal phrases, and sanctioned a simfiler formulary to be used by all the bishops in the United States." Yet a gentleman who was present at the consecr…
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— Eadie, Eccles. Cyclop. Oath against Simony. Canon xl, in the Church of England, provides the following oath: "I do swear that I have made no simoniacal payment, contract, or promise, directly or indirectlv, by mvself or by any other, to my kuowdedge or with niy consent, to any person or persons whatsoever, for or c…
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6. The fifth named of the six sois of Azel (1 Chron. viii, 38; ix, 44), and a descendant of Jonathan, son of Saul, in the tenth generation. B.C. cir. 720. 7. A Merarite Levite, who with Jahath was overseer of the workmen in the restoration of the Temple under Josiah (2 Chron. xxxiv, 12). B.C. G23. 8. The fourth of th…
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OBADIAH 268 OBADIAH holds that Obadiah followed Jeremiah. Schnurrer makes it more probable that Jeremiah's prophecy is an altered form of Obadiah's. Eichhorn, Schultz, Rosen- miiller, and JIaurer agree with him. AVhatever be the relation of Jeremiah to Obadiah, Obadiah is indepen- dent of Jeremiah. The verses common…
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The question is asked. Have the prophet's denuncia- tions of the Edomites been fulfilled, and has his vision of Zion's glories been realized? Typically, partially, and imperfect)}' thej' have been fulfilled, but, as Rosen- miiller justly says, they await a fuller accomplishment. The first fulfilment of the denunciation…
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4. S/i/le, etc. — The language of Obadiah is pure ; but Jahn and others have observed that he is inferior to the more ancient prophets in his too great addiction to the interrogatory form of expression (see ver. 8). His sentiments are noble, and his figures bold and striking (De Wette's In/rod. Engl, transl.). I)e Wett…
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3. Obadiah da Bertinore, who flourished A.D. 1470-1520, was a native of Citta di Castello, in the Ro- magna, Italy. In the year 1488 he left his native place for Palestine, where he soon occupied a high position, having been appointed chief rabbi at Jerusalem. This eminent place he held until his death, which occurred …
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3. The third named of the sons of Shemaiah who were gate-keepers of the Temple (1 Chron. xxvi, 7). B.C. cir. 1017. 4. Son of Ephlal and father of Jehu, descendant of Jartia, the Egyptian slave of Sheshan in the family of Jerahmeel (1 Chron. ii, 37, 38, from which it appears that he was grandson of Zabad [q. v.], one o…
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As to the nature of this obedience, it must be — (1) active, not only avoiding what is prohibited, but per- forming what is commanded (Col. iii, 8, 10) ; (2) per^ sonal, for though Christ has obeyed the law for us as a covenant of works, yet he has not abrogated it as a rule of life (Rom. vii, 22; iii, 31); (3) sincere…
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We subjoin a brief his/on/ of this doctrine. Good materials for its history may be found in Walch's in- augural disputation, De obedientia Christi actica (Got- tingen, 1754, 4to). See also Bullet. Theol. Jan. 17, p. 22. Passages are found even among the ancient fathers which teach that the fulfilment of the divine law …
1,033 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.