PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 7
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,372,028 words · 1337 reading sections
Section 361
Obedience (Ecclesiastical), in canon law, means the duty by which the various gradations in ecclesiastical organization are held subject, in all things consistent with the law of God or of the Church, to the several superiors ])laced immediately above them, re- spectively, in the hierarchical scale. Thus priests and in…
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Oben. See Stools. Ober-Ammergau is a village of Upper Bavaria, in the valley of the Ammer, 46 miles S.W. of Munich, containing a population of about 1100, chiefly engaged in carving on wood. The place is celebrated for the decennial performance on twelve consecutive Sundays in the summer season of a play representing …
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View in Ban dc la Roche. the Tliirty-years' War, and the popidation that sur- vived its ravages were reduced to poverty and debased by ignorance. It was only in 17.')() that "any effort was made for the moral itniirovement and social elevation of this obscure an<l degraded people. He commenced .his labors by combining…
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ing fruit-trees, so that in a few years a marvellous change was wrought in the appearance of this wild and sterile country. After instructing them in the various arts of agriculture, of which they were before totally ignorant, in 1778 he formed an agricultural so- ciety, which, in addition to providing books and in- st…
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OBERLIN 276 OBERLIN When he heard of the spiritual destitution that existed ainoiij^ brethren of' liis faith in tlie United States he was read}^ to respond to the earnest Macedonian or}', " Come over and help us." He had determined to immi- grate to this country, where, it seemed to him, there was so nnich work to b…
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Oberlin, Jeremiah James, an eminent Swiss educator, was an elder brother of the philanthropist Oberlin, and was born at Strasburg August 7, 1735. He was educated at the gymnasium of that town. He afterwards spent a few months at jMontbeliard for the purpose of learning the French language, and returned to Strasburg in …
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2. The ethical philosophy inculcated by Mr. Finney and his associates of later years is essentially that of the elder Edwards, which makes tlie well-being or blessed- ness of the sentient universe the summum bonum, or ul- timate good ; and the voluntary regard for this good — respect for all interests according to the…
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Thus it is a peculiarity of the Oberlin ethical philos- ophy to regard virtue, or righteousness, and sin as in their own nature antagonistic to each other, each being contradictory of the other, and necessarily exclusive of it. Virtue being benevolence, and sin the refusal to be benevolent, they cannot coexist in the s…
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Oberrauch, Anton Nicolaus (called also Ilercn- hmus). a Roman Catholic theologian of note, was born in the Sarnthal, in Tyrol, Dec. 5, 1728. His early edu- cation he received at Innspruck, where he studied phi- losophy and theolog}-. In the year 1750 he joined the Order of Franciscans, and continued his studies until t…
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It was an early practice of the primitive Church to commemorate the martyrs on the anniversary of their death ; and when the days of persecution had come to an end the custom was extended, or continued to pre- vail in respect to others of the departed besides martyrs, such as relatives, friends, and benefactors. Indeed…
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Oblata (Lat. for ojered), the name of the host be- fore consecration. The ohlatce, not consecrated, though blessed on the altar, were given bj' the priest, before food in the refectory, to those monks who had not re- ceived the sacrament. Oblata; were made in a kind of mould of a small pattern. Females, called sanctimo…
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" 1. First-fruits (f Fruit-trees. — It was directed that the first-fruits of every tree whose fruit was used for food should, for the first three years of bearing, be counted ' uncircumcised,' and regarded as unclean (Lev. xix, 23, 24). It was unlawfid to sell them, to eat them, or to make any benefit of them. It was o…
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2. In a more extended sense, the word "oblations" signifies whatever Christians offer to God and the Church, whether in lands or goods. It is probable that the practice of St. Paul incited the primitive Christians to offer these gifts to the Church, for he appointed every one of the Corinthians and Galatians to yield s…
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whoever breaks through it is ipso facto worthj' of blame for so doing; another regards it as springing from the moral fitness of things; another, from conformity with reason and nature; another, from agreement with truth; and another, from expediency and promotion of the public good. A late writer has defined obligatio…
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Obligation, Feasts of, a name in the Romish Church of holy days on which work is suspended. In 1362 forty-one were cited, including Christmas, Circum- cision, Epiphany, Ascension, Pentecost, and Easter (each with the following three days). Good Friday, St. Stephen, John the Evangelist, Holy Innocents, Purification, An-…
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Obregon, Bernard, the founder of the Spanish order of Minorite hospital brethren, was born at Las Iluelgas, near Burgos, 'May 20, 1540. He was at first a soldier, but having been converted, he devoted him- OBREGON 284 OBSEQUENS self to the care of the poor in the court hospital of Madrid. He soon found followers, a…
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Obsequens, Jumus, an ancient sage who flourish- ed some time in the early Christian period, is principally known as the author of a work entitled Be Prodigiis, or Prodigiorum libellus. The work affords no biographical data, and there is not accessible from any other source anything which may reveal a knowledge of him p…
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Observer of Times is the rendering in the A. V. of the Ileb. "ii"'?, meonen', Deut. xviii, 10, 14 [so also the verb. Lev. xix, 26 ; 2 Kings xxi, G ; 2 Chron. xxxiii, 6; elsewhere '•enchanter," '"Meonenim," "soothsayer"] (comp. Spencer, Leg. lit. ii, II, 3; and see Necroman- ckr; Sekr), and the superstition, intimately …
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OCCAM 286 OCCAM allv break down under the strain to which it %vas sub- jected by liim, it became too complex and rigid for any later Ulysses to bend, and lost its availabilitj' with suc- ceeding generations. To this rejection of" the great cre- ation of the Middle Ages Occam contributed in another mode; if he should…
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Of course the antagonism to the Scotists was only gradually developed. Occam was sent to Paris, and be- came regius professor of theology in the university. On his return to England he was appointed by the Francis- cans one of their professors at Oxford. This oftice he was compelled to renounce in consequence of a char…
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Philosophy and Writings. — Occam introduced no new principles into philosophy. He did introduce a new spirit. The tenets on which his system rested had all been advocated before. He rocombined previous opin- ions, and placed them in a new and clearer light. He was not an Eclectic, though there is something of eclec- ti…
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It has already been mentioned how strenuously he resisted the presumptuous demands of Boniface VIII, and maintained the responsibility of sovereigns to God alone. The papal bull, Clericis Laicos, fulminated against Philip the Fair, was publicly burned at Paris. Boniface, after a council held at Home, issued his more c…
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Literature. — The Opera Omnia Occami appear never to have been fairly gathered together and printed in collected form. The date of such publication is some- times and variously given, but none such seems known to Brucker, to Tennemann, or to Ueberweg. Separate works were printed and reprinted to meet passing de- mands …
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OCCOM 290 OCEANUS of the system of direct assistance, sought to carry out mure fully the idea of Geulinx; his monads are all of the same nature, aud each represents one and the same universe, thus producing absolute harmony; but as in- dividuals they are all completely distinct from each other, progressing harmoniou…
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Oceanides and Oceanitldes, sea nymphs, daughters of Oceanus, from whom they received their name, and of the goddess Tethys, numbered 3000 ac- cording to ApoUodorus, who mentions the names of seven of them : Asia, Styx, Electra, Doris, Eurynome, Amphitrite, and Metis. Hesiod speaks of the eldest of them, and reckons for…
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Our short analysis shows that Ocellus did not belong to the old Pytliagorean school, whose ideas were more original, but less clear. His system is rather an eclec- tic mixture of Aristotle's physics with the metaphysics of the Eleates and the morals of the Pythagoreans. Besides this intrinsic proof of its non- authenti…
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In Italy it was not the custom, as in Germany, for the secular clergy to preach: this task was performed exclusively by the monks and friars. The chapters of the different orders chose such of their number as pos- sessed the best pulpit talents, and sent them to preach in the principal cities during the time of Lent, w…
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OCHINO 293 OCKLEY produce a corresponding change in his strain of preach- ing, which for some time was felt rather than under- stood hy his hearers. He appealed directly to the Scriptures in support of the doctrines which he deliv- ered, and exhorted the people to rest their faith on the infallible authority of the …
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Ocide'lus {'OKtlctjXog v. r. 'Ok6c!»;Xoc ; Vulg. ,his- sio, Reddus), a corru]3t form (1 Esdr. ix, 22) of the Heb. name Jozabau (Ezra x, 22). Oci'lia [most Oc'ina^ ('OKen'a v. r. 'O/cii'd), a city on the sea-coast of Phoenicia or Palestine, only men- tioned in connection with Sur (q. v.), in the apocryphal book of Judi…
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disappearance of this valuable masoretic work induced man\' distinguished scholars to believe in its entire loss; for Lebrecht says, in his introductory notes to his edi- tion of Kimchi's Lexicon, p. xlix (Berlin, 1847), " Sed postquam tota argumentorum ejus summa in Masoram magnam bibliorum rabbinorum transiit, ipse l…
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Octavian, Antipope, was born at Rome about 1095. He was a descendant of the Frascati family, and was made cardinal by Innocent II in 1138. Pope Eugenius III appointed him his legate to Germany, and gave him a mission to the Diet at Ratisbon, which he was prevented from fulfilling by the death of the emperor Conrad III …
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Odal or Udal Right (Celtic od, property) is the title of a tenure of land as absolute, and not dependent on a superior. The odal right prevailed throughout North- ern Europe before the rise of feudalism. It was found- ed on the tie of blood which connected freeman with freeman, and not on the tie of service. It was the…
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Ode ((/j'o//, a song) originally meant any lyrical piece adapted to be sung. In the modern use of the word, odes are distinguished from songs by not being necessarily in a form to be sung, and by embodying loftier conceptions and more intense and passionate emotions. The language of the ode is therefore abrupt, concise…
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Oderico, Canonico, an Italian priest, noted as a painter, flourished at Siena in 1213. There is a manu- script book, entitled Ordo ojjxciuruni Henensis Ecclesiee, preserved in the library of the Academy at Florence, written on parchtnent and dated 1213, in which the in- itial letters are illuminated with little histori…
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ODILON 298 ODIXGTON^ Otlio III, St. Henrj-, Conrad the Salique, Henry the Black (liis son) ; Hugh Capet and Robert, kings of France ; and also Sanchez, Kamir, and Garsias, kings of Spain, showed the greatest veneration for him. Odilo obtained deserved praise on account of his many char- itable works, especially amon…
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Odin, John Mary, D.D., a Roman Catholic prelate who flourished in the United States, was born at Am- biere, department of the Loire, France, near the open- ing of this century, and was educated in his native country. Entering the monastic life as a Lazarist, he was sent to the United States as missionary, and for a tim…
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Odo, Clkmknt (sometimes called Coutier), a noted ecclesiastic who fiourishcd in France, was born in Eng- land about the close of the 12th century. He joined the Benedictines, and had already acquired great" repu- tation when at the death of Peter d'Anteuil he was ap- pointed abbot of St. Denis, Feb. 10, 1229. He was co…
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Odo i>i-. CoNTEViLLE, a French prelate, half-brother of Willi.un the Conqueror, was born in Norniandv in 1032. He was made deacon at Fecamp by Hugo of Eu, bishop of Lisieux, and, although but seventeen years old, was elevated to the bishopric of Haycux in 1019 by his brother, the duke of Normandy. He at once took a gre…
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Odo (St.) of Kicxt (or Caxtiaxl's), an English prelate, was born in the province of East Anglia about 875. His parents were Danes, who had followed Ingar and Ilubba in their expedition. Driven away from the parental home on account of his conversion to the Chris- tian faith, Odo was protected by Athelm, one of the lord…
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Odoacer, a Gothic chief who, according to some authorities, was of the tribe of the Heruli, originally served as a mercenary in the barbarian auxiliary force which the later einperors of the West had taken into their pay for the defence of Italv. After the two rival emperors. Glycerins and Julius Nepos, were both driv-…
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Meghdret el-Mi'sd (Quar. Statement, April, 1874, p. 110). Lieut. Conder at first proposed a different local- ity as candidate for the honor of reiiresenting the cave in question, namely, J/o////«/-(i( I'm el-Tumaimiyeh (Cave of the iVIother of Two Twins), a remarkable cavern in the soutii side of the ridge bounded nort…
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Odor, Sweet (nirT^S, nicho'dch, Lev. xxvi, 31 ; Dan. ii, 46 ; elsewhere " sweet savor"), was offered to God and sovereigns as representatives of Deity by all ancient nations. See Incense. But also in common life, not only the natural odors of flowers, but prepared extracts of plants, are far more used by the Orientals …
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CECOLAMPADIUS 304 CECOLAMPADIUS corrupt body i^( Romaiiism. His health failing him. he was liiiaJly (I'/liKe-l to abandon his position at Basle, and lie returned to ^^'cinsberg. But he maintained an active correspondence with Erasmus, and also with Luther and Melaucthon, whose views more or less influenced him even …
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threatened with forcible expulsion and imprisonment. He finally left it in February, 1522, wont to Heidelberg, and afterwards took refuge at Ebernburg with Franz von Sickingen. In the performance of his ecclesiastical du- ties at this place, he introduced an iiuiovation by read- ing the Gospel and Epistles in (ierman i…
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it was written with much skill, good reasoning, and per- suasive eloquence. It was answered by the Lutheran party in Si/ni/ramma Suevicon, to which he replied in Aniispif/ramma. Fryth, one of the early English mar- tyrs, was burned in 1533, because, as Cranmer writes, "he thought it not necessary to be believed as an a…
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he regarded the ordinance of the Supper asperse a hin- derance, rather than a means of grace; as a form, from which the Christian should seek to be freed, rising above it to immediate fellowship with God. "Believ- ers," said he, " should use the sacraments more for their neighbors' sake than their own. For themselves t…
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As has been truly said, (Ecolampadius was the Lord's chosen instrument of loading on to victory those noble souls who had gathered under the banner of reform at Basle, and though cut down in the prime of manhood, he lived long enough to earn the glorious appellation of the Reformer of that city. But Ids labors entitle …
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CEconomy {oiKovoj-da, steu-ardship) is a term sometimes used to designate the entire suppression or temporary withholding, in the instruction of the great mass of Christians, of a large portion of the Gospel doc- trines which are the most earnestly set forth in Script- ure, as a sort of esoteric mystery of •which ordin…
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(ECUMENICAL DIVINES 308 OEHLER given the title (ecumenical to their general councils con- vened by the Evangelical Alliance, but there seems to be no good ground for such a designation. (J. H.W.) OEjCumenical Divines is the title given by the (ircek Church to St. Basil the Great, St. Gregory the Divine, and St. Joh…
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Oehler, Gustav Friedrich, a very eminent Old- Testament scholar of Germany, was born at Ebingen, in Wiirtemberg, June 10, 1812. Having finished his theological studies at Tubingen, he was appointed a lecturer at the Missionary Institution at Basle, which position he occupied from 1834 to 1837. After this he became a me…
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Oehlmiiller was emjiloyed to complete the works at the castle of Ilohcnschwangau. He died in 1839. In 1823 and 1825 he published a book containing designs for funeral monuments. See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine A rts, ii, 62(5. CEuisteria {otvi(Tri]pia'), a name for the libations of wine poured out to Hercides by …
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During his life Oetinger was regarded with respect approaching to reverence by his co-religionists as a phi- losopher and theologian, and he is still held in some es- timation. He sought to elucidate the Christian sj'stem by the speculations of Bijhme and Swedenborg; and he was f(md of comparing and contrasting the rec…
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Ofaiii, an indulgence -box, a sort of charm pur- chased from the Japanese priests by the pilgrims who go to Isje. Offa OF Essex, a pious and valiant Saxon prince, deserv'es a place here for his great devotion to Chris- tianity. He flourished near the opening of the 8th cen- tury. He ^vas a youth of great personal beau…
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Offence may be either active or passive. We may give offence by our conduct, or we may receive offence from the conduct of others. The original word (okuv- SaXiZio), in our version usually rendered " offend," liter- ally signifies to cause to stumble, and by an easy meta- phor, to occasion a fall into sin (iMatt. v, 29…
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firstlings of the flock, first-fruits, tithes, incense, the shewbread, the wood for burning in the Temple (Neh. X, 34). The objects offered were salt, meal, baked and roasted grain, olive-oil, clean animals, such as oxen, goats, doves, but not fish. The animals were required to be spotless (Lev. xxii, 20; Mai. i, 8), a…
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Offerings being regarded as an expression of grati- tude and piety, and recpiired as a necessary part of or- dinary private life, were diligently and abundantly pre- sf nted, failure in this point being held as a sign of irre- ligion (Psa. Ixvi, 15 ; ex, 3 ; Jer. xxxviii, 11 ; Matt, viii, 4: ; Acts xxi, 26 ; Isa. xliii…
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This offering of the bread and wine in the public ser- vice became, from a very early period of the Christian Church, the occasion of a voluntary offering on the part of the faithfid ; originally, it would seem, of the bread and wine designed for the eucharistic celebra- OFFERTORY 314 OFFICE OF TPIE CHURCH tion and …
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In the English liturgy the word "oblations" is re- served for the offering of that which is designed for the eucharistic service, and the more general term " offer- ings" includes both the alms and oblations, as in the definition given above. The practice of a weekly of- fertory-collection is now revived in some church…
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Office, (The) Divine (Lat. offidum divinum), is the name popularly given since the 9th century to the collection of services enjoined for the canonical hours (q. v.). It is called by St. Basil and the Greek Church the Canon; by SS. Jerome and Benedict God's Work; the Cursus or Course in the Roman rites ; the Collecta b…
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xxiv, 11, Sept. Trpo- <rraV>/c) ; and nips, Fig. i,th jjekuclddh, properly office, but used collectively for a body of officers (Isa. Ix, 17, Sept. upxoi'raQ ; also 2 Chron. xxiv, 11 [A. V. "of- fice"], Sept. TTiOOffraVoc). 6. nzxbatl "^b", "those ■who did the business," marg. A. V., Sept. ypaftf^tartii; (Esth. ix, 3)…
927 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.