PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 7
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,372,028 words · 1337 reading sections
Section 181
Nitzsch, Karl Immanuel, one of the most pro- found evangelical theologians of the 19th century, was born Sept. 21, 1787, at the Saxon town of Borna, near Leipsic, Germany. His father, a Lutheran theologian, a Church superintendent, and a professor at Wittenberg, destined Karl from infancy to the priestly office, and pe…
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Nitzsch, Karl Lud'wig, fjither of the preceding, and likewise a noted (jerman theologian, though not equally famous, was born in 1751, and was educated at Jena and Halle. Alter preaching for some time he be- came professor of theology at Wittenberg Liniversity, and there so distinguished himself that he was placed at t…
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Nix, Richard, an English prelate who flourished in the days of king Henry VIII, was born about 1564. He was educated with great care for the service of the Church, and after taking holy orders rose rapidly to positions of trust. He was finally made bishop of Nor- wich, and in this see used his intluence against the Re-…
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NIZAM'S DOMINIONS 142 NJORD 303. Before going to New Spain, Niza had lived in Peru: lie has written several worlds upon that country. We will quote the lollowing works of his which have never been published : Ritos y ceremonias de los Iii- dios : — Las dos Cineas de los Incas y de los Scyris en las piovincias del Pe…
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Njembe, a female association among the natives of Southern Guinea, corresponding to Nd.T (q. v.) among the males. The proceedings of this institution are all secret. The women consider it an honor to belong to the order, and put themselves to great expense to be admitted. "During the process of initiation," as we learn…
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xxxvi, 11; Pausan. i, 42, 2). The splendid tombs of the kings also increased its splendor (Diod. Sic. i, 46). But when Memphis became the residence of the Egyp- tian kings Thebes began to decline, and later, bj' the invasion of Cambyses, lost forever its old magnificence. In Strabo's time the city was already in decaj'…
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No'ah, the name of two persons in the Bible. 1. (Heb. No'dch, 113, the same as STiiS, consolation or peace; Sept. and N. T. NaJs, as Matt, xxiv, 37; Jose- phus, Niifoc.) The tenth in descent from Adam ; son of Lamech, and second father of the human family; born B.C. 3115, A.M. 1058. In the following account of this pat…
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Then follows the blessing of God (Elohini) upon Noah and his sons. They are to be fruitful and multi- ply; they are to have lordship over the inferior ani- mals ; not, however, as at the first, by native right, but by terror is their rule to be established, AU living creatures are now given to man for food ; but expres…
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on the head of his own youngest son. The blow was probably heavier than if it had lighted directly on him- self. Thus earlj' in the world's history was the lesson taught practically which the law afterwards expressly enunciated, that (iod visits the sins of the fathers upon the children. The subsequent history of Canaa…
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Noah's Ark. The precise meaning of the Hebrew ■word (nnp, tL'bah') is uncertain. The word onh' occurs here and in the second chapter of Exodus, where it is used of the little papyrus boat in which tlie mother of Moses intrusted her child to the Nile. In all probabil- ity it is to the old Egyptian that we are to look fo…
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NOAH'S ARK 147 NOAILLES challon may therefore, in accordance with Oriental custom, more naturally denote merely a lattice in the tsohiir. Supposing, then, the tsohar to be, as we have said, a skylight, or series of skylights running the wlKjle length of the ark (and the fem. form of the noun inclines one to regard i…
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The mathematical investigations on the subject of the ark, begun by Origen (F/omily 2 on Gen.), its dimen- sions and cubical capacity (Lamy, De Tahernac.foed.Tp. 170 sq. ; Buteo and Hostus, in the Critici Sacri, vi, 83 sq. ; Silberschlag, Geoc/onie, ii, ch. 3 ; Donat, in Scheuch- zer's Phi/s. Sacra, i, 128 sq.; Heidegg…
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Port-Royal (q.v.) community, the closing of the abbey in the October following, and the removal of its inmates accompanied by circumstances of great cruelty, though he himself had long befriended the I'ort-Royalists, and was really in sympathy Avith them. That he ordered this work of destruction simply from weakness, h…
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iaaaa/"AA^/A Eawlinson identifies Ni'a with No- a m n Amon. The whole paper (p. 137 Fisnre and Hiero- sqO is of great importance, as il- glyph of Anion, lustrating the reference in Nahum from the Egyptian ^q the capture of Thebes, by show- Monuments, .^^g ^j^.^^ 'j,g^.p^ ^^.^^ conquered by both Esarhaddon and Asshur-…
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Ten-itied is Ramah, Gibealh of Saul flees. Shriek with thy voice, daughter of Gallim ; Listen, O Laish ! Ah, poor Auathoth ! Madnienah escapes, dwellers in Gebim take flight. Yet this day he halts at Nob : He shakes his hand against the mount, daughter of Zion, The hill of Jerusalem." In this spirited sketch the …
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raelites the latter was resumed. The evidence is con- clusive to identify Kenath with the modern Kundivat (Porter, Hand-book, ii, 90) (Kitto\ Ewald {Gesck. Isr. ii, 268, note 2) identities the Nobah of (iideon's pursuit with Nophah of Numb, xxi, 30, and distinguishes them both from Nobah of Numb, xxxii, 42, on the grou…
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Nobla Leiczon (i.e. Nolle Lesson) is the name of what is generally regarded as one of the most important and valuable literary monuments of the Waldensians (q. v.). Some critics pronounce it as their most ancient writing, and date it of the 11th century. This general opinion that the origin of the work must be placed i…
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NOBLE 152 NODAB moral, or social character found in him a cordial sup- porter. He died Jan. 2G, 1873, in Fayetteville, N. Y. See Appleton's Annual Cycloji. 1873, p. 560. Noble, Mark, an English divine, was born about the middle of the 18th century, and flourished from 1784 as rector of Barming, in Kent, where he di…
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Nocturns is the name of a night service of prayer anciently held. In the Romish Breviary the Psalter is divided into portions consisting of nine psalms, each of which portion is called a nocturn. These were de- signed to be read at the nightly assemblies with other services, appointed in order for the various nights. T…
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No'e (Nois), the Gra?cized form (Tob. iv, 12; Matt, xxiv, 37, 38 ; Luke iii, 36, xvii, 26, 27) of the name of the patriarch Noah (q. v.). Noe, Marc-Antoixe de, a French prelate, was born of noble parentage, in April, 1724, in the chateau do la Gremenaudiere, now commiuie of Ste. Soulle (Charente-Inferieure), and was e…
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Noel (or Nowell), a word which occurs very fre- quently in old carols, is by many supposed (and with good reason) to be derived from natalis, the birthday of Christ. The word Noel was used as a cry of joy, and was " sung at Angers during the eight days preceding Christmas," and now the word Christmas is thus ex- presse…
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Noel, Francois, a Belgian Jesuit missionary, was born in 1651 at Ilelstrud, in Hainault. In 1670 he en- tered the order, and in 1684 was sent to China, where he spent the greater part of his life. He went twice to Eome to co.ifer on the subject of Chinese ceremonies. The last years of his life were spent at Lille, wher…
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Noetians is the name of the followers of Noefus {i\. v.). They affirmed that their founder was Moses, and that his brother was Aaron, and taught that Christ was the Father himself, and that the Father was begot- ten and suffered and died. See, however, for details the article Noetus, and compare the articles Mono- PHYS…
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he appeared to just men of old. Therefore it is that, according to the same account, as Neander says, ' there is one God the Father, who appears or reveals himself when he will, and is invisible when he will : he is visi- ble and invisible, begotten and unbegotten ;' and we may add, is mortal and immortal. The subseque…
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No'gah (Heb. id. FI53, a flash, as often ; Sept. Nnyf, NayfS', V. r. Nayai), the fourth named of the children born to David in Jerusalem by other wives than Bath- sheba (1 Chron. iii, 7; xiv, 6). B.C. cir. 1040. He is not mentioned in 2 Sam. v. See David. Nogara, Council of {Concilium NogaroUense'), was held in that F…
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12mo) : — Exposition abregee et preuves de la doctrine Chretienne (ibid. 1842, 12mo), completely revised under the title of Exposition des dogmes principaux du Chris- tianisme (ibid. 1853 and 1858, 12mo): — Le Catechisme expUque aux enfants de huit ans (ibid. 1858, 12mo) : — Catechisme jMlosophiqve, a I'usage des gens …
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A NolUu-d. scapular, and gray mantle. In many respects they closelv resemble the Beguines (q. v.) and the Lollards (q. v.). Nolley, Ricii^iONn, a INIethodist Episcopal minis- ter, was born in Virginia about 1790; emigrated early in life to Georgia; was converted in 1800; began to preach in 1807, when he was received …
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true, bat self-evident." The doctrine directly opposed to nominalism is denominated realism (q. v.), and must be traced back to Plato's system of ideas [see Idealism], or tlic eternal and independent existence of general at- tributes, from which the concrete embodiments were derived. There existed in the divine mind, a…
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NOMINATIO REGIA 160 KOMOCANONS of Geo. Ern. Waldaii (Chemnitz, 1792, 8vo) ; Erner, Ue- ber XomiiHili.^miis u. Realismii.i (Prague, 1842) ; Koliler, Realismus n. Nominulismus in ihrem Einfliisse avf die dogmai. Systeme des Mittdalters (Gotha, 1858) ; Barach, Zur Gesch. d. Nomin. von Roscdin (Vienna, 18G6) ; Lewes, Hi…
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i. A collection which was long attributed to John Scholasticus. Some MSS. name a certain Theodoretus Cyrrensis (or Cyprensis, Cytrensis), episcopus, as its au- thor. It contains the above-mentioned work of John Scholasticus in fifty titles, to each one of which is ap- pended the corresjionding vofxoi from the collectio…
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Nomophylax, keejjer of the bools of the law, a Greek Church otticcr, whose function is indicated by his name. Nomos was the name of a personification of law among the ancient Greeks, and described as exercising authorit}' over gods and men. Non (Heb. id, "3, Sept. Nowi'), a different form (1 Chron. vii, 27) of the na…
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Nonconformity cannot, clearly then, be traced to anj^ sect that may have found shelter ia England, and it is necessary to review the early history of the establish- ment to find traces of its origin. It will be remembered that it was ia the reign of king Edward VI that the English Reformed Church first received a defi…
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events which make the history of the 17th centurj' one of the most melancholy pages of the annals of England. Queen Elizabeth died in 1G03, and was succeeded by James VI of Scotland. From one who, like him, had been the member of a Presbyterian Church, and had on more than one occasion expressed his decided attachment…
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The Restoration, in IGGO, placed Charles II on the throne of his ancestors, and led to the restitution of the old system of Church government and worship. Attempts were made, indeed, by a comparatively small but yet noisy party, to prevent the reintroduction of the episcopal system in its integrity ; but the great body…
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NONCONFOR:viITY 165 K ON CON FORMITY Kennett, in his Register and Chronicle, the great store- house of information respecting the years IGGO- 1(502, often denied that the number was so large ; but Calamy, in 1702, published an A bridgment of Baxter's Life and Times, the ninth chapter of which is occupied with bio- g…
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NONCONFORMITY 166 NONCONFORMITY Yet even this was not all. Two more enactments under this sovereignty were made, the so-called Corporation and Test Act, the last named of which was claimed to have been passed " for preventing dangers which may happen from popish recusants." But as it enacted that " all in place or o…
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Though religious libertj' now prevails in Britain, it must be confessed that the great subject of noncon- formity remains still to be agitated, and the great ques- tions which it has provoked cannot be considered as yet finally settled. The Puritans, under the Tudors, be- came Nonconformists under the Stuarts, and Diss…
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1871, art. iii; Oct. 1873, art. vii; Contemp. Rev. Jan! 1872, art. ii. (J.H.W.) Nones, a service of the ninth hour, or three in the afternoon, the usual time of the Jewish sacrifice. Chry- sostom exhorts to this service by telling us that at that hour paradise was opened for the thief, and the great sacrifice was of…
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Nonjurors is the name applied to those English and Scottish Episcopalians who from religious scruples would not, at the Revolution of 1C88, take the oath of allegiance to the prince of Orange, for they had already promised to bear true allegiance to king James ; and al- though many persons thought that his departure fr…
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NONJURORS 169 NONJURORS representative of the Church in the dioceses and parishes committed to them, so it went far to justify Tillotson aiul the rest of the intruders in assuming themselves to be rightfully possessed of posts which had thus been suf- fered to lapse into their hands. Even so far the Non- jurors cann…
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A close intimacy was always kept up between the Nonjurors of England and the Episcopalians of Scot- land, and they were mixed up with the Jacobite party to a dangerous extent, some of them even suffering for high-treason in 171G and 1745. Not a few of them went over to the Roman Catholics; and when an act was passed ag…
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Non-Placet. See Placet. Non-Possumus. See Possumus. Non-Residence is a term used in Church law to describe the act of not residing in the local precincts where the duties of the incumbent of an ecclesiastical office require his presence. The earh' Church passed special laws against non-residence. Justinian ordained t…
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Noon, a rendering in Gen. xliii, 16, and elsewhere, of CTilS, tsohora'yhn, douhklight, i. e. either the di- viding point between the growing and waning lights of morning and evening (Fiirst, s. v.), or the moment when light is double, and so brightest (Gesenius). By a nat- ural metaphor, the word is sometimes employed …
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NORBERG 172 NORDHEIMER fcehali, which latter, from the mode of its occurrence in Numb, xxxii, 30, would seem to have been in the neighborhood of Hcshbon. Ewald {(Jesck. ii, 268, note) decides (tliough without giving his grounds) that No- phah is identical with the latter of these. In that case the difference would b…
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philosopher and a man of science, the first countries in Europe; and having passed into and explored Egy])t, he published, on his return to Denmark, an account of his travels in Egypt and Nubia, which is interesting, cor- rect, and accurate. It is written in French, and entitled Voyage d'Ef/ypte et de Xiibie (Copenh. 1…
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Nordin, Karl Gustaf, a modern Swedish prelate, was born at Stockholm in 1749, and was educated at Up- sala. After taking holy orders he rapidly rose to places of distinction, and was finally made bishop of Hernosand. He died in 1812. Nordlingen, Hkinricii of, a celebrated mystic of the Middle Ages, flourished towards …
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Noritioli, a name applied by Tertullian to catechu- mens (q. v.), because they were just entering upon that state which made them candidates for eternal Ufe. Nork, Fkiedricii, a noted Orientalist, was a con- vert from Judaism, his name formerly being Selig Korn. He was born at KoUin, in Prussia, in the year 1804. He s…
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Norman Window, St. John's, Devizes, c. 1100. ticed; at an early period the aisles of churches were vaulted with plain groining without bosses or diagonal ribs, but the main parts had flat ceilings, or were cov- ered with cylindrical vaults, as at the chapel in the White Tower of London. The Norman arch was round, eith…
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Tiie invasions of the Northmen into England were still more numerous and important; they sought at an early moment to secure a permanent footing in that country. The first invasion we find recorded took place in 787 ; after 795 they became quite common. Numerous battles which took place between the Anglo-Saxons and the…
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In Russia the Northmen were called Varangians, or sea-rovers. Kurik, a Northman, occupied Novgorod in 862, and founded the dynasty which gave sovereigns to Kussia until 1598. About 865 the Varangians ap- peared with a fleet before Constantinople, and it was not until an alhance was made between Vladimir the Great, who …
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NORRIS 178 NORRIS tents of these volumes has no doubt become antiquated, and many of the tentative meanings assigned to words may be rejected hereafter; still they will always be ac- knowledged to contain a great amount of useful and trustworth}' information, showing on every page the vast extent of Mr. Norris's rea…
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the next centurj', till it was grasped bj' the vigorous and graceful hands of Berkeley. It may be difficult to trace any direct connection V)etween the author of the Principles of Human Knowlidgc and the author of The Theory of the Ideal, or Intelligent World. There may have been no indebtedness on the part of the Dubl…
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Norris, John (3), an American philanthropist, one of the founders of the theological seminary in Ando- vcr, was born about 1751, and was for many years a re- spectable merchant in Salem, Mass. March 21, 1808, ha gave $10,000 towards establishing the institution at Andover. This was a day of unequalled munificence, for …
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NORSE MYTHOLOGY 180 NORSE MYTHOLOGY gospel of Christ, the Icelanders enjoyed civil liberty, had a democratic form of government, and accepted the new religion by the vote of their representatives in the Althint/, or Parliament, which convened at Thingvolls in the summer of 1000; and in this way we are able to accoun…
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The dark and gloomy Night, who was the offspring of giants, married the asa-son Delling (day-break), and they became the parents of Day, who was light and fair like his father. Odin gave Night and Day two horses and two cars, and set them up in the heavens, that they might drive successive!}' one after the other, each …
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The ash Ygdrasill is the holiest of all trees ; its ever- green boughs embrace the whole world. Ygdrasill springs from three roots. One root is in Hvergelmer, in Niflheim, and the bark of this root is gnawed by the dragon Nidhogg, and all his reptile brood. The second root is in Jotunheim, over the well of tlie wise gi…
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Njord was born in Vanaheim, among the wise vans, but was received by the asas when the vans made a treaty with the asas, and gave the vans Hcener. Njord is the ruler of the winds ; he subdues the sea and fire, and distributes wealth among men ; he should be in- voked by sailors and fishermen. His wife is Skade, a daugh…
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Saga is the goddess of history ; she dwells beneath the cool billows of Sokvabek, where she and Odin every day quaff mead from beakers of gold. Sif is the wife of Thor, Kanna the wife of Balder, and Sigyn the wife of Loke ; but besides these there are several goddesses of less importance, who serve as hand- maids eith…
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Baldur's wife, Nanna, died of grief, and was burned on her husband's funeral pile; but Odin's son, Vale, though at tliat time but one night old, avenged Baldur by slaying Hod, who had been the immediate cause of his death. Pursued by the gods, Loke now fled upon a mountain, whence he coidd look out upon the world in a…
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But after all the world has thus been consumed in flames, the earth, completely green, rises a second time from the sea. Cascades fall, and the eagle soars on lofty pinions in pursuit of his prey. The gods come together on the plains of Ida, and talk about the powerful Mid- gard-serpent, about the Fenris-wolf, and abou…
929 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.