PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 7
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,372,028 words · 1337 reading sections
Section 241
But the world is destroyed only to rise again in a more glorious condition. In the reconstruction and re- generation of the world the victory of good over evil is complete. After liagnarok the divine powers are gath- ered in that Supreme Being, that unknown God, who was faintly seen from the beginning, but whom no one …
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"The parching ah- Burns fierce, and cold performs the effects of fire." Paradise Lost, ii, 595. Josephus states that the north wind in the neighbor- hood of Joppa was called by those who sailed there MtXajti/Sopfiot-, " the black north wind," and certainly his description of its effects, on one occasion, off that coa…
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and afterwards applied himself to the study of theology, but never became a regularly settled minister. He was made tutor in Bowdoin College in 1809; afterwards (1811) tutor and (1813) librarian in Harvard Univer- sity ; and was later appointed Dexter professor of sacred literature in the same institution (181!>). He h…
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Norton, John (0, an eminent Presbyterian di- vine, was born in Hertfordshire, England, in 1606, and educated at the University of Cambridge; and, after taking holy orders in the Anglican Establishment, was made curate of Starford. A lecture was at that time supported at Starford by a number of pious ministers. Through …
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NORWAY 188 NORWAY falls of water pour perpendicularly down the mountain- side. The Scandinavian ranye consists prinoiiiall}' of primitive and transition rock, and exhibits almost ev- erywhere the effects of glacial action, the glaciers and moraines presenting the same appearances as in the Swiss alpine district. The…
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Government, etc. — Although Norway constitutes one joint kingdom with Sweden in regard to succession, ex- ternal policy, and diplomacy, it is in all other respects an independent state, having its own government, leg- islative machinery, finances, army, and navy. The king is indeed commander-in-chief of all the forces …
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Historij, Secular and Relifjious. — The early history of Norway is comprised in that of the other Scandina- vian countries, and is, like theirs, for the most part fab- ulous. It is only towards the middle of the 10th cen- tury, when Christianity was introduced, that the myth- ical obscurity in which the annals of the k…
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newly acquired territory, and the pagan party once more restored tlie ancient rites. But this state of mat- ters was of short continuance. Olaf the Thick (usually surnamod the Saint), who delivered Norway from her foreign rulers, came into the country in 1015, when already a dociiled Christian, with hishops and priests…
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named Skopte equipped a squadron of five vessels, and set sail, accompanied by his three sons, for Palestine; but died at Rome, where he had stopped to perform his devotions. The expedition was continued by his sons, none of whom survived the journey. The fame of this exploit, and the marvellous tales of other i)ilgrim…
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It had for a long time been the evident tendency of the government of Norway to assume the form of a sacerdotal and feudal aristocracy. This tendency, how- .ever, was arrested to some extent by the first princes of tlie house of Sverre, who asserted the rights of the monarch against the encroachments of the clergy and …
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NORWAY 192 NORWAY He called for no change of opinion or of established faith, but for better lives and more Christian practice among both clergy and laity. And he taught onlij tlie doctrines of the Church, casting out the fables and wicked imaginings of men — lifting up his voice against the coldness, the selfishnes…
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The religion of the country is Episcopal Lutheran. Until lately no places of worship of other denominations were permitted to exist. But in the Parliament of 1845 an act of general toleration w-as passed, which gave re- ligious liberty to all Christians. No Mormons, how- ever, were then allowed to reside in the countrv…
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The directory for the public worship of God in the Norwegian Church is to be found in the Kirke-IHtiial of 1685, with its appendix, the .-1 Uerbnrj of 1G.S8. The rules there given are based upon the book of liturgv {Prdimmts), which was compiled by a royal commit- tee in the year 1537, and revised by Luther himself. Th…
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With relation to schools, Norway has a very credita- ble history. Provision is made for the instruction of all classes of the people. Wlierevcr thirty children can be found in a neighborhood, a common-school is to be established in a regular school-house ; and to provide for remote and thinly settled districts, '• ambu…
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The Church establishment comprises, according to Thaarup, six bishops, the oldest of whom is primate, 80 probsts, and about 440 pastors of churches and chapels. There are 440 prestegilds or parishes, many of them of large extent, containing from 5000 to 10,000 inhabitants, and requiring four or five separate churches o…
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Nose (riX), properly breathing-place, or the member by which we breathe (Numb, xi, 20) ; also in the dual (D^iSX), the two ?iostrils. The same word likewise sig- nifies anger (Prov. xxii, 24), as often shown in the breathing; and the face (Gen. iii, 19), so called from its most prominent feature; and in 1 Sam. i, 5 for…
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1. Life. — Nostradamus was born Dec. 14, 1503, in the quaint old town of St. Kemy, in Provence, which is now included in the Department of Bouches-du-Khone. His family was reputed to be of Jewish descent, and of the tribe of Issachar, wherefore they predicted his gift of prophecy. His father, Jacques Xostre-dame, w-as …
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XOSTRADAMUS 197 NOSTKAUAMUS for the forgery of later prognostications, and their attri- bution to Nostradamus. Henry II did not long survive this dedication of the last three Centuries, being killed within thirteen months, in the tournament which celebrated the restoration of peace between France and Spain. This st…
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The position of Nostradamus In his own age and among his own people was eminently respectable, and on other grounds than his oracular endowments. He was an educated, regular, and successful practitioner of medicine. His sons obtained honorable distinction in the province in which they had been born and brought up. Ther…
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" From the English kingdom the worthy driven away, The counsellor thronsrh anger shall be" burned. The iiartners shall creep so low That the bastard shall be half received." The worthy is, of course, Charles I; the counsellor, Strafford or archbishop Laud; the partners are Crom- well's military junta. The translation …
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Notable Crime is, in the Anglican Establisli- ment, any offence committed in the ordering of dea- cons and priests which is of a sufficiently serious char- acter to justify suspension of the ordination of a can- didate. The bishop, at the beginning of the ordina- tion office, requires that if any of the people know "an…
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Notarius. See Notarii. Notary. See Notarii. Notcher of Hautvilliers, an early French ec- clesiastic, flourished towards the close of the 11th cen- turj' as abbot in the place after which he is surnamcd, and which is situated in the diocese of Rheims. Notcher died about 1099. We are ignorant in what year the governmen…
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Notitia, the name given to the record or chart of the great divisions or provinces, etc., of the empire and the Church. Notker. There are several persons of this name mentioned in Church histories. The most important among them are : 1. St. NoTKiiR, surnamcd Bulbidus, or '• the stam- merer," a learned German monk, wh…
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Habit of one of the Congregation of Notre Dame. privileges, March, 1617. A change in the rules and constitution was made in 1645, and received the ap- proval of pope Innocent X. The Congregations of Our Lady have flourished ever since in Europe, and espe- cially in Pelgium and Fratice. In America they have their head-…
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the medical profession. At sixteen he taught school at I'autapaiiy. Lord's Bridge; and at eighteen he took charge of tlie Flaiuficld Academy, and at the same time pursued his classical and mathematical studies under the Kev. Dr. Ik'nedict. On leaving Plaintield he became a member of Bniwii University, rrovidonce, K. I.…
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he could give it, at least, original illustration, poetic re- lief, practical corollaries, that compelled all hearers to say, in the words which Addison puts in the mouth of Cato over Plato's argument on the soul, ' Tliou rea- sonest well.' He had no small amount of intellectual courage, and was not afraid of the 'bugb…
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Nott, Handel Gershom, an American divine of some note, was born in Saybrook, Conn., Nov. 10, 1779 ; graduated from Yale College in 1823 ; took a the- ological course in the Yale Seminary; and in 1826 was settled over the First Congregational Cluirch in Nashua, N. H. Subsequently he became a Baptist, and accepted the po…
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Noulleau, Ji:ax-Baptistk, a French ascetic writer, was burn June 24, 1605, in Saint-Brieuc. Descended from a religious family, he was educated at Rennes and Nantes, and at the age of twenty entered into the Con- gregation of the Oratory. In 1639 he took possession NOUMENA 204 NOYALIS of the archtlcaconry of Saint-B…
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Nourry, Denis Nicholas le, a French monk and a distinguished Latinist, was born at Dieppe in 1647. He studied at the college of the Oratory of his native city, and joined the Benedictines of Jumieres July 8, 1665. He now devoted himself exclusively to literary labor in the convents of Bonne Nouvelle and of St. Ouen of …
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markable for the vast power manifested in the construc- tion, and the dimness of the construction itself, while here and there the acuteness of some remarks is not to be mistaken. His Lelaiinge zu Sais, or the " Pupils at Sais," is another fragment of a romance, the object of which was to reveal Novalis's view of physi…
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Novara, Pietro da. "There are some pictures at Domodossola," says Lanzi, " that make us acquainted with an able artist of Nova. They are preserved in Castello Sylva, and in other places, and have the fol- lowing inscription, ' Ego Petrus Jiiius Petri Pictoris de Noraria hoc ojms pinxi, 1370.' " Doubtless he is the same…
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healthy, its rigor being modified by the insular char- acter of the province and by the influence of the Gulf Stream. The mean temperature for the year is 42.09° at Pictou, and 43.0° at Windsor. The extreme limits of the thermometer may be stated at 15° Fahr. in winter, and 95° in the sliade in summer. The prov- ince a…
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The Baptists have been nearly as long in the country as the Presbyterians. They have met with much suc- cess in the province, and rank third in numbers among the different religious bodies. They support a college and several elementary schools, and send missionaries to foreign parts. The Wesleyan Methodist body was sta…
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IJiMorij, etc. — Nova Scotia is supposed to have been visited and "discovered" by the Cabots in 1497. Its first colonists were a number of Frenchmen, who estab- lished themselves here in 1604, but were afterwards ex- pelled Ijy settlers from Virginia, who claimed the coun- try by right of discovery. Under the French se…
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ion of the approaching council. But after he had been condemned and excluded from the Church, together with his adherents, he thought there could be no sin in his taking the oversight of his own company. The in- vidious representations of this affair by Cornelius cannot at this day be refuted, owing to the want of docu…
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The career of Novatian after the termination of his struggle with Cornelius is unknown; but we arc told by Socrates {[list. En-ks. iv, 28) that he suffered death under Valerian ; and from Pacianus, who flourished in the middle of the 4th century, we learn that the Nova- tians boasted that their founder was a martyr. No…
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Novatians, or Novatianists, is the name of a powerful Christian sect, a sort of dissenters from the Church of Rome, who owe their origin to Novatian (q. v.). They have been misrepresented in many re- spects by devoted Romanists and other extreme High- Churchmen for their doctrinal views. There is no good reason for suc…
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Cyprian f!;raveh^ charges upon him {Epist, lii, p. 74), placed all persons whatever, whose conduct showed a deficiency of Christian firmness, in one and the same predicament; and he inflicted the same penalties on the Libelliitici as on the Sacrijicati and the T/iuriJiciiti. As the laws of the ancient Church considered…
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verse with their kindred and relatives; but from the common prayers and from the sacred supper they re- mained excluded. This is, after all, different from to- tal deprivation of hope of salvation hereafter. Yet, notwithstanding this clearly established fact, a great number of modern writers tell us that Novatian cut o…
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The formal actions of the Church of Rome against the Novatians were as follows: Immediately upon the consecration (Blunt, p. 388) of Novatian a council was called at Rome by Cornelius in A.D. 251. Sixty bish- ops and as many presbyters assembled. Novatian and his followers were declared to be separated from the Church,…
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NOVATES 214 NOVELS adversary, slioitld continue at the head of the Honiish Church, he himself would most assuredly be rejected and expelled from it. It was therefore necessary for him either to seek another asylum, or to cause Cornelius to be deposed from the bishopric, or, lastly, to establish a new Church in which…
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Novbahar, the Arabic name of a famous temple or mosque which the ancestors of the Barmecides, one of the most illustrious families of Persia, founded in the town of Balk, on the model of the Kaaba, or magnificent temple of Mecca. This mosque was covered with silk, and surrounded with sixty chapels, in which the pil- gr…
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Novensiles (or Novensides) Dei are men- tioned in the solemn prayer which the consul Decius repeated after the pontiles previous to his devoting himself to death for his countrj' (Livy, viii, 9). Instead of Novensiles, we also find the form Novensides, whence we may infer that it is some compound of insides. The first …
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NOVIOMAGUS 216 NOTES may be doubted whether a very young person should be allowed to bind himself for life by irrevocable vows. Some authors designated the catechumens as novitii, noritiuli, tirones Dei. See Penny Cyclop, s. v. ; Eadie, Ecclex. Cyclop, s. v.; Farrar, Eccles. Diet. s. v.; Hill, Monasticism in England…
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Noyes, Eli, D.D., a noted American Free-will Bap- tist minister and missionary, was born at Jefferson, Me., April 27, 1814. His education was gained by his own exertions, and he commenced to preach in 1834. On Sept. 22, 1835, accompanied by his wife, he sailed for Calcutta, and located at Orissa. He had great success b…
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Mr. Noyes lived at Salem when the witchcraft excesses were agitating the community of that place. He was severe in his denunciations of the wild fanatics who be- lieved in those extravagant supposed spiritual manifes- tations, and advocated their public prosecution. Later in life he saw the error of his course, and gre…
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Nudipedalia (Lat. nudus, "bare," and ^;e«, pedis, " a foot"), a procession and ceremonies observed at Eome in case of drought, in ^vhicli the worshippers walked with bare feet in token of mourning and humiliation before the gods. This practice was followed at Rome in the worship of Cybele, and seems also to have been a…
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I I NUMBER 219 NUMBER 2, 6 ; X, 3 sq. ; xi, 13 ; xii, 3 ; xiii, 1 ; xv, 1, 6 sq. ; xvi, 1 ; xvii, 1, 3, 7, 9, 11; xxi, 9). The frequent use of the number seventy is of a kindred nature. The Israelites who went down into Egypt, the years of the captivity, the elders chosen by Moses to assist in judicial duties, wer…
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Five appears chiefly in forfeitures and hoh' offerings (Exod. xxii, 1 ; Lev. v, 16; xxii, 14 ; xxvii, 15 ; Numb. V, 7; xviii, 16). But in conventional phrase it com- monly means a group, several, after the analogy of the five fingers (Gen. xviii, 28 ; xliii, 24 ; xiv, 22 ; 1 Sam. xvii, 40; xxi, 4; 1 Cor. xiv, 19). Yet …
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Numbering. See Census. Numbers, Book of, the fourth book of Moses, so called in the Soptuagint ('ApiS/joi')} in the Vulgate (^Numeri), and modern versions, from the double enu- meration of the Israelites in ch. i-iv and in ch. xxvi. In the Hebrew it is called Be-midbar', "127^3, i.e. in the desert, this word occurring…
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pired apparently during the thirty-seven years' wander- ing in the wilderness (xv, 1-xix, 22) ; but we have no notices of time or place. We have laws respecting the meat and drink offerings, and other sacrifices (xv, 1- 31) ; an account of the punishment of a Sabbath-break- er, perhaps as an example of the presumptuous…
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II. Integrity and Elements. — This, like the other books of the Pentateuch, is supposed by many critics to con- sist of a compilation from two or three, or more, earlier documents. According to De Wette, the following portions are the work of the Elohist (q. v.) : Chapter i, 1-x, 28 ; xiii, 2-16 (in its original, thoug…
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It is not perhaps to be wondered at that the episode of Balaam (xxii, 2-xxiv, 25) should have been regard- ed as a later addition. The language is peculiar, as well as the general cast of the narrative. The proph- ecies are vivid, and the diction of them highly finished : very different from the rugged, vigorous fragme…
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' Vaheb in Suphah and the torrent-beds ; Arnon and the slope of the torrent-beds Which turueth to where Ar lieth. And which leaneth upon the border of Moab.'" The next is a song which was sung on the digging of a well at a spot where they encamped, and which from this circumstance was called Beer, or " The Well." It r…
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The account of the setting apart of the tribe of Levi has been especially urged as bearing the marks of fiction ; but this account is strongly confirmed by the distribution of the cities of the Levites (Numb, xxxv ; Josh. xxi). This distribution is an undeniable fact, and the exist- ence of these Levitical towns may be…
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been attacked, concerning the Havoth-jair, the small towns, or rather tent- villages of Jair (xxxii. 41, 42; comp. Judg. X, 4; Deut. iii, 14), is fully justified on a closer examination. The list of stations in ch. xxxiii is an important document, which could not have originated in a poeti- cal imagination. This list …
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Numenius (Noi'ju/ji'ioc) of Apajiea, in Syria, a Greek philosopher who lived in the second half of the 2d century A.D., was one of the first philosophers who at- tempted to reconcile the Greek schools with the Oriental doctrines, a conciliation previously undertaken by Philo, and later by Plotinus. The personal history…
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Numismatics (Lat. nummus and m/inisma, mon- ey), the science which treats of coins and medals. A coin is a piece of metal of a fixed weight stamped by authority of government, and employed as a circulating medium. A medal is a piece struck to commemorate an event. The study of numismatics has an important bearing on hi…
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Fijr. 3. with the head of Proserpine accompanied by dolphins, and for reverse a victor in the Olympic games in a char- iot receiving a wreath from Victory — a type which is also found on the reverse of the staters of Philip of Macedon, known as Philips, and largely imitated by other states. Coins of Alexander the Grea…
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eated ; and towards the close of the 3d century the ex- ergue of the reverse is occupied by the name of the town where the coin is struck. The coins of Augustus and those of Livia, Antonia, and Agrippina the elder have much artistic merit. The workmanship of Nero's sester- tii is very beautiful. The coins of Vespasian …
944 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.