PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 7
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,372,028 words · 1337 reading sections
Section 961
These three varying rules created a plentiful source of dissension ; the Church was long unconscious of the coming evil, but while men slept the tares were sown. At first the bond of charity was known to be stronger than all— the difference of calendar made no alteration in the Gospel law of love. Thus Polycarp, bishop…
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part against it {Fragm. in Chron. Paschal, i, 12, 13; and Pliilosoph.\\\, 18); and Clement of Alexandria was induced by the treatise of Melito to refute the same error in his work on Easter, a few fragments of which are preserved in the Chronicon Paschal, (ibid. 14). The Laodicean (Juartodecimans closely followed the …
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followed the Jewish computation, as harmonizing with the Saviour's practice, and cared notliing for the equi- nox, which their Easter occasionally anticipated ; and for this reason the term Protopaschita; was applied to thera. The confusion caused by these differences must have been very great, and especially in conter…
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Paschal Light. See Paschal Taper. Paschal Solemnity, the week preceding and the week following Easier. Paschal Taper, a taper used in the Roman Cath- olic Church at the time of liaster. It is lighted from the holy fire, and receives its benediction by the priest's putting five grains of incense in the form of a cross…
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On Sunday, Sept. 8, 15G0, he was taken to the cloister of La 3Iinerva, where his sentence was publicly read to him. After he had acknowledged the authenticity of his declarations, and thanked God for the honor of which he was counted wortliy, he was again conducted to prison. The next day, Sept. 9, the people went to t…
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This precise definition of the nature of the Eucharist was a novelty in the Church, as is shown by the catenae of authorities respecting that sacrament which have been collected by Pamelius in his Liturf/icon, and by Grier- anger in his Institutions Liturgiqnes. It raised a con- troversy at once among the theologians o…
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TASEAII '726 PASIIUR ever, who visited and carefully surveyed this region, came to the conclusion that the camp of the Philistines must have been west and not east of Shochoh, and he does not therefore identify Ephes-daramim with Da- miui {Handbook for Palestine, p. 2G1). See Elah, BliOOK OF. Pase'ah (Heb. Pase'dc…
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Pash'ur [some Pa'shin-] (llch. Pashchur' , "iWi'S [Gesen., from an Arabic root, siiriounded with prosper- it;/ ; Fiirst, from a Heb. root, liberation; the etymol- ogy, as implying something favorable, seems to be re- ferred to in Jer. xx, 3] ; Sept. <l>n<T\'(op. ^aaovp, v. r. 4>rt(7CT0t''|0 [Ezra ii.3S; x, 22]. <I>«frf…
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Pasithea, one of the Graces among the ancient Greeks. Pasor, Georg, a learned German philologist, was born Aug. 1, 1570, at Ellar, in Nassau. In 1615 he became professor of philology at Herborn, and in 1616 at Franecker, where he died, Dec. 10, 1637. He is the author of a small lexicon of the New Testament, Lexi- con …
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Pasqualotto, Constantino, an Italian painter, flourished at Vicenza about 1700. He studied at Ven- ice, and on returning to his native city he executed some tine works for the churches. Lanzi says he was more distinguished for the richness of his draperies and the brilliancy of his coloring than for the correctness of …
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Passeri, Andrea, an Italian painter of Como, flourished about 1505. In the cathedral of his native city is a picture of The Virgin surrounded bg the Apos- tles, in which the composition and expression of the heads are good ; but Lanzi says there is a dryness in the hands, with the use of gilding, unworthy of the age in…
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Passerotti, Bartolomeo, an Italian painter, was born about 1540 at Bologna. He studied under Taddeo Zuccara at Rome, and is mentioned by Vasari as one of the assistants of that master. He is also commended by Borghini and Lomazzo. Passerotti resided in the early part of his life at Rome, where he executed some works fo…
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the pupil of Federigo Zucchero, and lived some time in Venice, where he acquired a decided preference for the Venetian school of painting, and especially the works of Paolo Veronese. He acquired a great reputation at Rome, where he was employed by the popes Paul V and Urban VIII ; he jjainted 7 he Crucijixion of St. Pe…
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" Amid the numerous branches of knowledsje," saj'S Mr. Cogrtu, "which claim the attention of the human mind, no one can lie more important than tliis. Whatever most intimately concerns ourselves must be of the tirst mo- ment. An attention, therefore, to the workings of our own miuds; tracing the power which external ob…
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PASSION WEEK 13'. PASSIONEI the week following as well as to the week preceding Easter. The emperors, also, granted a general release to prisoners at tliis season, and commanded all suits and processes at law to cease. The Thursday of the Pas- sion Week, being the day on which Christ was be- trayed, was observed wit…
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Passionei, Dojiinic. a learned Italian cardinal, was born of an ancient noble family at Fossmnbrone, in the duchy of Urbino, Dec. 2, 1082, and v.as educated in the Clementine College at Pome under the direction of To- masiandFontanini. In 1700 he went with Gualterio. the nuncio, to Paris, and. having passed two years i…
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Passive Obedience of Christ. See Obedi- ence, and Sufferings of Christ. Passive Po'wer, a phrase employed to denote a power of producing change, not actively, but negatively. Dr. Williams, who has revived the use of it in theolog}-, understands bj' it what some philosophers have denomi- nated malum metaphysicum, by wh…
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Some have taken the meaning of HQS, the root of noc, to be that of "passing through," and have referred its application here to the passage of the Red Sea. Hence the Vulgate has rendered n03 by transitus, Philo (Z)e Vit. Mosis, lib. iii, c. 29) by EiaiiaTi}pia, and Greg- ory of Nazianzum by Su'ijSacFig. Augustine takes…
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1. A t the Exode. — In the first institution of the Pass- over it was ordained that the head of each family was to select, on the 10th of Nisan (i. e. four days beforehand, supposed to represent the four generations which had elapsed since the children of Israel had come to Egypt, Gen. XV, IG), a male lamb or goat of t…
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2. In the post-exodus legislation on this festival sev- eral enactments were introduced at different times, which both supplement and modify the original insti- tution. Thus it is ordained that all the male members of the congregation are to appear in the sanctuary be- fore the Lord with the offering of firstlings (Ex…
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That the Israelites kept the Passover on the evening before they left Egypt is distinctly declared in Exod. xii, 28. Bishop Colenso, however, argues against the Mosaic institution of the Passover, and against the possibility of its having been celebrated, because — (1) Moses having received the command about the Pass- …
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\\\. Rabbinical Regulations. — After the return of the Jews from the captivity, where they had been weaned from idolatry, tlie si)iritual guides of Israel reorganized the whole religious and political life of the nation, and defined, modified, and expanded every law and jmctpt of the Mosaic code, so as to adapt them to…
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3. The lith of Nisan. — On this daA", which, as we have seen, was till the evening called the preparation for the Passovei; and which was also called the first day of Passover or of unleavened bread (Lev. xxiii, 5, G; Numb, ix, 3; xxviii, IG; Josh, v, 10; Ezek. xlv, 21; 2 Chron. xxx, 15; xxxv, 1; Joseph. War, v, 3, 1),…
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the Temple, comp. Mishna, Middoth, ii, 3), while the third remained in its place. When it became dark, they all went out to roast their paschal sacrifices (Mish- na, Pesachim, v, 5-10). A spit, made of the wood of the pomegranate-tree, was put in at the mouth of the paschal lamb, and brought out again at its vent ; it …
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(John xiii, 4, 5, 12), after which the blessing belonging thereto was pronounced. A table was then brought in, upon which were bitter herbs and unleavened bread, the Ch(tr6seth (see below), the body of the paschal lamb, and the flesh of the Clwfjhjah, or feast otfering. The president of the meal then took the herb, di|…
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(b) The Four Cups of Wine. — There is no mention of wine in connection with the Passover in the Pentateuch ; but the Mishna strictly enjoins that there should never be less than four cups of it provided at the paschal meal even of the poorest Israelite {Pesach. x, 1). The wine was usually red, and it was mixed with wat…
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Besides these public sacrifices, there were the volun- tary offerings which were made by every private indi- vidual who appeared before the Lord in Jerusalem, in accordance with the injunction in Exod. xxiii, 15; Deut. xvi, 16. The .Jewish canons ordained that this free- will - offering from every attendant at the sanc…
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PASSOVER 741 PASSOVER bath, they replied. Is it the Sabbath ? Yes, this is the Sabbath, was again the reply. Shall I cut ? Yes, cut, they replied. Shall I cut V Do cut, they agaiu replied. Every question was asked three times, and the people replied to it each time. This was done because of the Boiithuseans (D^DWi3)…
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11. Release of Prisoners. — It is a question whether the release of a prisoner at the Passover (Matt, xxvii, 15; Mark xv, G; Luke xxiii, 17; John xviii, 39) was a custom of Roman origin, resembling what took place at the lectisternium (Livy, v, 13), and in later times on the birthday of an emperor; or whether it was an…
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the blessing over them, distributes them all round, and they eat them, not reclining. The master then takes a piece from the undermost cake and some of the bitter herbs, and cats them in a reclining position, saying, "In remembrance of the Temple according to Ilillel! Thus Hillcl did at the time when the Temple still e…
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If it be granted that the supper was eaten on the evening of the 14th of Nisan, the apprehension, trial, and crucifixion of our Lord must have occurred on Fri- daj' the 15th, the day of holy convocation, which was the first of the seven days of the Passover week. The weekl}^ Sabbath on whicli he lay in the tomb was the…
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PASSOVER 1U PASSOVER But any explanation founded on the supposition of two meals appears to be rendered uiTtenable by the con- text. The fact that all four evangelists introduce in the same connection the foretelling of the treachery of Judas with the dipping of the sop, and of the denials of Peter and the going out…
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(f/.) Grotius {On Matt, xxvi, 19, and John xiii, 1) thought that the meal was a Trarrxn fivrjjxovtvriKov (like the paschal feast of the modern Jews), and such as might have been observed -during the Babylonian captivity, not a TTuaxn ^vai^iov. But there is no rea- son to believe that such a mere commemorative rite was …
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(c.) John xviii, 28. The Jews refused to enter the prsetorium lest they should be defiled, and so disquali- fied from eating the passover. Neander and others deny that this passage can possibly refer to anything but the paschal supper. But it is alleged tliat the words 'iva (pdyiom ro irciffxa may either be taken in a …
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All this, however, seems forced, and contradicts the vsus loquendi (see Thiele, in Neves krit. Journ.v. 129 sq.). The explanation of " the prejiaration of the Passover," also, by the Sabbath of the Passover (comparing Ignat. ad Philip, c. 13), cannot well be accepted; for Ignatius, a Christian writer, simply calls the …
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On the whole, then, notwithstanding the express declaration of the law and of the Jlislma that the days of holy convocation were to be observed precisely as the Sabbath, except in the preparation of food, it is highly probable that considerable license was allowed in regard to them, as we have already observed. It is v…
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VI. Origin and Import of the Feast of Passover. — 1, Naturalistic Interpretation. — Each of the three great fes- tivals contained a reference to the annual course of nature. Two, at least, of them — the first and the last — also com- memorated events in the history of the chosen people. The coincidence of the times of …
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On the other hand, the above v>ew of liaor, that the Passover was an astronomical festival and the lamb a i3'mbol of the sign Aries, and that of Von IJohlen, that it resembled the sun-feast cf the Peruvians, are well exposed Ijy Biihr {St/mboUk). Spe'icer has endeavored in his usual manner to show that many details of …
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As the original institution of the Passover in Egypt preceded the establishment of the priesthood and the regulation of the service of the tabernacle, it necessarily fell short in several particulars of the observance of the festival according to the fully developed ceremonial law (see II, 1). The head of the family sl…
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The same significance may evidently be attached to the prohibition that no part of the meat should be kept for another meal, or carried to another house. The paschal meal in each house was to be one, whole and entire. (2.) The unleavened birad ranks next in importance to the paschal lamb. The notion has been very gen-…
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Again, the consecration of the first-fruits, the first- born of the soil, is an easy type of the consecration of the first-born of the Israelites. This seems to be coun- tenanced by Exod. xiii, 2-4, where the sanctification of the first-born, and the unleavened bread Avhich figured it, seem to be emphatically connected…
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It has been well observed by Kurtz (on Exod. xii, 38), that at the very crisis when the distinction between Israel and the nations of the world was most clearly brought out (Exod. xi, 7), a " mixed multitude" went out from Egypt with them (Exod. xii, 38), and that provision was then made for all who were Avilling to jo…
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Pastophori, a title among the ancient Greeks for those of their priests whose duty it was to carry the Pastas (q. v.) in the sacred rites of heathen antiquity. The priests of Isis and Osiris among the ancient Egyp- tians, who were so denominated, were arranged in in- corporated colleges, which again were divided into l…
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cation and consolidates the results of pulpit labor. PaS' toral care increases attendance upon preaching, and se- cures interested hearers. Preaching attracts hearers within the circle of pastoral influence, and pastoral care waters the seed sown in their hearts. Preaching is ag- gressive. It is the pioneer work of the…
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The ultimate rather than the primary order of pas- toral labor in the Church is indicated by the New-Tes- tament record. The whole period of our Lord's earthly ministrations was that of preparatory and missionary effort, and the pastoral office was not definitely estab- lished till near its close, while that of preachi…
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PASTORAL LETTER Joi PASTORAL THEOLOGY " Rebuke not an elder, but entreat bim as a fatber" (1 Tim. V, 1). Few ideas are more beautiful than that of a pastor attaining parental iniluence over his tiock, and of his people gladly according to him parental oversight of their most sacred interests. The Greek and Roman ch…
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Pastoral Theology. The recognition of four great divisions of the subject of theology (q. v.), viz. Exeget- ical. Historical, Systematic or Dogmatic, and Practical (q. v.), is now very general among theological writers and teachers. On this plan of division pastoral becomes a subdivision of practical theology. Whereas …
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In the Church of England, notwithstanding the aboli- tion of the mass, the term priest was retained, and with it various customs which have ever since been avail- able to Romanizing reactionists. Hence, although the preponderating theory of that Church in reference to the ministry has been stnongly Protestant, yet ther…
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But in whatever mode the pastoral relation is estab- lished or maintained, it carries with it responsibilities of the gravest import, demanding on the part of the pastor a character of the highest excellence, deportment the most exemplary, diligence untiring, quenchless zeal, whole-hearted consecration to his work, dis…
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At a later period more formal works began to ap- pear, of which the following are the principal, as pub- lished in the English language, arranged in chronolog- ical order: Herbert, A Priest to the Temple, or the Country Pai-sorts Character and Rule of Holy Life (1C32); Bowles, Pastor Evanyelicus (1049); Baxter, Gildas …
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PASTORATE 758 PASTOUREAUX (1841). Sec also Ilagenbach, Encyld. v. Methodol. p. lO'J-111 ; -S7«(/. u. Kni. 1838, i, 753. Pjistorate is the state or relation of being a pastor (q. v.). In the Roman Catholic Church this depends upon the will of the bishop, who appoints, removes, and transfers priests at pleasure. In t…
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Seventy years later, in the time of Philip V, this spasm of fanaticism was repeated. This rising, which was al- most identical in character with that already described, took place under the pretence of a crusade, though under a very different king. Again the leader was a priest and monk who claimed supernatural gifts; …
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Pastushkoe Soglasia is the name of a Rus- sian sect of Dissenters. They were founded by a shep- herd, and their chief peculiarities were that they held the marriage tie to be indissoluble by any human power, and that it is sinful to carrj- fasting so far as to injure health or destroy life. Patseci, Phoenician gods, w…
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south-east. Herds of horses are reared, dogs abound, and in the more favored regions cattle are bred ; pumas and foxes are met with, as jvell as condors, hawks, par- tridges, and water-fowl in Los Serranos. But by far the most important animals are the guanaco (wild lla- ma), the nandou (Patagonian ostrich), and the ga…
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The reUijion of the Patagonians is dualistic. The}' believe in two gods or superior beings — the God of Good and the God of Evil ; or, in their own language, Vildventru — the Great Man, and Huacuvu or Guali- chu — the Cause of Evils. The former thej' consider .the creator of all things, and they believe that he sends t…
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PATALA 'o2 PATARA upon tho ground as helpless as a child. At length, one after another, the whole party perished from star- vation. Several entries in captain Gardiner's jour- nal, wliich was recovered, witness to the personal pi- ety and singular devotedness of the little hand of suf- ferers. One of the catecliists…
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Pat'ara {ndrapa, neut. plur.), a considerable town of Lycia, in Asia Minor, opposite the island of Rhodes. Patara was a very ancient city, and is said to have been founded by Patarus (Strabo, xiv, 3, p. 6G5), a son of Apollo (Steph. Byz. s. v.). It was already cele- brated in the time of Herodotus for a temple and or- …
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Patara. See Alms-bowl. Patarenes or Patareni, a name used in Italy during the 12th and 13th centuries as a general appel- lation to denote sects contending against the dominant PATAREUS T64 PATER-NOSTER Church and clergy. Different opinions have been entertained in regard to the origin of the name, some believing …
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Paterini. See Patarenes. Paterniani is the name of ISIanichoean heretics mentioned by St. Augustine and Prsedestinatus as be- lieving that the upper and intellectual part of the body was created by God, and the lower or sensual part by the evil one. They were also called Venustians (from Venus, the heathen goddess, wh…
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Path, the general course of any moving body. So we say the path of the sun in the heavens ; and to this the wise man compares the path of the just, which is, he says, like daj'break ; it increases in light and splen- dor till perfect day. It may be obscure, feeble, dim, at first, but afterwards it shines in full brilli…
1,073 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.