PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 7
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,372,028 words · 1337 reading sections
Section 421
OFFICERS OF THE CHURCH 31' OG of the term. Scribes must, of course, have enrolled the army; but it remains uncertain whether these enlisting officers were permanently connected with the army. — Winer, ii, 419. See Census; Si'X'kktauy. Officers of the Church, those who are appointed as ministers of the Church, and wh…
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Og (Heb. id. 5"!^^ probably a shortened form of 53", i. e. p2", giant, lit. long-necked [but from a statement of Manetho that Hyh (i-k) in the word Hylsos is the Rephaite name for King, it has been inferred that Og (5") is but an attempt to represent the same in Hebrew letters (see Jour. Sac. Lit. .Jan. 1852, p. 363) ;…
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Ogden, John W., a Presbyterian minister, was bom near Pardstown, Ky., Dec. 24, 1793. His educa- tion was obtained under the immediate superintendence of his father. During the war of 1812 with Great Brit- ain he was in the army untler General Jackson. On leaving the army he was licensed to preach, and he was ordained i…
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Ogee Mouldings. Quhked Ogee (from the Arch of Constantine, Eome). found, and are less common in the Early English than ia either of the later styles. This moulding assumed different forms at different pe- 1 2 riods, and the variations, al- though not sufficiently constant to afford conclusive evidence of the date of…
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Ogilvie, John (1), D.D., an early Episcopal min- ister in America, was born in New York in 1722, and passed A.B. in Yale College in 1748. Soon after he went on a mission to the IMohawks, and to the Episco- pal Church at Albany; and for more than ten years prosecuted his efforts in behalf of the Indians. On the breaking…
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Oikoi Basileioi (oIkoi (SatjiXeioi, royal houses), a term applied in the early Church to the houses allot- ted to the bishops and clergy for their residences, cor- responding, therefore, in a large measure to our pa?-- sonage (q. v.). The oIkoi ftaaiXiioi were always adja- cent to the church. Oil, liquid fat, but chie…
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3. Keeping.— ^»t\\ olives and oil were preserved in jars carefully cleansed ; and oil was drawn out for use in horns or other small vessels. See Ckuse. These vessels for keeping oil were stored in cellars or store- houses ; special mention of such repositories is made in the inventories of royal property an<l revenue (…
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OIL 322 OIL 8; Pliny, xiv, 22; Aristoph. Wasps, 608; Clouds, 816;' Roberts, pi. 164. Butter, as is noticed by Pliny, is used by the negroes and the lower class of Arabs for the like purposes (Pliny, xi, 41 ; Burckhardt, Trav. i, 53 ; Xtibin, p. 215; Lightfoot, Ilor. flebr. ii, 375; see Deut. xxxiii, 24; Job xxix, 6;…
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V. After the erection of the Tabernacle, the offerings of the "princes" included flour mingled with oil (Numb, vii). - vi. At the consecration of the Levites, fine flour min- gled with oU v.'as offered (Numb, viii, 8). vii. Meat-offerings in general were mingled or anoint- ed with oil (Lev. vii, 10, 12). On the othe…
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" Iu the sacristy three large jars were filled with the purest oil and set ai)art, carefully covered with veil;^. When the archbishop descended from the altar, and took his seat at the table, the aichdeacon cried alond, 'Olenm lutirmoruni.' Then one of the seven acting as subdea- cous went, with two acolytes, to the sa…
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OIL-TREE 324 OINTMENT Tlreh on Carmel ; but the process is there very different. The olives are first mashed as in the muti-uf, and then stirred rapidly in a large kettle of hot water. The oil is thus separated, and rises to the top, when it is skim- med off without pressing. The refuse is then thrown into vats of c…
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The practice of producing an agreeable odor by fumi- gation, or burning incense, as well as that of anointing the person with odoriferous oils and ointments, and of sprinkling the dress with fragrant waters, originated in, and is confined to, warm climates. In such climates per- spiration is profuse, and much care is n…
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OlOT 326 O'KELLY were in some solid form, but whether in an unctuous state or in that of powder cannot be ascertained. A process of making ointment, consisting, in part at least, in boil- ing, is alluded to in Job xli, 31. The charge of preserv- ing the anointing oil, as well as the oil for the light, was given to E…
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O'Kelly and Haggard, assisted by disaffected local preachers, at once began the work of organizing a new an<l pure Church, free from all such evils as they fan- cied bad corrupted IMethodism. Allen settled, and soon after, entering upon the practice of medicine, gave up preaching altogether. Kobertson remained local, a…
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Not long after his withdrawal from the Church O'Kelly issued a pamphlet in which he gave his rea- sons for protesting against the " jMethodist Episcopal government." This production was chiefly remarkable for its perversion of the plainest historical facts of Meth- odism, the misrepresentation of its economy, and an un…
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sert him even "in age and feebleness extreme." We are assured by one of his followers that he " went down to the grave satisfied with the past, and ()eaceful and trusting with respect to the future." His stormy and eventful life closed Oct. 16, 1820. Dr. Stevens "says, "O'Kelly was an Irishman of fiery temperament, and…
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Okki is the name of the Great Spirit worshipped by the Huron Indians of North America. Oklah. See Oclah. Okszi, Stanislas (Lat. Orichovius), a Polish po- lemical writer, noted especially as a pulpit orator, was born in the diocese of Premislau in the early part of the l()th century. He studied theology at Wittenberg, …
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OLAF 330 OLD Olaf Trygoveson, king of Norway from 995 to 1000, noted as one of the most devoted of the earh' Norwegian rulers to the Christian faith, was the great-grandson of Harahl Fairfax, and the son of Tryggve, wlio was a sub- king ill the south-eastern part of Norway. The latter liad been murdered by Gudrod, s…
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Olaus, John. See Olaus Magnus. Olaus Magnus, a Swedish Roman Catholic divine of note, was brother of John Olaus, archbishop of LTp- sala, and was an archdeacon in the Swedish Church when the Reformation, supported by Gustavus Yasa, gained the ascendency in Sweden. In conse(iuence of this change the two brothers, who r…
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Old Believers. See Starovertzi. Old Calabar, an African kingdom, is situated in the Right of Riafra, near the 6th dcg. of north latitude, and between the 8th and 9th deg. of east longitude, and has a population of nearly 100,000, ruled by a king who resides at Creek Town, the principal place in Old Cal- abar, and dele…
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Missionan/ Labors. — The work of converting the na- tives of Old Calabar to Christianity was begun in 1846 by the United Presbjterian Church of Scotland, and has continued under its control. The first mission stations were Creek Town, Duke Town, and Old Town. At the beginning of the mission-work provision was made for …
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Old Catholics, a name adopted in 1870 by those members of the Roman Catholic Church who refused to recognise the validity of the decrees of the Vatican Council (q. v.), especially that concerning the infallibil- ity of the pope; and who, when the bishops, by means of excommunication, tried to enforce submission to the …
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emas hurled against them by the pope. The connec- tion with this Church, which still has an archbishop and two bishops, was of vital importance for the per- petuation of the Old-Catholic community as long as it intended to claim a doctrinal agreement with the Cath- olic Church as it existed before 1870; for two of the …
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grant the request of the bishop of Augsburg to forbid bishop lleiukens from administering the sacrament of confirmation in Bavaria. The thiril Old-Catholic Con- gress, hekl in Sejitember, 1873, at Constance, adopted a synodal constitution of the Church, which, however, was expressly designated as provisional, in order …
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posed by several congregations, but it was postponed to a later synod. Two committees were appointed to prepare, the one a draft for a new ritual in the native tongue, the other a catechism and a Biblical history. The synod also elected six synodal examiners, four of whom' were priests and two laymen. From a statistica…
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2. The first German state which regulated by law the affairs of the Old Catholics, and particularly their claim to a proportionate share of the property of the Catholic Church, was the grand-duchy of Baden. The law, which was sanctioned by the grand-duke in May, recognises the equal rights of Old Catholics to the prope…
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3. The Iciders of the Old-Catholic movement express themselves hopeful in regard to the future. Inclusive of the Church of Utrecht, in the Netherlands, with which they entirely agree, they bad in June, 1876, six bishops, and a population of about 140,000. But the number of those who, while fully sympathizing with them,…
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I/iston/. — The territory now included in the grand- duchy of Oldenburg was in ancient times occupied by the Teutonic race of the Chauci, who were subsequently merged with the more generalh' known Frisii, or Fris- ians; and the land, under the names of Ammergau and Lerigau, was for a long period included among the do- …
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Old Flemings. See Mennonites. Oldham, Huoir. an English prelate of great learn- ing, was born near Manchester in the 15th centurj'. He became bishop of Exeter in 1504. He founded a free school in IManchester, and added to the endowment of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He died in 1519. See Hook, Eccles. Biog. ^■iii, …
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As regards the ftjrm in which the sacred writings were preserved, there can be little doubt that the text was ordinarily written on skins, rolled up into volumes, like the modern synagogue rolls (Psa. xl, 7 ; Jer. xxxvi, 14; Zech. v, 1 ; Ezek. ii, 9). Josephus relates that the copy sent from Jerusalem as a present to P…
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There is reason to think that in the text of the O. T., as originally written, the words were generally, though not uniformly, divided. Of the Phoenician inscriptions, though the majority proceed continuousU', some have a point after each word, except when the words are closely connected. The same point is used in the …
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This brings us to the middle of the Talmudic age. The learning of the schools which had been formed in Jerusalem about the time of our Saviour by IliUel and Shammai was preserved, after the destruction of the city, in the academies of Jabneh, Sepphoris, Ctesarea, and Tiberias. The great pillar of the Jewish literature …
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The most valuable feature of the Masorah is undoubt- edly its collection of Keri.i. The first rudiments of this collection meet us in the Talmud. Of those subsequent- OLD TESTAMENT 341 OLD TESTAMENT ly collected, it is probable that many were derived from the collation of MSS., others from the unsupported judg- men…
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The controversies of the IGth century respecting the late origin of the vowel-marks and accents are well known. Both are with the Jews the authoritative ex- ponents of the manner in which the text is to be read : " Any interpretation," sa}'s Aben-Ezra, " which is not in accordance with the arrangement of the accents, t…
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See COJIMENTARY. Olearius, the name of a German family renowned for having produced several generations of learned Prot- estant theologians. Thus we find, 1. JoHAN'N Olearius (1), born at Wesel Sept. 17, 1546. His family name was Kupfermann, but his father being an oil-manufacturer, he changed it to Olearius. He stud…
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O'Leary, Arthur, an Irish Roman Catholic divine of note, was born, near the middle of last century, at Cork, and educated at St. Maloes, where he became a Franciscan. On his return to his native place he dis- tinguished himself by his open adherence to the British government. He persuaded his brethren to take the oath …
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OLEVIANUS 344 OLEVIANUS limited knowledge of his scholars, he could make but poor progress by teaching in Latin ; but he began, with more success, in the German language to tcacli them from the catechism. Although not then an ecclesiastic, but only a layman, he ventured even publicly in liis schoolroom to deliver an…
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OLEY 345 OLIER defence or explanation. Around it, as in the case of Ursinus, his laurels will be perennially green ; and, as being one of its authors, he will be longest and most gratefully remembered by the Reformed Church, See Snilhott" Okvicmus' iind Ursinus' Ltben und Schriften (Elbcrfeld, 1857) ; Adam, ViUe Ger…
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Olibanum. See Frankincexse. Olier, Jean Jacques, a distinguished French Ro- man Catholic theologian, noted as a Lazarist, was born at Paris Sept. 20, 1608. He studied in his native city, and in the Jesuit college of Lyons, the College of Har- court, and the Sorbonne. He became successively prior of the Trinity of Clis…
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In his Travels Dr. Olin spoke of " a broken arch, sup- posed to be the remains of an ancient bridge connecting the Temple with Mount Zion, as having been known to ^Ir. Catherwood and other travellers and residents." For this he was charged (in the North A merican Review for October, 1843) with plagiarism, and with doi…
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" Dr. Olin was a man of remarkable organization. His physical and mental proportions were alike gigan- tic. His intellect was of that imperial rank to which but few of the sons of men can lay claim. At once acute, penetrating, and profound, it lacked none of the elements of true mental greatness. We have known many men…
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OLIVA 348 OLIVE Hist, of (he Jesuits, p. 320-325; Steiiiraetz, TJisf. of (he Jesui(s. vol. ii ; fiaiike, Ihst. of (he Papaq/, ii, 247 sq. (j.n.vr.) Oliva, Alessandro, a lUstinguished Italian Ro- man Catliolic prelate, noted aiso as a pDmincnt member of the monastic order, was bora at Sassoferato in 1-108, of poor …
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Of the olive-tree two varieties are particularly dis- tinguished: the long-leafed, which is cultivated in the south of France and in Italy, and the broad-leafed in Spain, which has also much larger fruit than the former OLIVE 349 OLIVE kind. On the wild olive-tree, as well as the practice of grafting, see Olive, Wi…
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"Florebaut olece: venli nocuere protervi" {Ihid.52\), Thus we see the force of the words of Eliphaz the Te- manite: "He shall cast off his flower like the olive" (Job XV, 33). It is needless to add that the locust was a formidable enemj- of the olive (Amos iv, 9). It hap- pened not unfretiuentlj' that hopes were disapp…
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OLIVE-FAT. See Oil-Mill; Press. OLIVE-OIL (fuUy '^id rr^T, olive of oil, Dent, viii, 8; briefly 'i^O^J, Exod. xxx, 24, or ri'T, simjily, 2 Kings xviii, 21 ; A. V. "oil olive"), the product of the fruit of the olive-tree, being emphatically the oil of the East, answering to butter, cream, and fat for the table, as well…
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" The apostle, therefore, in comiiaring the Romans to the wild olive-tree grafted on a cultivated stock, made use of language which was most intelligible, and referred to a practice with which they must have been perfect!}- familiar" (Kitto). It is to be noticed, however, that in tlie comparison of Paul, the wild branc…
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Oliver of Malmesbury, a Benedictine monk of the 11th century, is chiefly memorable as the first Eng- lishman who attempted to travel tlirough the aerial re- gions. He is said to have been well skilled in mechan- ics; but in attempting to fly from a lofty tower, with wings of his own construction fastened to his hands a…
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OLIVES 353 OLIVET Ij'. The eye that kindled and flashed as the mighty music of tlie hymn rose from the enthusiastic multitude was the eye of a thinker, keen, telling of logical wari- ness and ready skill, and giving out, in harmony with its kindred features, expressions of genius, humor, bold- ness, ardent temper, a…
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Approaching the city from the west, along the Jojipa road, a low ridge is seen beyond it, barely overtopping the massive castle of David, and the higher buildings on Zion. It droops towards the right, revealing the pale blue mountains of Moab in the distant background ; and it runs away to the left until it appears to …
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With the exception of Silwan at its western base, Bethany at its eastern, and Kefr et-Tur on its summit, Olivet is almost deserted. There are three or four little towers — one habitable, the others in ruins — built origi- nally as watch-towers for the vineyards and orchards. Nearly opposite St, Stephen's Gate, just acr…
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During the next four hundred years we have only the brief notice of Josiah's iconoclasms at this spot. Ahaz and Manasseh had no doubt maintained and enlarged the original erections of Solomon. These Josiah de- molished. He " defiled" the high places, broke to pieces the uncouth and obscene symbols which deformed them, …
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OLIVET 357 OLIVET than 600 yards distant. Beyond them Zion appeared crowned with Herod's palace, and the lofty towers of the wall and citadel. Looking on so much splendor and beauty, and looking onward to future desolation, what wonder that divine compassion manifested itself in tears I The traditionary spot of the…
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Except on such rare occasions as the passage of the caravan of pilgrims to the Jordan, there must also be a great contrast between the silence and loneliness which now pervades the mount and the busy scene which it presented in later Jewish times. Bethpage and Beth- any are constantly referred to in the Jewish authors …
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appears to have been witnessed by the disciples alone. It was not in Bethany, nor was it on such a conspicuous place as the summit of Olivet. Dr. Porter, who has carefully examined the whole region, saw one spot, as far from Jerusalem as Bethany, near the village, but concealed bv an- intervening cliff; and this he tho…
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1. Commencing at the western foot, and going gradu- ally up the hill, (Plenary indulgence is accorded by the Church of Rome to those who recite the Lord's Prayer and the Ave Maria at the spots marked thus, *.) *Tonib of the Virgin : containing also those of Joseph, Joachim, and Anna. Gethsemane : containing Olive gard…
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The title Mount of Offence, or of Scandal, was be- stowed on the supposition that it is the " Mount of Cor- ruption," on which Solomon erected the high places for the gods of his foreign wives (2 Kings xxiii, 13; 1 Kings xi, 7). This tradition appears to be of a recent date. It is not mentioned in the Jewish travellers…
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In the 8th century the place of the angels was repre- sented by two columns in the Church of the Ascension itself (Willibald, Juirly Trav, p. 19). So it remained, with some trifiing difference, at the time of Saewulfs visit (A.D. 1102), but there was then also a chapel in existence — apparently on the northern summit …
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Olivetan, Pierre Robkrt, a leader in the French Reformation, and one of the first translators of the Bible into Frencli, was born at Noyon towards the end of the 15th century. We are told that it was he who, in ad- vising Calvin, his relative, to examine into the questions then controverted, introduced him to the cause…
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Olivier, Cardinal, a (Jerman theologian and histo- rian, was born in Westphalia about the middle of the 12th century. After studying at Paderborn he became canon of the church of that city, and afterwards di- rector of the schools of Cologne. In 1210 he went to the south of France to preach a crusade against the Albigo…
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Olivieri, Augustin, a Genoese prelate, was bom in Genoa in 1758. He entered the Mere-de-Dieu, and taught philosophy at Naples. King Ferdinand I con- fided to him the education of his son (afterwards Fran- cis I). Olivieri followed the Bourbons to Sicily, and attached himself to their fortune. He was rewarded, upon thei…
1,071 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.