PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 7
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,372,028 words · 1337 reading sections
Section 1141
The excessive passion for the use of pearls in decora- tive costume which prevails at the present day in the East is shown by the state costume of the shah of Per- sia. Sir Robert Ker Porter, describing it, mentions " the diamonds, pearls, rubies, and emeralds" of which the tiara is composed, " the pear-formed pearls o…
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" Wear The spoils of nations in an car, Chang'd for the treasure of a shell." Pliny's picture of a Roman lady is amusing enough, es- pecially as seen through the glass of old Philemon Hol- land's translation: "I myselfe haue seen Lollia Pau- lina (late wife, and after widdow, to Cains Caligula the emperor), when she …
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PEARSALL 858 PEARSON late Oneida Conference, ami filled acceptably some of the most ini|iortaiit appointments, among which were Bing- hamton, Corilaudville, and Utica. He was possessed of an amiable disposition, was a faithful friend and a Christian gentleman. As a minister he was clear, chaste, practical, and fearl…
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Pearson, Eliphalet, LL.D.. an eminent Congre- gational minister, was born .June,. 1752, in Bytield, Mass. He graduated at Harvard College in 1773, and was soon after licensed to preach. In April, 1778, he was made preceptor of Phillips Academy, then just started, m which place he remained until 1786, when he was elect-…
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net thought Pearson " in all respects the greatest divine of his age." See Burnet, My Oivn Times (ed. 1833), iii, 142 sq. ; Bioyraphia Brit. s. v. ; Macaulay, Hist, of Eng- land, vol. ii, ch. vi; Hallam, Literary IJist. of Europe ; Perry, Ch. Hist, of England, ii, 323, 6G1 ; Stoughton, Eccles. Hist, of England {Ch. of …
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Pease, Calvin, D.D., an eminent Presbyterian minister (O. S.), was born in Canaan, Conn., Aug. 12, 1813. lie graduated at the University of Vermont in 1838, became a teacher in Montpelier, and professor of Greek and Latin in the University of Vermont in 1842. He held this post until 1855, when he was ordained to the m…
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Methodist class-leader, and to the time of his death a de- voted Christian. Under these genial influences George united, in 1812, with the Metliodist Episcopal Church. In 181G he commenced his useful career as a Methodist |)reacher, being then only nineteen years of age. He travelled circuits till 1821. and that year h…
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PECK 862 PECKHAM abridged 18 lo. and revised in 1848) -.—Rule of Faith (^ISii) :—Ji('pli/ to Jittscom (IHib): — Manly Character (1852) : — Histori/ of Wi/oming (1858), a work which re- ceived high comtnendatioiis not only in this country but in Europe (see North A mer. Bee. July. 1858, p. 280 ; Loml. A themnum, Aug.…
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Peck, Solomon, D.D., another Baptist minister, was born at Providence. R. I., in 1800; graduated at Brown University in 1<S17, and served his alma mater as tutor. He spent four years in Andover Theological Seminary, one year as a resident graduate, and was elected in 1825 to a professorship in Amherst College. He was a…
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Pectorale (hi-east-covering), the same as pallium (q. v.). Peculiar (Fr. pecuUer, i. e. private) is in English ecclesiastical law a particular parish or church having jurisdiction within itself, and which is not subject to the ordinary of the diocese in which it is locally situ- ated, but has an ordinary of its own. T…
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1. The father of Joel, which latter was ruler of the half-tribe of Manasseh during the latter part of David's reign (I Chron. xxvii, 20). B.C. ante 1013. 2. A citizen "of Kumah,"and the father of the Zeb- \idah who was wife to Josiah, and mother of Jehoiakim (2 Kings xxiii, 36). B.C. ante G48. 3. The father of Zerubb…
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Pedigree. See Genealogy. Pedilavium. See Foot- washing. Pedobaptisni. See P.edobaptism. Pediali, Giacomo, an Italian painter of Brescia, was born about 1590. It is not known with whom he studied; but he associated himself with Domenico Bruni, in conjunction with whom he executed some perspective pieces for the churches…
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Helicon, and everything was motionless to hear their song, save Helicon, which rose ever higher and higher in its delight, when Pegasus put a stop to this with a kick of his hoof, and from the point arose Hippocrene, the inspiring spring of the Muses. But that Pegasus is the horse of the Muses is entirely a modern idea…
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Peirce, James, a learned English Dissenting di- vine, is noted for the part he took in the Exeter Dis- putes of the last century, which resulted in the weak- ening of Presbyterianism in England and the estab- lishment of Unitarianism. He was born in the city of London in 1673. Losing his parents early, he was placed un…
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PEKAHIAH 867 PELAGIANISM vii-ix. Its chief result was the capture of the Jewish port of Elath, on the Red Sea ; but the unnatural alli- ance of Damascus and Samaria was punished through the final overthrow of the ferocious confederates by Tiglath-Pileser, king of Assyria, whom Ahaz called to his assistance, and who …
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Pelagianism is the system of doctrine respecting sin promulgated by Pelagius (q. v.) in the early Chris- tian Church, I. Orir/in of these Views. — From a very early period the Church discussed the question of the origin of the human soul, and the speculations indulged in on this subject tended very directly to give fo…
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by it, but, on the contrary, had the inherent power of warring against it, and of finallv overcoming it. Hence it followed that there was no guilt in this cor- ruption, since guilt could only be predicated of the TTvtvfia, being only possible when the Trviiijia trans- gressed God's law. While corrujition therefore desc…
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At the close of the 4th century, when this was the state of matters in the Christian Church, touching the opinions that had been published on the subjects of sin and of divine grace, Pelagius appeared, and developed, and gave full expression to, the doctrines which he had learned from the Oriental Church teachers. The …
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In 411 Pelagius passed over to North Africa, in com- pany with his disciple and admirer Coelestius. The name of Coelestius now becomes prominently mixed up with the controversy which soon began to agitate the whole Church. He was probably a native of Scotland. JMcrcator says of him, " Pelagio adha^sit Coelestius, no- b…
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which Pelagius was again accused of holding and propa- gating unsound opinions. Two bishops from the Gal- ilean Church, viz. Heros of Aries and Lazarus of Aqua (Aix), took a prominent part in the proceedings against him. They appeared, indeed, as his chief accusers. Here again Pelagius did not find it difficult to pers…
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The African clergy were by no means satisfied with this result, as might be expected. They accordingly again met in general council in Carthage in 418, and drew up a full statement of their views, showing why they could not accept the ex]ilanation of Pelagius and Ccelestius, and why they still adhered to their former s…
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There were some, even opponents of Pelagianism, who held that such a view necessarily led to the con- clusion that the withholding of divine grace must be the cause of the eternal ruin of the non-elect, and that hence they are not responsible for their perdition. This led to the adoption of a middle course between Pela…
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PELAGIANISM 873 PELAGIANISM inal perfection. Apollinarism and the Antiochean school, though in other respects very much separated from each other, teach with one voice that the creation of man was imperfect and incomplete, and they detine salvation through Christ as a second creation, coming after and completing the…
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In the conflict to which the publication of su'^h opin- ions gave rise, Augustine took, as might be expected, the foremost place. He strenuously maintained, and this was his great doctrine — the doctrine which he was peculiarlj' honored to develop — that there is a distinc- tion between nature and grace ; and that grac…
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t The writer here uses "sin" in an aml)iguous sense Strictly speakiiiir sin is simply an art of transgression (I John iii, 4) ; i)ut this inqjlies sinfulness, whi'ch is a moral disposition, — En. sumus non nobiscum oritur sed agitur a nobis." Julian, who was the ablest and most systematic defender of Pe- lagianism, th…
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Pelagius, a very noted ecclesiastical character of the 5tli century, whose origin and early history is much obscured, was the exponent of a heretical theory con- cerning the dogma of original sin (q. v.) and the neces- sity of divine grace. His contemporaries r.iiplied to him the title of Brit o, from which it has been…
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Pelai'ah [some Pelai'cth'] (Heb. Pelayah' ^^^X^Q [and briefly IT'SQ, "^eh.], distinguished of Jah, i.e. Je- hovah ; Sept. <taXf(iflc, (paXata, <PtXeia, etc.), the name of two Jews. 1. A Levite who aided Ezra in instructing the peo- ple (Neh. viii, 7). B.C. 445. He afterwards joined in the covenant with Nehemiali (Neh.…
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Pe'let (Heb. id. 1355, deliverance; Sept. $«\£r, iiaXX'tT. V. r. iPaXtic and ' luxpaXXir), the name of two Jews. See also Betii-palkt. 1. The fourth named of the six sons of Jahdai, of the family of Caleb the Hezronite (1 Chron. ii, 47). B.C. post 1612. 2. " Son" of Azmaveth (q. v.), and brother of Jeziel, one of Dav…
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Peli'as (JltdiaQ V. r. JlaihiaQ ; Vulg. Pelias), a corrupt form (1 Esdr. ix, 34) of the name of Bedeiaii (Ezra X, 35). Pelican (rxp, kaath' ,• Sj'riac, kaka ; Arabic and Talmuds, kuk and kik ; Sept. TrtXfKciv, Lev. xi, 18 ; Karaf)puKT7]c, Deut. xiv, 17 ; anvayi-tuc, Psa. cii, 6 ; opviov, Isa. xxxiv, 11 ; \afiai\iit)v…
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Common Pelican {Pelecanus Onocrotalus). PELICAN, in Christian symhnlism. A figure of this bird " vulning herself" — that is, feeding her young with her own blood — was common in old churches, the allu- sion being emblematic of our redemption tlirough the sufferings of Christ. The pelican often surmounts the cross. A b…
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Pellegrini, Andrea, a Jlilanese painter, who flourished in the last part of the IGth century, is com- mended b}' Lomazzo. Pellegrini executed some works for the churches, particularly the choir of S. (iirolamo. See Spooner, Bior;. Hist, of the Fine, Arts, ii,GG9. Pellegrini, Felice, an Italian painter, was born at Per…
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order in Lconbcrg, in Siiabia, and at another in Basle, lie was constantly inquired about and watched by one Satzy;pr, the provincial of the order. But as the senate of Baole interceded in Pellican's behalf, no measures of censure were put in force against him. Shorth' after he was, together with CEcolampadius, made le…
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Pellini, Marc' Antonio, an Italian painter, was born, according to Orandi, at Pavia in 1664. He first studied under Tommaso Gatti at Pavia, and afterwards visited Bologna and Venice for improvement. He ex- ecuted a few works for the churches in his native city, but did not rise above mediocrity. He died in 1760. See Sp…
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VII.— K K K selfish purposes. His efforts to win over Protestants was only to give them advantages of which he saw them deprived, and to avoid persecution. He corre- sponded with Leibnitz regarding the question of relig- ious toleration, and laid down his views in Reflexions sur les differences en matiere de Religion …
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Peloria, a festival observed by the Thessalians in commemoration of the news which they received by one Pdor'ws that the mountains of Tempe had been separated by an earthquake, and that the waters of the lake which lay there stagnated had found a passage into the Alpheus, and left behind a vast, pleasant, and most deli…
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Pemberton, Israel (1), a Quaker preacher of great usefulness, was the son of Phineas Pemberton, one of the early settlers of Pennsylvania, and was born in Bucks County of that state in 1684. He was appren- ticed to a merchant in Pliiladelphia, and subsequently became one of the most considerable merchants of that PEMB…
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Pen (l^'J, et. Job xix, 24; Psa. xlv, 1 ; Jer. viii, 8; xvii, 1 ; and LJ^in, chiret, Isa. viii, 1) properly means a style or reed. The instruments with which characters were formed in the writing of the ancients varied with the materials to be written upon. The proper pen was made of reed, calamus, hence a reed pen (Je…
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It may be added that in Scotland, about 1508, it was enacted that every examinable girl or strijiling must coninnniicate in the parish church or pay a fine. In KiOO and in U)41 fines were imposed on all non-com- municants above lifteen years of age. Dr. Lee prints a portion of a session record, in whieh occurs the foll…
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PENALTIES 885 PENANCE provision had been made. The penalty of banishment does not appear in the Mosaic law ; for the phrase " cut off from among his people" cannot be thus understood [see Execution] ; nor is such a punishment at all in the spirit of the theocratic law. The accidental killing of a man led to temporar…
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Penance, in the Christian Church, is an initiation of the discipline of the Jewish synagogue, or, rather, it is a continuation of the same institution. Excommunica- tion in the Christian Church is essentially the same as expulsion from the synagogue of the Jews; and the penances of the offender, required for his restor…
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During the 4th and 5th centuries numerous councils were held for regulating the nature and duration of ec- clesiastical censures, and for settling the degree of dis- cretionary power to be vested in bishops for the pur- pose of relaxing and shortening them, according to the circumstances of the case. As public confessi…
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PENANCE 887 PENANCE upon the sinner, not only to atone for the punishment due, but also to cure the bad effects left by sin. If pen- ance be not performed in this life, the penalties remain to be suffered in purgatory (q. v.), unless they are re- mitted by indulgence (q. v.). Besides fasting, alms, abstinence, which…
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As we have just seen, the Church of Rome affirms "penance" to be a "sacrament," instituted by Christ himself, and secret "confession" to be one of its con- stituent parts, instituted by the divine law; and she anathematizes those w^ho contradict her: the Church of England denies " penance" to be a sacrament of the Gosp…
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These laws were impartiall}' executed : peers and peer- esses, as tlie earl and coinitess of Argyle, earl and count- ess of Arran — Arran being at the time prime minister — were laid under public censure. Felons were subjected to such discipline, and then executed. It does not seem to have occurred to the Reformers or…
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Pendent ive is an archi- tectural term used to designate the portion of a groined ceiling supported by one pillar or im- post, and bonniled by the apex of the h)ngitudinal and trans- verse vaidts; in (Jothic ceilings of Ibis kind the ribs of the vaults descend from the apex to the impost of each penden- tive, where the…
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Penington, Isaac, a distinguished and zealous preacher of the Society of Friends, was born in 1G17. He was the son of Sir Isaac Penington, lord mayor of London : was married in 1G48 to Mary Springett, widow of Sir William Springett, and mother of the wife of William Penn. Except when travelling in the dis- charge of hi…
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Peninim. See Ilinv. Penin'nah (Ileb. Penimah', nS'S, coral; Sept. ^(vvt'ipa), one of the two wives of Elkanah, the father of Samuel, of whom we only know that she bore chil- dren to her husband, and was not very generous in her bearing towards the other wife, Hannah (1 Sam. i, 2). B.C.cir. 1125. Penitence (Gr. fiira…
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(II.) The term is applied among Protestants to such houses as have been established for the reception and reformation of females who have been seduced from the path of virtue. Of penitentiaries, in this sense, there are (Jo in Great Britain and Ireland, capable of receiving 2G57 inmates, besides numerous small private …
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PENITENTS 892 PENITENTS allowable at other times, were proliibited. In the spirit of tluse r('i;iil;ili(>iis, marriage was also forbidtlen. G. But tlic iiiDsi ciiiiuent act of penance was the exomolo- gesis, or confession of sins, which was a public ac- knowledgment of offences, and a declared resolution of never re…
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Penitents (II). There are in the Roman Catholic Church several orders or fratei-nitiis (as they are called) of penitents, of both sexes. These are secidar societies, who have their rules, statutes, and churches, and make public processions under their particidar crosses or ban- ners. Of these it is said there are more …
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Penn, Granville, youngest son of the Hon. Thom- as Penn (son of the founder of Pennsylvania) by lady Juliana Fermor, fourth daughter of Thomas, first earl of Pomfret, was born in 1701. He was for some time an assistant chief clerk in the War Department, for which he received a pension of £550, and succeeded to the fami…
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circles of Paris and at the court of Louis XIY. In Sau- mur he enjoyed the intercourse of a prominent Prot- estant divine, Moses Amyrault, and devoted a couple of months to becoming familiar with theological matters. He spent about two years on the Continent, as it seem- ed to good advantage and the satisfaction of his…
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of money from a tender-hearted mother, since he, with all his accomplishments, had no certain profession to fall back upon for support. But in spite of all the ad- verse surroundini; circumstances, and the sad feelings of a sensitive heart, he continued with his whole soul to work in the holy cause he had embraced by d…
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In 1G77 he undertook with Fox and Barclay another journey to Holland and Germany, to make converts no less than to smooth the way of the persecuted. In the former countrj^ he preached with great acceptance; but in the latter empire, although the countess-palatine Eliz- abeth, granddaughter of James I, favored his inten…
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ful pursuits even in the lands they had sold. Their right to improve their plantations, and means to secure subsistence, would be in all respects similar to those of the English. Should unfortunately disputes arise be- tween the two peoples, they should be adjusted by arbi- trators composed of equal numbers of Indians …
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In March, 1G83, he held in the infant settlement the second assembh', and, waiving some more of his propri- etary privileges, amended " the frame of government," so that almost in all Ijut the name Pennsylvania was rendered a representative democracy ; and to his dying day he declared that if the pcojile needed anythin…
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PENNA 898 PENNAFORTE vania, and the province administered by roj-al govern- ors until IG'.tl, wlicn he was reinstated as proprietor. In IGDC ho married a second time, taking for his wife Han- nah Callowhill. In 1G99 he embarked with liis family for his territories, with the intent of ])ermanently resid- ing there. H…
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Generale, xxxix, 530. Penna, Lorenzo, an Italian organist, was born at Bologna in 1G13. He entered the Order of Carmelites at Mantua, taught theology, and became chapel-master of the church of his order at Parma. His reputation as an organist and didactic writer appears to have been great. He died Oct. 20, 1693. Besid…
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Penni, Luca, another Italian artist and brother of the preceding, was born at Florence about 1500. Or- lando says that Luca also studied in the school of Raf- faelle. According to Vasari, Luca united himself to Pierino del Vaga. and worked with him in the churches at Lucca, (ienoa, and other cities; he afterwards accom…
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PENNY WEDDINGS 900 PENSIERI Sec Money. From the parable of the laborers in the vineyard it would seem that a denarius was then the ofdiiiary pay for a day's labor (Matt, xx, 2, 4, 7, 9, 10, to). 'i'lie term ilcnaritts cmrvu.t (Plin. xxxiv, 17; xxxvii. 3) is probably a corrupt designation for the aureus {nummus) ; in…
1,100 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.