PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 7
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,372,028 words · 1337 reading sections
Section 1081
At this point Festus began to apprehend what seemed to him a manifest absurdity. He interrupted the apos- tle discourteously, but with a compliment contained in his loud remonstrance: "Paul, thou art beside thyself; much learning doth make thee mad." The phrase ra TToXXa ypafifiara may possibly have been sitggcstcd by …
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I PAUL 813 PAUL Paul's Route to Rome. curred which favored the plan, and by the aid of a light breeze from the south they were sailing towards Phoenix (now Liitro), when a violent north-east wind [see Eu- roclydon] came down from the land (Kar airi/c, scU. KpliTYjo), caught the vessel, and compelled them to let he…
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After a three months' stay in Malta the soldiers and their prisoners left in an Alexandrian ship for Italy. A.D. 56. They touched at Syracuse, where they stayed three days, and at Rhegium, from which place they were carried with a fair wind to Puteoli, where they left their ship and the sea. At Puteoli thej^ found "bre…
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10. Subsequent History. — (1.) Later Epistles. — We might naturally expect that Paul, tied down to one spot at Rome, and j-et free to speak and write to whom he pleased, would pour out in letters his love and anxiety for distant churches. It has hence been sup- posed by some that the author of the extant Epistles wrote…
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To the close of this imprisonment apparently also belongs the Epistle to the Ilebrews (q. v.). (2.) Last Labors and Martynlmn. — In both these last Epistles Paul expresses a confident hope that before long he may be able to visit the persons addressed in person (Phil, i, 25, oUa, k.t.\. ; ii, 24, TrfVoiS-a, /c.r.A.; H…
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These facts may be amplified hj probable addi- tions from conjecture and tradition. There are strong reasons for placing the three Epistles at as advanced a date as possible, and not far from one another. The peculiarities of style and diction by which these are distinguished from all liis former epistles, the af- fect…
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Tiiis epistle, surel}- no unworthy utterance at such an age and in such an hour even of a Paul, brings us, it may well be presumed, close to the end of his life. For what remains, we have the concurrent testimony of ecclesiastical antiquity that he was beheaded at Rome, about the same time that Peter was crucified ther…
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2. On thefamily of Paul, Jerome remarks that Paul was of the tribe of Benjamin, and the town of Gischala, in Juda?a (comp. riaxaXa, a small city in Galilee ; Jo- seph. War, ii, 20, 6 ; iv, 1, 1 ; LiJ'e, x, 38; and Reland, Palcest. p. 813), and, when this town was taken by the Romans, he emigrated with his parents to Ta…
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even at times to eloquence (Hug, Einleit. ii, 285), al- though he may have seemed to the Greeks "rude in speech" (2 Cor. xi, 6), and a better Pauline system of rhetoric could easiij' be derived from his works than Baur suggests (Halle, 1782, ii, 8 ; see Kirchmaier, De P. Eliiquentia [Vitel). 1695] ; Baden, De Eoquent. …
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Feeling the force of this, the modern opponents of the supernatural have retreated from the position of the elder deists, and, admitting that Paul believed that he savv and heard the risen Saviour, have attempted to explain the matter either on a combination of natural and psychological grounds, or on the latter purelj…
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6. Evangdistic ZoJo?-.— Paul's personal efforts for the spread of the Gospel consisted chiefly in oral preaching, enforced witli eloquence of the heart. He did not usually occupy iiimself with baptism (1 Cor. PAUL 820 PAUL i, 14 sq.), but left this ceremony to his companions and attendants (oi CiaKovuvvrtf; avrtjj,…
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jiai cannot be rendered "this is the third time I have purposed to come to you;" as De W'ettc remarks (iV- kldriiiiy, ad loc), it is only when the purpose is close on its accomplishment, not of an earlier purpose, that ipXOj-iai can be so used. But in this case the tpxo^ai does not refer to anj' previous purpose ; that…
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8. PauVs imprisonment at Rome is represented as a lax one (Acts x xviii, 16, 23, 30), but still imprison- ment; for by the words "in his own hired house" (ver. 30), Luke cannot mean a life at freedom, or he must have mentioned Paul's liberation before. Bott- ger {Beitrdge, etc., pt. ii) would prove, by reference to the…
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Of his mental temperament and character Paul is himself the best painter. His speeches and letters convey to us, as we read them, the truest impressions of those qualities which helped to make him the great apostle. We perceive the warmth and ardor of his nature, his deepl}' affectionate disposition, the tender- ness o…
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10. Apocryphal Writings. — In addition to the letters usually given as Paul's, a forged correspondence be- tween him and the philosopher Seneca (six letters of the apostle and eight of Seneca, comp. Jerome, Viri Illustr. xi ; August. Ep. 153) is printed in Fal)ricius (Apocn/ph. ii, 880 sq.). Tliat it is not genuine, se…
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Paul, Father, whose original name, before he em- braced the monastic profession, was Pietro Sarpi, is celebrated as the historian of the Council of Trent. He was born at Venice Aug. 14, 1552, of a respectable commercial family. His father, however, was unsuc- cessful in trade ; and his mother, a woman of sense and virt…
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These attempts upon his life compelled father Paul to confine himself to his monastery, where he em- ployed his constrained leisure in the great literary composition by which he is chiefly remembered — The History of the Council of Trent {Ilistoria del Concilio Tnikntino di I'ietro Soave Polano) — a work which has been…
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PAUL 825 PAUL there were frequent and particular informations both of more public and secret transactions transmitted thither. He had also contracted a close friendsliip with (Juniillus Oliva, that was secretarj' to one of tlie legates, from wliom he had many discoveries of the practices of the legates, and of their…
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PAUL 826 PAUL V, 9; Sozonien, Hist. Eccles. iii, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20 ; iv, 2 ; Theodoret, Hist. Levies, i, 19 ; ii, 5, 0 ; Photius, Bibl. Cod. p. 257 ; Tillemoiit, Memoires, vii, 251, etc. ; Nealc, Hist, of the Ead. Ch. ii, 35 sq. — Smith, Diet, of Gr. (till Rom. Biog. and Mythol. iii, 147. Paul II OF CoxsTANTiNO…
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Paul of Emesa, an Eastern prelate of notf>, who flourished in the first half of tlie 5th century, was among the bishops who, at the General Council of E])h- esus (A.D. 431\ united witli patriarch John of Antioih in supporting tlie cause of Nestorius. A\'lien negotia- tions were in progress for a reconciliation l)otwecn…
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the ecclesiastical writers of that period, who, if they hud had the opportunity, would have gladly laid hold of anything to his disadvantage ; and we should ratlier think that ins cliaracter must have been remarkablj' pure and worthj' to have led to his being raised from an originally obscure condition to the highest d…
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"I. The bishops by whom Paul was condemned, in their epistle, preserved by Eusebius say: First, That fie denied his God and Lord: tov eeoi' tavTov Kai Ki'pioi/ lip- vuvixi-i'uv (p. 2S0). Secondly, That before the bishops, as- sembled in council, he would not acknowledge that the Son (if (Jod di'scendedfrnm lieareii : t…
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PAUL 829 PAUL merits of Paul : God the Father, Son, and Spirit are one God. The Word and Spirit are ever in God, as reanon is in man ; the Son of God has no separate existence, but lie ex- ists in God. . . . vliii tv T(ji TTaTpi, tilt Ao709 61/ uiS'fiwiTui. The Son is in the Father, as reason (not speech, sermo, as …
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"But I will desist. Paul, undoubtedly, had wrong views, and views very difterent from those which the Scriptures inculcate. But his adversaries also appear to have embraced more than one error, and they had not sufficiently precise and clear ideas on the subject they dis- cussed. These statements, derived from the best…
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passage is miserably translated by Dion. Petavius (as are many other i)assages in Epiphauius) thus: 'Sed solum, inquit Paulus, adveuieus verlium, totum illud administra- vit, et ad patrem revertit.' The true meaning of the pas- sage is: The divine Reason came (to the man Christ, long after his birth, aud when iu mature…
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Paul THE Simple {Pauhts Simplex), so called on account of the childlike simplicity of his character, was a disciple of St. Anthony, who flourished in the 4th century. His native country appears to have been Egypt, but the place of his residence is not described. He was a poor countiyman, who, till the age of sixty, had…
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Paul II, pope of Rome, was a Venetian by birth. His original name was Pietro Barho, and he was the nephew of pope Eugenius III, throuL'h the sister of the latter. Barlio had been successively archdeacon at Bologna and l)ishop of Cervia. He entered upon tlie pontificate in 1464. Paul 1 1 began l)y correcting abuses, and…
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On tlie death of Clement VI I, in Ib'Xi, Farnese was elected i)0|)c, just at the crisis when the most urgent applications were made hy the various states of Europe to Kome for the assembling of a general council, which was required hj' the state of the Wcstarn Church, dis- tracted l)y the disavowal of the ])apal suprem…
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Paul IV, pope of Rome, was the descendant of a noble Neapolitan family named Caraffa, and was born in Naples in 1476. His early career was distinguished for ascetic rigor. In 1507 he was appointed bishop of Cliieti, in which see he labored most earnestly for the reformation of abuses, and for the revival of religion an…
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determination, Paul V issued a brief directing a sen- tence of excommunication against the doge and the senate, and placing the republic under an interdict unless submission should be n.ade witliin twenty-four days. The senate forbade the publici'.tion of the bull ; and as the members of several monastic orders pro- fe…
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Paul, Vincent de, one of the most eminent saints of tlie modern Homisli (.'hurch, and founder of the con- gregation of " Priests of the Missions," was born of very humble parentage at Ranquines, in the diocese of Dax, France, in 1576. The indications of ability which he exhil)ited as a youth interested in him sev- eral…
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Paula, Fraxcis of. See Francis. Paula, Vincentius. See Vincextius. Pauli, Ernest L. See Pauli, Philip Eeix- HOLD. Pauli, Gregorius, a Unitarian divine of Italian descent, flourished at Brzeziny in Poland near the middle of the 16th century. In 1556 he attended the Synod of Secemin, and favored Gonesius (q. v.), who…
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Christ's command. — Forbes, Nicene Creed (see Index). See Artemonites. Paulicians is the name of a powerful Eastern sect, which originated probably in or before the 6th century. According to Peter of Sicily and Photius, the sect was originated in Armenia bj' two brothers, one named Paul (from whom they are alleged to …
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Paulinus of Antioch flourished as bishop of tliat see in the 4th century. He was ordained presbyter by Eustathius, bishop of Antioch, and was a leader among the Eustathian party in that city. When Atha- nasius, after his return from exile, on the death of the emperor Constantius II, and the murder of George of Cappadoc…
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PAULINUS 837 PAULINUS Cnus was one of the earliest Europeans who acquired a knowledge of the Sanscrit language. In conse- quence of his being settled in the south of Hindostan, he could not obtain so accurate a knowledge of the Sanscrit as if he had been brought in contact with the Brahmins, but he nevertheless gain…
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Paulinus (Pontius Meropius) of Nola, St., a noted prelate of the early Christian Church, was born about A.D. 353, at Bordeaux, of a noble family. Ho was a pupil of Ausonius, and was recommended by him to the emperor Gratian, Avho appointed him consul in 378, and afterwards advanced him to several offices of great impor…
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Paulinus of Treves, an ecclesiastic who flour- ished alioiit the middle of the 4th century as successor to iNIaximian in the bishopric of Treves, belonged to the most zealous Athanasians of the West. On account of his opposition to Constantino, and those who with him labored for the establishment of the semi-Arian doc-…
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Paulists (or Paulites), also called ILermits of St. Paul, are a class of Koman Catholic monastics who profess to imitate the life of the great apostle. They have no written rules, and are not strictly a particular order. They have no superior except the bishop in whose diocese they reside. They usually wear a short clo…
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Paulsen, Hermann Christian, a German divine, noted for his researches in Palestine, flourished as pastor at Crempe, and died there in 1780. lie wrote, in Latin, the ecclesiastical history of the Tartars, with a map of Tar- tary according to modern geographers, which was pub- lished as Jlosheim's production, because the…
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Paulus Casossa, also Paradisus, a convert from Judaism, flourished in the 16th century in Italy. For about five years, from 1.533-1538, he was professor of Hebrew, and wrote Dialogus de modo Icgendi Ilebraica (Paris, 1534). Jolni Quinqiiarboreus (in Colomesius, Italia et liispanio, p. 68) says of him that, like his gre…
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Paulus, Gottfried, was a convert from Judaism, of whom nothing is known, not even the time in which he lived. As he wrote in the Dutch language, he prob- ably lived in Holland. He is the author of Inleiding, icaar in beicesen ivord, dat de Jooden ran den Vleeck allsen door Christus verlost tvorden, item Eenige Beicysen…
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Paupgres Catbolici (i. e. Poor Catholics) was the name of a Komish order which was formed in the 12th century, and confirmed by pope Innocent III. It consisted of Waldenses who had conformed to tlie dom- inant Church. Some ecclesiastics from the south of France, who had once been Waldensians, took the lead in tlie form…
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PAUPERISM 843 PAUPERISM Paley affirms that the claim of the poor is founded on tlie'law of nature, because all things having been originally common, the exclusive possession of property was and is permitted on the expectation that every one should have enough for subsistence, or the means of procuring it. We may dou…
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In the United States of America, where the influ- ence both of general suffrage and of the Protestant faith largely cultivates individual self-respect and inde- pendence, pauperism has not yet acquired much hold. Some go so far as to claim that the abundance of arable land, and the comparatively slight pressure of popu…
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Year. Poymlntion. Paupers relieved. 1863 r>^^,■M^,4 4224 1855 .')l,2r>9 'J948 18G0 .54,n(l2 1521 18(55 (iS.GSi; 1289 1ST3 (about) 78,000 980 Or, in other words, before the new plan was introduced, one in twelve was a pauper, and now one in eighty. The cost has also fallen from about .f 38,000 in 1847 to about $1…
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Pavement is the rendering in the A. V. of ns^'1, ritspah', originally a stone heated for baking purposes, and hence a tesselated pavement (2 Chron. vii, 3; Esth. i, G ; Ezek. xl, 17, 18 ; xlii, 3), once of the cognate term nSiJ't'5) martse'pheth, a. paved floor (2 Kings xvi, 17). In John xix, 13 it is the rendering of …
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1. Directs that bishops shall keep about them priests and deacous of known probity to be witnesses of their se- cret acts. 2. Directs that bishops shall celebrate mass not only ou Sundays and holy days, but, when possible, every day ; !\nA that they shall not neglect privately to offer prayers for themselves, their fe…
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Pavie, Jean-Baptiste-Raimond de, abbe De Fourguevaux, grandson of Francois, was born in 1693 at Toulouse. He enlisted in the regiment of the Roi (V Infanterie, and obtained a lieutenancy. L^pon the ur- gent entreaties of his mother he left the profession of arms, and in 1717 entered the society of Saint Hilaire, in Par…
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In the year 165G Pascal brought out his Provincial Letters, and shortly after Arnauld directed to Pavil- ion a pamphlet on the Jan- senistic propositions which had just been condemned by the Jesuitical interpre- tation. The result was that Pavilion was so impressed with the justice of the Jan- senistic complaints that,…
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the formulary afresh, as if they had taken no steps in the matter before, and should cause it to be signed by their clergy ; but any explanatory remarks which they might wish to make should be made by a proces-verbal at their diocesan synods, such written statements not to be published, but to be deposited in the regis…
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Pavy is the rendering in the A. V. of the Heb. t]5, kaph (Lev. xi, 27), the palm or hollow " hand" (as else- where rendered), and T', yud (1 Sam. xvii, 37), the open hand (as elsewhere rendered), applied to an ani- mal, in the latter case metaphorically in the sense of 2oower. Pax, a personification of Peace, worshipp…
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Paxton, 'William, D.D., a Presbyterian minister, was born in Lancaster County, Pa., April 1, 1760. His early education was limited, and when the Revolution broke out he joined the Continental army. When about twenty-four j-ears of age he entered the Stras- burg Academy, near Lancaster City, Pa., where he greatly distin…
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" Were I to adopt the figurative lanenage of Bnnyan, I might date this letter from the land of Benlah, of which I have been for some weeks a hn|)py inhabitant. The ce- lestial city is full in my view. Its glories beam upon nie, its odors are wafted to me, its sounds strike upon my ears, and its spirit is breathed into …
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Pazzi, Cosmo, an Italian prelate, was bom at Flor- ence in 1467, and was on his mother's side a descendant of the Medicis. He was provided by pope Alexander VI with a canouicate in the church of Oleron, in France, and soon after with its episcopal chair, of which he never took possession. The Florentines had already s…
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Peabody, Oliver, a Congregational minister, was born in 1698 at Boxford, JMass. He graduated at Har- vard College in 1721, and was immediately employed by the commissioners for propagating the Gospel to preach at Natick (1721). There were then but two families of white people in the town. The Indian Church, which the a…
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PEACE-OFFERIXG 853 PEACOCK but they were expressly prescribed at the Feast of Pen- tecost (the young lambs, Lev. xxiii, 19). Private peace- offerings were the result of free impulse (nn"!?), or in fulfilment of a vow (Lev. vii, IG; xxii, 21; Numb, xv, 8), so regularly at the expiration of a Nazaritish vow (Numb, vi,…
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Peace Societies. See War. Peacliani, Hexuv, an English writer who in early life was intending to enter the ministry, but finally be- came a travelling teacher, is supposed to have been tu- tor in the earl of Arundel's family. He was reduced to poverty in his old age, and wrote for bread. He pub- lished in earh' life a…
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spicuous object offered by this bird, it may be answered that if the name toijei be the original, it may not refer to a tuft, or may express both the erectile feathers on the head of a bird and those about the rump or the tail ; and that those of the peacock have at all times been sought to form artificial crests for h…
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Pe(a)cock, Reginald (^orKEYXALD), a learned and worthy English prelate, was born in Wales about 1390, and was educated at Oxford, where he became fellow of Oriel College. He took holy orders, and, after filling minor appointments, became successively bishop of St. Asapli and Chichester, by the favor of Humphrey, the go…
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PEARL 856 PEARL ing. He enriched the Widow's College, in the immedi- ate neighborhood of his palace at Bromley, by a dona- tion of £5000. His tracts on theological subjects are numerous and valuable. Of these the principal are, A Coinmenfari/ on the Gospels and A cts of the Apostles (2 vols. 4to), greatly praised by…
781 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.