PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 7
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,372,028 words · 1337 reading sections
Section 61
is commemorated by the Roman Catholic Church on December 14. See Gallia Christiana nova, tom. ix ; Flodoard, Historia Ecclesim Remensis ; Dom jNIarlot, Me- tropolis Remensis histoi-ia ; Fiscpiet, France pontijlcale ; Breviaires de Paris ei de Rheims. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxxvii, 914; Clement, Hand-look of Le…
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3. One of the first seven deacons appointed by the Church at Jerusalem along with Stephen (Acts vi, 5), A.D. 29. Dorotheus makes him to have been one of the seventy disciples of our Lord, and according to the Pseudo-Hippolytus he "died at the time of the martyr- dom of Stephen" (p. 953, ed. Migne). Nicaragua, a republ…
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History. — Nicaragua was discovered in 1521 by Gil Gonzales de Avila, and conquered by Pedro Arias de Avila, the governor of Panama, in 1522. In 1821 — the great year of revolution in Central America — it threw off allegiance to Spain, and, after a desperate and bloody struggle, secured its independence by the help of …
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six-sided, supported by seven Corinthian columns, and adorned witli five bass-reliefs of suljjects from the New Testament. His next work is the pulpit in the ca- thedral at Siena. The subjects on this pulpit are the same as those on that at Pisa, with the substitution of the Flight into Egypt and the Massacre of the In…
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Nice. See Nic^an Councils. Nicene Creed is the name applied to a detailed statement of Christian doctrine which forms part of the liturgy of the Roman, Oriental, and Anglican churches, and is also received as a formulary by many of the other Protestant communions. The creed is given in the article on that subject. It …
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NICEPHORUS 52 NICEPHORUS Aix (809) whether the Spanish and French churches were right in adding the Filioque clause in tliis creed, and it was referred by Charlemagne to pope Leo, who allowed the creed to be sung, but without the addition; and Walafrid Strabo says that the creed was chanted in France and Germany aft…
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Nicephorus Callistus Xaxthopulus, son of Callistus Xanthopulus, is the last of the Greek Church historians, and the only one their Church produced in the Middle Ages. He is frequently denominated the ecclesi- astical Thucydides, because of the elegance of his style, and the '■ theological Pliny," because of the superst…
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• Diaconus et Chartophylax, who was present at the sec- ond Council of Nicaja, and was afterwards raised to the patriarchate; if so, however, he would be identical with Nicephorus, the famous author of the Breviarium, who was maile patriarch in 806. He wrote, SoliUionum Epistoke II. ad Theodosium monackum, Greece et La…
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NICETAS 54 NICETAS IGlh. and I7th Centuries. In our Cyclopcedia Niceron's work lias frequently proved of great service. Indeed no bibliographical labors can be satisfactorily performed on the periods with which it deals without the aid of Niceron's labors. See Labbe Gouget, " Eloge de J. P. Niceron," in Jlemoii-es p…
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Nicetas Acominatls ('A/coyuii'droc), also Chonia- TES (so called probably from his native place, Chonte, the ancient Colossi), was a younger brother of Michael Aco- minatus. Both occupy a distinguished place among the Greek writers of the 12th century. Nicetas Choniates is eminent as a doctrinal and polemical writer, a…
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Nicetas, David, commonly called Paj)hlago,n\hex on account of his having been born in or having be- come bishop of Paphlagonia, lived about the year 880. He is best known as the author of a biography of the patriarch Ignatius, who died in 878. This biography is untrustworthy : at the end Ignatius is made to ascend into…
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many things which the apostles at that time could not understand. Even the doctrine of the Trinity, as ex- plained by the Council of Nice, the doctrine of the di- vinity of the Holy Ghost, cannot be pointed out as a dogma expressed in so many words in the Bible (lib. ii, c. xxii sq.). Ansclm alleged as an argument for …
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Nicetas Rhetor, an Eastern ecclesiastic, by some thought to be identical with Nicetas Paphlago (q. v.), has, among other productions, the following ascribed to him : several Orations known to AUatius : — Diatriba in gloriosum Martyrem Panteleemoneni : — De Certamine et de Lnventione, etc., i-eiiqiriarum S. Stephani Pro…
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Nichol, John Pringi.k, a British astronomer and philosopher, eminent for his services to the Church by seeking to lianuonize science and revelation, was born at Brecliin, Scotland, in 1804. He was originally edu- cated for the ministry, but turned aside to the study of the natural sciences, especially astronomj', and g…
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(Comp.the fifteenth and sixteenth articles in the sentence a<;aiiist Martin of Mainz, one of Nicholas's followers: "15. Quod perfectus homo non debet proinfeini liberatioiie ac coelestis regni collocatione dcura orare, nee ilii pro aliqno quod deus est uou servire, sed indiffereiis ejus benejilaci- tum espectare. 16. Q…
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Nicholas of Clemange. See Clemange. Nicholas of Cusa. See Cusa. Nicholas Damascenus, an ancient Peripatetic phUosopher and writer on history, flourished in the reign of Augustus, and was ambassador from Herod, king of Judsea. He wrote a Universal History, in 144 books, of which a few fragments only remain, together w…
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and almighty, hence from God himself, and at the same time could only be accomplished in human form, and by the undergoing of human sufferings and death." From these principles results the necessity of the com- ing of a God-man, when it is admitted, moreover, that divine mercy wishes not the eternal death of the sinner…
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as the 6th century; a church was derticated to him in Constantinople about A.D. 5(50. The precise date ot his episcopate is a subject of much controversy. Accord- ing to the popular account, he was a confessor of the faith in the last persecution under Maximiuian, and having survived until the Council of Nice, was one …
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hesitation. After this, when the tribunes went their way, they did not forget St. Nicholas, for it happened that while they were absent in Phrj'gia their enemies poisoned the mind of Constantine against them, so that when they were returned to Constantinople he accused them of treason, and threw them into prison, order…
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It is a curious fact that in the Russian Church the anni- versary of Nicholas's translation to Bari is still observed as a festival on May 9th. In Greek pictures he is repre- sented like a Greek bishop, with no mi tre, the cross in place of the crosier, and the persons of the Trinitj- embroidered St. Nicholas of Myra.…
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Nicholas of Pskoff or Plescow, a Russian her- mit who flourished in the second half of the IGth cen- tury, and whose legend was written by Horsey in 1570, was a great favorite of the people, and was believed to have supernatural power, because he went about un- clothed without discomfort, enduring unmoved extreme heat …
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Nicholas's-day (St.), a festival observed by the Romish and Greek churches on December 6, in honor of St. Nicholas of Myra (q. v.). Nicholas I, pope of Rome, one of the most cele- brated of the Western pontiffs, who, next to Gregory the Great, may be regarded as the founder of the mod- ern papacy, and the first advoca…
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popedom was not all wliich the Roman «ee owes to Nicholas I; she owes the questionable boon of the rec- ognition of the False Decretals as the law of the Church. Nicholas I not only saw during his pontificate the fa- mous False Decretals take their place in the jurispru- dence of Latin Christendom : if he did not promu…
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exertions of Hiklebrand — the man behind the throne. The former of these changes was brought about imme- diately after the accession of pope Nicholas II by au- thority of the second Lateran Council (q. v.), which he summoned A.D. 1059. The decree was ostensibly published to restore the right of election to the Romans, …
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name of" the Accomplished,'' because, as his Italian con- temporaries alleged, " in him met all the graces of the handsomest clerks in the world." Cajetanus was a man likewise of great ability, of irreproachable morals, and of vast ambition. The last proved his strong enemy, and attached an infamous stain to his name. …
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Nicholas V, Pope, one of the ablest and most es- teemed incumbents of the papal chair, distinguished alike for his scholarship, tolerant views, and his stern integrity, was originally called Tominaso Parentucelli, also Toiamaso da Sarzana, and was born at Sarzana, near Genoa, in 1398. He was educated at the high school…
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NICHOLAS 67 NICHOLITES wood's Magazine. Nov. 1871, p. 604 sq.). See Vespasian, Nicola V, and Manctti, Vita Nicolai V, both in IMura- tori, " Scriptores," vol. xxv; Georgius, Vita Nicolai V (Rome, 1742, 4to) ; Wetzer u. Welte (R. C), Kirchen- Lexikon, vii, 585-591 ; Milman, Hist, of Latin Christian- ity, viii, 90 sq.…
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bled to hear him. His ministry being attended with heart-searching fervor, many were so reached by it that they embraced his views, and endeavored to conform their lives to the dictates of that holy princi])le which he inculcated, believing it would lead out of all error and into all truth. Such was the authority and u…
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of the most discerning of its members concluded it might tend to mutual advantage if a union with the Societj' of Friends could be effected. Many Friends, travelling in the line of the ministry, had visited the meetings of the Nicholites, whose hearts were always open to receive them; the\-had read Friends' books, held…
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Nichols, George, an American educator and di- vine, was born at Reading, Mass., near the opening of this century. He was educated at Yale College, class of 1824, and immediately after graduation entered the divinity school connected with that high school, and there completed his theological studies in 1828. He taught f…
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Nicholson, David B., a minister of the Method- ist Episcopal Cliurch, South, was born in the county of Iredell, N.C., Feb. 1, 1809. He was converted and join- ed the Church at the age of nineteen. He soon after determined to enter the ministry, and was received on probation in the Virginia Conference in 1831; he was af…
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Nickel, GoswiN, a noted Jesuit, flourished as gen- eral of his order near the middle of the 17th century. He was successor to Alexander Gottefredi, who died in March, 1651. The dislike which the order cherished against the latter was considerably intensified against Nickel, who, though it cannot be said that he contem-…
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Nicodemus is only mentioned by John (yet some Ger- man rationalists have sought or rather forced a compar- ison with the rich young man of Mark x, 17-24), who narrates his nocturnal visit to Jesus, and the conversa- tion Avhich then took place; at this the evangelist may himself have been present. A.D. 26. The high sta…
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of young companions pure as herself. She is the favor- ite of the priests, who watch over her education till the day of her marriage. In order to ascertain to whom she is to be intrusted, the high priest assembles a number of pious Israelites. A white dove springs from the rod of the old carpenter Joseph, who is marked…
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The Anglo-Saxons likewise pos.sessed in their native idiom this pseudo-gospel. Probably it was considered a valuable supplement to the inspired records of the blessed Saviour's life. See Soames, .1 nrjlo-Sax. Church, p. 252; Pressense, Early Years of Christianiti/, vol. iii (Heresy and Doctrine), p. 175 sq.; Fabricius,…
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NICOLAI 13 NICOLAI of Christianity, it would neither be discarded as a her- es}', nor did it attempt to set up a peculiar Church of its own. By the thinkers of Protestantism it was looked upon as simply one among many theological views, and as heterodoxy by the side of orthodoxy. Yet, as Hagenbach has well said of t…
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"Awake, awake, for night is flyiuir; The wMtchraen ou the heights are crying Awake, Jerusalem, at last !" For this he composed a choral, which was afterwards used in Mendelssohn's "Elijah," to the words, " Sleep- ers, wake, a voice is calling." His other noted hymn was entitled "A Spiritual Bridal Song of the Bdieving…
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evidence to connect the Nicolaitans of the apostolic age in any way witli tlie (inostics of succeeding centuries. The ingenious conjecture of Michaelis is worthy of con- sideration, who supposes that by Nicolaitans (Kev. ii, 6, 15) the same class of persons is intended whom Peter (2 Epist. ii, 15) describes &•& followe…
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Nic'olas (N(<co\aoc, conqueror nfthej)eople ; comp. Nicodemus), a native of Antioch, and a proselyte to the Jewish faith, who, when the Church was still confined to Jerusalem, became a convert; and being a man of honest report, full of the Holy Ghost and of wisdom, he •was chosen by the whole multitude of the discijjle…
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NICOLAS 16 NICOLAS that ho may have been one of the disciples of this ilUis- trioiis master. We have few other hints regarding the life of Nicolas d'Araiens. A letter of Alexander III tells us that about the year 11G5 he still possessed no benefice. A prebend had been promised to Nicolas by Thierrv, bisliop of Amien…
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Nicolas DK Cl.KMANGES. See CLtiJIANOES. Nicolas DE CusA. See Cusa. Nicolas VAN Egjiond, a Dutch theologian, was born in the County of Egmond near the close of tho 15th century. He entered the Order of the Carmelites, took his degrees at Louvain, and was there received as doctor in theology. He distinguished himself b…
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Nicolas DE Lyra. See Lyra. Nicolas DE Narbonne, superior-general of the Car- melite Order, was born in Narbonne, or, as some suppose, in Toulouse. He was elected vicar-general of the order in the Eastern countries in the year 1250, and superior or prior-general of all the congregation, after the death of Simon Stock,…
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Nicolaus OF Constantinople, an Eastern prelate of note, nourished near the opening of the 12th century. He was patriarch from A.D. 1084 to 1111, and wrote several decrees and letters, of wliich an account is given by Cave (/list. Lit. ii, 156, ed. Kasil.). See also Fabri- cius, Bihl. Grcec. xi, 285. Nicolaus HAGiOTMEo…
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Nicolettus, Paulus, an Augustinian monk of LTdine in Frauli, also called Venetus from his long resi- dence in Venice, studied at Oxford in 1390, was distin- guished as a philosopher and subtle theologian, became general of his order in 1412, taught in tlie principal uni- versities of France and Italy, an<l theology at …
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Nicolls, John, a renegade English theologian of the 16th century, who originally hold a vicarship in Wales, but went to Antwerp and turned Catholic. After two years he returned to f^ngland, renounced Catholi- cism, and wrote in English the lives of certain wicked popes, cardinals, bishops, monks, and Jesuits. He after-…
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Nicomedes, a Christian of some distinction at Rome, who, during the rage of Domitian's persecution, A.D. 98, did all he could to serve the afflicted followers of Christ: comforting the poor, visiting the confined, exhorting the wavering, and confirming the faithful. For tlius acting he was seized by the ferocious hand …
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prevesa, or " Old Prevesa." — Kitto. See Bowen, ^-1 ihos and Epirus, p. 21 1 ; Merivale, Royne, iii, 327, 328 ; Smith, Diet, of Greek and Roman Geogr. s. v. ; Lewin, Lfe and Ejnstles of St. Paul (4to ed.), ii, 353 sq. ; Krenkel, Pau- las der Apostel (Leipsic, 18G9), p. 108. Nicquet, Honorat, an ascetic French author, …
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lepra morali (Paris, 1473, fol. ; 1489, 4to ; 1514, 8vo) :— Contra perfdos Judxos (Essling, 1475, fol.) : — Consula- torium timoratce conscientice (Paris, 1478, 4to ; Rome, 1604, 8vo) : — .4 U7-ei sermones toiius anni (Spire, 1479, fol.) : — .4 Iphabetum divini amoris (Alost, 1487, 8vo; Paris, 1515, 1526, 4to); this wo…
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It is difficult to conceive a more excellent and de- lightful person than Barthold Niebuhr appears to have been ; there are few of whom we have read who have combined so blameless a character and so amiable a disposition with such boundless acquirements and such brilliant intellectual qualities. His History of Rome is …
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NIEBUHR 84 NIEBUHR before he had examined all the evidence; one conse- quence of which is that, under the intUience of his own creations, he sometimes extracts a meaning from a passage ^^•hich the words do not contain, and at other times arbitrarily rejects evidence when it interferes with his own hypothesis. It is …
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Arainc scholar, but it was finally extended to include a mathematician for purposes of astronomical and geo- graphical observation (and for this place Niebuhr was chosen), a naturalist, a draughtsman, and a phj'sician. Niebuhr delayed the expedition eighteen months in order to fit himself properly for the task, and, as…
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Niedermeyer, Louis, a musical composer, who deserves a place here for his devotion to the cultivation of sacred music, was born April 27, 1802, in Nyon, can- ton of Vaud, Switzerland. His father, a native of Wiirtzburg, had settled and married in Switzerland; himself gifted with much natural talent for music, he ■was t…
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NIELSON 86 NIETO brought to high perfection at Florence, and was prac- ticed by Bcnvenuto Cellini. The finest works of this kind belong probably to the first half of the 15th cen- turv, when remarkable excellence in drawing and group- ing minute figures in these metal pictures was attained by Maso di Finiguerra, an …
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Niethammer, Friederich-Ejimanuel, a German philosopher, was born in 1766, at Beilstein in Wiirtem- berg. Nominated in 1793 professor of philosophy and theology in Jena, he received in 1803 a chair in the high school at WUrzburg; in 1807 became a member of the Superior Council of Public Instruction in Munich ; was after…
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Nifanitis, Christian, a German theologian, was born at Sechlingen, in Dithmar, March 11, 1629. He was successively superintendent of the Lutheran church- es of Corbach, Eisenberg, and Ravensberg. He died June 5, 1089. We have of his works, De pneumatices existentia (Rostock, 1655, 4to) : — De gentilium in Vetere Tesia…
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Ni'ger (Slyep, i. e. Lat. niger, or hlacJc) is the addi- tional or distinctive name given to the Symeon (2w- (.iHov) who was one of the teachers and prophets in the Church of Antioch (Acts xiii, 1). He is not known ex- cept in that passage. The name was a common one among the Romans ; and the conjecture that lie was an…
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Night -lia"wk is the rendering in the Auth. Vers, of D^HFl, tachmas' (apparently from C^n, to act violent- ly), the name of one of the unclean birds mentioned in the Pentateuch (only Lev. xi, 16; Dent, xiv, 15; Sept. y\ai)^, Vulg. noctua). Bochart {Hieroz. ii, 830) has endeavored to prove that the Hebrew word denotes t…
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Night-monster occurs in the margin of the Auth. Yer. at Isa. xxxiv, 14, as the rendering of the Hebrew Ulith' (n-ib^b), derived from Idyil (^"j^), tiight. The text has screech-oicl, but the marginal reading is prefer- able. The word doubtless refers to the night-spectres or ghosts, supposed by superstitious Hebrews to …
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The Hebrew word D'^'l^iiJ in Isa. Ixv, 4 is explained by the Sept. and Jerome as an allusion to the heathen custom of passing the night in the temples of the gods, in order to receive prophetic dreams from them, and especially revelations of the means of curing the sick (comp. Diod. Sic. i, 25 ; Cic. Dicinat. i, 43, 96…
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Nigrante tectam pallio is the beginning of an evening hymn (Jiymnus vespertinus) by Magnus Felix Ennodius (q. v.), bishop of Pavia (Ticinum), where he died July 17, 521. Besides a number of theological works, he also wrote poems, among which are some hj'mns, which were published by Schott and Sirmond (Paris, 1611), and…
1,143 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.