PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 7
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,372,028 words · 1337 reading sections
Section 1201
Pensaben, Fra Marco, and Fra Marco Mara- VEiA, his assistant, two old painters of the Order of the Dominicans at Venice, flourished in the first half of the IGth century. Pensaben was born at Venice in 148G. Of his parents and boyhood nothing is known. The earliest account takes us back to 1510, when he was a priest at…
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stantially, it would seem, the same volume. In 2 Chron. xxxiv, 30 it is styled " the book of the Covenant," and so also in 2 Kings xxiii, 2, 21, while in 2 Kings xxii, 8 Hilkiah says, I have found "the book of the Law." Still earlier, in the reign of Jehoshaphat, we find a " book of the Law of Jehovah" in use (2 Chron.…
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The question has also boon raised whether the book of Joshua does not, properly speaking, constitute an in- tegral portion of this work. To this question Ewald (Geschichte, i, 175), Kuobcl {Genesis, Vorbem. § 1, 2), Lengerke (Kenaun, Ixxxiii), and .Stiihelin (Kritische Unters. p. 91) give a reply in the affirmative. Th…
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(3.) A third principle of arrangement is the rhetoi-i- cal, of which the instances are fewer. Indeed it is very much confined to Deuteronomy, in which Moses appears as the great prophet of Israel. It was a corollary from the plan of these discourses that Moses should jiresent the topics in the form likeliest to tell up…
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But this "documentary hypothesis," as it is called, was too conservative and too rational for some critics. Vater, in his Commentar iiher den Pentateuch (1815), and A. T. Hartmann. in his Linguist. Einl. in d. Stud, der Biicher des A. Test. (1818), maintained that the Penta- teuch consisted merely of a number of fragme…
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Such is the theory of Delitzsch, which is in manj' respects worthy of consideration, and which has been adopted in the main by Ivurtz {Gesch. d. A . £. i, § 20, and ii. § 9'J, ti), who formerly was opposed to the theory of ditfurent documents, and sided rather with Hengsten- berg and the critics of the extreme conserva…
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PENTATEUCH 905 PENTATEUCH work {Untersuclningen iiberden Pentateuch) is a valuable contribution to the exegesis of the Pentateuch. He is especially successful in establishing the inward unity of the work, and in showing how inseparably the sev- eral portions, legal, genealogical, and historical, are in- terwoven tog…
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It is true that the above passages do not define the lim- its of the book, nor prove its absolute identity with the existing copies of the Pentafeuch. But ofher evidences will be found to supply this proof. We have already the fact that a book was wriften by Moses under the immediate authority of God, and that this boo…
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tion, the chief portions of the earlier legislation. But such a hypothesis is devoid of all probability. For what writer in later times would ever have presumed, unless he were equal to Moses, to correct or supplement the Law of Moses? And if he were equal to Moses, why borrow his name (as Ewald supposes the Deuter- on…
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((•) A fondness for the use of figures is another pe- culiarity of Deuteronomy. See xxix, 17. 18; xxviii, 13, 44;" i, 31, 44; viii, o'; xxviii, 29, 49. Of similar conii)arisons there are but few (Delitzsch says but three) in the other books. The results are most surprising when we compare Deuteronomy with the Book of t…
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3. Testimony of other Witnesses to the Author. — (1.) Our Lord and his Apostles. — Tlieir language is such that the hypothesis of the Pentateuch not being the work of Moses must create a very painfid feeling in the mind of every true and simple-hearted follower of Christ. PENTATEUCH 908 PENTATEUCH Comp. Matt. xv. 1…
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(2.) The Rest of the Old-Testament Scriptures. — These were in existence centuries before these testimonies of Jesus and his apostles, and they contain copious evi- dence that the Pentateuch was written at the time of Moses, and by himself or under his directions. Beyond all doubt there are numerous most striking refer…
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ten tribes, in which the true spirit of the theocracy was confessedly at a very low ebb. Those of the proph- ets who have left their writings as a portion of Scrip- ture have furnished references to facts and phrases in the books of Moses, sometimes longer and more direct, sometimes briefer and more incidental, but so …
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If this direct verbal testimony had been absent, the entire structure of the scriptural books from Joshua to jVIalachi would have necessitatwl the same conclusion. These l)ooks never could have been written in their ex- isting form, unless by men familiarly conversant with the I'cntateuch. Thence are derived the ultima…
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The enormous difficulty of even conceiving the possi- bility of a fraud under such circumstances is increased by the wide dispersion of the Jewish race, and the mighty separation which had divided the original people into two jealous if not hostile nations. If one portion of the dispersed had been disposed to acquiesce…
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4. Confirmation of the Mosaic Authorshii). — Of this PENTATEUCH 912 PENTATEUCH confirmatory evidence we offer the following specimens, in addition to the considerations urged above to prove the iiniti/ of the entire iive books. (1.) Jiiternal indications occur that the Pentateuch does belong to the age of Moses.— …
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(6.) Or shall we assume an earlier date, the period of the first and best times of the kingdom, before the death of Jehoshaphat, which is generally regarded b}' the crit- ics as a time of prophetic activity in composing the early history of the nation ? The Pentateuch, however, can- not well have been composed later th…
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(/.) Moreover, that " law of Moses" was very burden- some in its ritual, in respect to both trouble and expense ; and no one could have introduced it, therebv in fact ac- VII.— M M M complishing an unparalleled social revolution, if he had not had the support of overwhelming authority as the recognised messenger of J…
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5. Olijections against the Afosaic Authorship. — These have been numerous and vehemently urged, especiallv by rationalists, as we might expect from the importance of the subject. On the op))osite side, these critical doubts respecting the authenticity of the Pentateuch have produced in modern times several works in de-…
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PENTATEUCH 915 PENTATEUCH If there were any knowledge of this art, its application would entirely depend upon the particular circumstances of a given period. Some writers seem to entertain the opinion that the materials for writing were yet, in the days of Moses, too clumsy for the execution of larger works. This op…
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(p.) The blank in the narrative for the thirty-eight years during which that unbelieving generation werci dying out; so that the suspicion has been expressed that this space of time is fabulous, and that either vastly less than forty years elapsed between the Exodua and the conquest of Canaan, or else that the most of …
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portant as giving the account of the revelation of this name Jehovah from God and its introduction into use among men, that it shall be a contradiction in terms to a multitude of passages which the editor or supple- menter had indulged himself by inserting amid the comparatively brief original details. The truth is giv…
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Undoubtedly, as we have intimated above, there are questions more easil}' asked than answered in re- lation to the use of these two names, Jehovali and Elo- him, in the history previous to the time of Moses. Possibly those who uphold the common belief that Moses wrote the whole of it have passed over these difficulties…
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pp:xtateucii 918 PENTATEUCH sihle for tlie critics to establish any clear nsns loquendi ■without tearing the book often into shreds, and pro- nouncing passages, and single verses, and clauses of verses, and individual words to be interpolations or alterations; a process which insures its own condem- nation. In fact,…
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(5.) An objection to the unity of the authorship has been drawn from the repetitions ithich occur in the book; for it is said that these are a sure mark of at least two authors, whose accounts have been thrown into one. This objection presented a more formidable aspect as long as tlie hypothesis was in favor according …
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future or unfinished tense ; except that ver. 6 paren- thetically relates, in the perfect tense, how the people humbled themselves according to the opening part of the Lord's directions, whereas the rest of these direc- tions may never have been carried out after the inter- cession of Moses was completed. (6.) Passing…
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in silence. It is enough to say that the law of the kingdom in Deut. xvii need not surprise any one who observes tliat the king is represented as the mere vice- roy of Jehovah, liiniself the true and everlasting King of Israel, accordiug to Exod. xv, 18 ; Numb, xxiii, 21 ; and who recollects the promises that kings sho…
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(G.) It is alleged that in the Pentateuch there are dis- tinct tntces of an age hder than that of Moses; and cer- tainh', if tliis can be establislied, it follows either that Mosas did not write the book, or else that it has been interpolated. (r;.) There are caiain ffengraph'cal names, paTticulaT- \y Bethel and Hebro…
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((/.) The quotation from '■^ the book of the wars of the Lord''' (Numb, xxi, 14, 15), and others apparently of a similar kind in the same chapter, are thovght to he in- credible in a confemporarij history, though natural enough in a writing of a later age, when these snatches of song might become valuable as the testim…
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((/.) In regard to theories of the creation and the deluge, it is necessary to distinguish with the utmost possible precision between the language of Scripture and any private interpretations of it. When the ques- tion is propounded whether the six days of the Adamic creation were literal days of one revolution of the …
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Into the details of these various objections — critical, historical, scientific, and moral — this article will not farther enter, parth' from considerations of space, part- ly l)ecausc many of them will be found treated in other articles of this C/jcbpcedia. The student is referred, for their more formal refutation, to…
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Syntagma (Amst. 1737, 4to) ; Jameson, Ejposition (Lond. 1748, fol.); Ostrob, irx C"^:3-3 T\^^.2 (Zolk. 1749, fol.); Alexander- Siisskind, 13 nS2:i'2 (ibid. 1757, fol.) ; Tismenitz, b^H V^Z (Fr. ad 0.1760, 4to) ; Jacob ben-Pesach, 3lpr^ t"!j (Fiirth, 1765, 4to) ; Robertson, Claris (Edinb. 1770, 8vo) ; Bate, Notes [in- c…
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IF. The Time at which this Festival ivns celebrated. — Tiie time fixed for the celebration of Pentecost is the liftietli day reckoning from "//«« m-irroio after the Sabbath" (pZ'^rt n^n^p) of the Passover (Lev. xxiii, 11, 15, 16.) The precise moaning, however, of the word rS'J in this connection, wliich determines the …
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III. The 3Ian7ier in which this Festival uias Celebrated. — Xot to confound the practices which obtained in the course of time, and which were called forth by the ever-shifting circumstances of the Jewish nation, we shall divide the description of the manner in which this festival was and still is celebrated into three…
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PENTECOST 926 PENTECOST ever, a new meat-offering of two loaves is also brought. ' and with tlie loaves arc offered one bullock, two rams, and seven lambs, all burnt-offerings; a goat for a sin- offering, and two lambs for a peace-offering. These are the sacritices ordered in Lev. xxiii, 18. Hence the sacrifice on t…
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No occasional offering of first-fruits could be made in the Temple before Pentecost {Bikhn-im, i, 3, G). Hence probably the two loaves were designated "the first of the first-fruits" (Exod. xxiii, 19), although the offering of the omer had preceded them. The proper time for offering first-fruits was the interval betwee…
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(ni"12'iJ 11") the synagogues and the private houses are adorned with flowers and odoriferous herbs ; the male members of the community purify themselves by immersion and confession of sins, put on their fes- tive garments, and resort to the synagogue, where, after the evening prayer (2^1"^), the hallowed nat- ure of t…
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But though the canonical Scriptures speak of Pen- tecost as simply a harvest festival, yet the non-canon- ical documents show, beyond the shadow of a doubt. that the Jews, at least as early as the days of Christ, connected with it, and commemorated on the Gth of Si- van, the third month, the giving of the Decalogue. I…
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If the feast of Pentecost stood without an organic connection with any other rites, we should have no certain warrant in the Old Testament for regarding it as more than the divinel}' appointed solemn thanks- giving for the j-early supply of the most useful sort of food. Every reference to its meaning seems to bear imme…
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PENTECOSTAL EFFUSIOK 930 PEOR 21 (jCrit. Sac.') ; Otho, Lex. Rah. s. v. Festa ; Buxtorf, SynagogaK Jiidenthum, c. xx. See Festival. Pentecostal Effusion of the Holy Spirit (as recorded in Acts ii). The commencement of the Chris- tian Church on the day of Pentecost, preceded as it was by our Lord's ascension, attache…
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Penton, Stephen, an English clergj'man and educator, was born in the first half of the 17th century, and was educated at Oxford University. In 1675 he became principal of St. Edmund Hall, Oxford ; af- terwards rector of Glympton. He died near the close of the 17th centur}'. He published Apparatus ad theo- logiam, in us…
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3. A Peor, under its Greek garb of <Paywp, appears among the eleven names added bj"^ the Sept. to the list of the allotment to Judah, between Bethlehem and Aitan (Ethani). It was known to Eusebius and Je- rome, and is mentioned by the latter in his translation of the Onomasticon as Phaoid. It proI)ablj' still ex- ists …
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PEPLOE 932 PERAMBULATION fere with Tailiens, for he resided most of his life at Rome. Ill Italy Pepin failed to secure much fame. In the churtli of the hospital at Antwerp are two of his works, which are highly extolled ; they are altar- pieces, with folding doors, in the style of some of the old Flemish masters; th…
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Pereeans were the followers of Euphrates of Pera, in Cicilia, who is said to have believed that there are in the Trinity three Fathers, three Sons, and three Holj' Ghosts. It has been alleged that in opposition to this class of heretics was framed the clause in the Athana- sian creed which says, " So there is one Fathe…
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these stand on the boundarj' line. In Scotland, where the parochial principle has never been developed as in England, there seem to be few traces of a similar practice. But as between neighboring landowners, a brieve of perambulation is the technical remedy for setting right a dispute as to boundaries or marches ; and …
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Tlie Peratte appear to have been a local sect, and their peculiar yviixm: was a recondite philosophy found- ed on theories associati'd with the constellations of as- tronomers, and on serpent-worship. Hippol3'tus saj-s that they and their doctrine had lieen verj' little known initil he described them, and that the latt…
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Per'azim [some Pera'zini], Mouxt (Heb. Har Peratsiin, C■'^'^2~'^l^, mountain of cUfis; Sept. iipof aai(5ujv [apparently bj' mistake for C""!^"!] ; Vulg. Mons divisiowim'), a place mentioned by the prophet Isaiah, in warning the Israelites of tlie divine ven- geance about to come upon the nation, with which they did not…
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Two great disputes connect themselves with percep- tion, both raised into their full prominence in the phil- osophical world by bishop Berkeley. The first is the origin of our judgments of the distances and real mag- nitudes of visible bodies. In opposition to the com- mon opinion on this subject, Berkeley maintained t…
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Perceval, Alfred P., an English divine of some distinction, was born near the opening of this centurj', and was educated at Oxford, where he became fellow of All-Soul's College. After taking holy orders, he was in 1824 made rector of East Horsley, and finally chaplain to the queen. He died in 1853. He pub- lished, Reas…
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PERCY 937 PERDITION gave to other authors is often acknowledged by them, and especially by Mr. Nichols, in several of his works. When Percy became a bishop he tlioiight it his duty to devote himself entirely to his diocese. He resided from that time almost constantly at the palace of Dromore, where he lived grcatlj'…
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III. Taking it tlien as proved that perdition is the final destiny of certain persons, it remains for us to consider the passages which give us hints as to the nature of this terrible judgment. First, is it annihila- tion'? The word which looks most like annihilation in the Old Testament is nn^3, "nothingness," and its…
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Gathering up into one view a few other solemn .statements about the ruin of the unbelieving, which we rind in Scripture — and apart from Scripture we know absolutely nothing of the matter, as we know neither the nature nor the results of sin — we see that there are persons who " die in their sins" (John viii, 24), who…
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Perdoite, an ancient Slavonic deity worshipped by mariners and fishermen, who believed that he pre- sided over the sea. Pere. See Ass. Pere la Chaise. Pered. See Mule. See La Chaise, Pereda, Antonio, an eminent Spanish painter, was born at Valladolid in 1599. He studied under Pedro de las Cuevas, and showed so much …
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13. St. Sebastian standing by a Tree, his hands tied above his head ; 14. St. Jerome kneeling before a Cruci- fix, the lion behind him; 15. St. Roch: on the right hand the first person of the Trinity is blessing him ; 16. St. Margaret seated on a lai-ge winged Dragon, holding in one hand a cornucopia, and in the other …
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logical theses and writings, dissertations and memoirs, the enumeration of which would occupj' too much space. Below are his principal works : Exercicios da lingua Latina e Portiigueza (Lisb. 1751, 8vo), in Latin and Pop tuguese : — Novo melhodo de grammatica Latina (ibid. 1752-1753, 8vo, pt. ii), followed by a Defensa…
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Pereyra, Manuel, a Portuguese sculptor, was born in l(;i4. He settled at Madrid, where he attained great distinction, and is regarded as one of the ablest artists that Portugal has produced. He was commis- sioned to execute a great number of works. His masterpiece is a large statue of the Saviour in the church of the K…
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Perez, Bartolome, a distinguished Spanish painter, was I)orn at Madrid in 1034. He studied in the school of Don Juan de Arellano, and attained great excellence in flower painting. His pictures of this kind are composed in a tasteful and delicate style, with a brilliancj' and harmony of coloring deserving of high praise…
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PERFECTION, Christian. The word "perfect," in the moral sense, is usually the translation of the Heb. CO and the Greek riXttoc, which both essential- Ij' mean compl te. The term perfection, says "Witsius, is not always used in the same sense in the Scriptures. 1. Thei'e is a perfection of sincerity, whereby a man serve…
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" Christian Perfection''' is pre-eminently a doctrine of Methodists of nearly all classes. It is not a perfec- tion o{ justijication, but a perfection of sanctijication ; "which John Wesley, in a sermon on Christian perfec- tion, from the text Heb. vi, 1, " Let us go on to perfec- tion," earnestly contends for as attai…
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Perfectionism. This doctrine is often confound- ed with two others, from which, however, it is philo- sophically distinguishable. One of these is the doc- trine of the simplicity of moral action, the most pow- erful advocate of which is the theological school at Oberlin, Ohio. According to this theory, it is impos- PE…
829 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.