PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 7
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,372,028 words · 1337 reading sections
Section 481
lin, 1820-22) : — Die Aechtheit der vier kanonischen Evan- gelien, aiis der Geschichte der zwei ersten Juhrhunderte erwiesen (KiJnigsberg, 1823) : — Ein Wort iiher tieferen Schriftsinn (ibid. 1824) : — Die Bibl. Schriftauslegung : — Noch ein Wort iiber tieferen Schriftsinn (Hamburg, 1825), where he rejects the belief o…
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Olyni'pius (OXv/x-moc, i- e. Oli/mpiari), one of the chief epithets of the Greek deity Zeus, so called from -Mount Olympus in Thessaly, the abode of the gods (2 Mace, vi, 2). See Jupiter. Olympius, an Arian theologian of the 4th century, flourished at Constantinople. He is reputed to have been a very decided opponent …
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OMAR 365 OMAR splendid date-palms. The country is rich in mining wealth ; lead and gold are found in considerable quan- tity. See AK.VBIA ; Persia. O'mar (Heb, Omar', I'siX, eloquent; Sept. 'Q/iap), the second named of the seven sons of Eliphaz, son of Esau (Gen. xxxvi, 15 [comp. ver. 11]; 1 Chron. i, 3(5). who wer…
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Omar made his triumphant entry into Jerusalem to- wards the middle of the year 16 of the Hegira (A.D. 637). After conversing for a while with Sophronius, and addressing to him several questions on the antiqui- ties of the place, visiting the Church of the Resurrec- tion, and saying his prayers under its portico, he de-…
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upon which he stabbed himself, and soon after expired. Omar languished five days. He died on a Friday, in the month of Dhu-1-hajjah, A.H. 23, answering to the month of November, A.D. 644. He was buried on the following Saturday, close to the Prophet and Abu-Bekr, in a mosque which he had founded at Medina, where his to…
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Onibiasses, priests and soothsayers among the in- habitants of Madagascar (q. v.), who compound charms, whicli they sell to the people. Ombrius, a surname of Zeus, as the rain-rjiver, un- der which title he was worshipped on Mount Ilymettus, in Attica. OnabTwiri, a class of good and gentle spirits who are believed by…
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The belief in omens has existed in all ages and coun- tries, and traces of it linger even yet in the most civil- ized communities; in the dread, for instance, that many entertain at sitting down to table in a party of thirteen. Not a little of the philosophy of omens is contained in the Scottish proverb: "Them who foll…
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Omnipresence, another attribute of God alone, his ubiquity, or his presence in every place at the same time. This attribute may be argued from his infinity (Psa. oxxxix) ; his power, which is everywhere (Heb. i,3); his providence (Acts xvii, 27, 28), which supplies all. As he is a spirit, he is so omnipresent as not to…
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SCIEN'CE. Omophagia {wftocpayia, eating raw fesli), a cus- tom which was anciently followed at the celebration of the Dionysia (cj. v.) in the island of Chios, the Bac- chantes being obliged to cat the raw pieces of flesh of the victim which were distriljuted among them. From this act Dionysus also received the name o…
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ox 370 OX withdraw from his accomplices. Abendana's note is, ' Behold On is not mentioned again, for he was sepa- rated from their company after ]\Ioses spake with them. And our rabbins of blessed memory said that his wife saved him.' Josephus {Ant. iv, 2, 2) omits the name of On, bnt retains that of his father in t…
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After the age of the prophets we hear no more in Scripture of Heliopolis. Local tradition, however, points it out as a place where our Lord and the Virgin came, when Joseph brought them into Egypt, and a very ancient sycamore is shown as a tree beneath which they rested. The Jewish settlements in this part of Egypt, an…
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'~, - alleys of sphinxes, obelisks, etc., may be found in Strabo (xvii; Josephus, c. Apion. ii, 2), who says that the mural sculpture in it was very sim- ilar to the old Etruscan and Grecian works. In the tem- ple a bullock was fed — a sym- bol of the god Mnevis. The city suffered severely by the Persian invasion. Fro…
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Bishop Onderdonk himself never acknowledged that he was guilty of the offences imputed to him, but the care- ful and prolonged trial that had been afforded him re- vealed that he must have been frequently guilty of very gross immorality, the testimony depending upon parties whose character was unquestionable in every p…
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Ones'imus ('Qvi'iaipoc, projltable) is the name of the servant or slave in whose behalf Paul wrote the Epistle to Philemon (Phil. 10; Col. iv. 9). A.D. 58. He was a native, or certainly an inhabitant, of Colossie, since Paul, in writing to the Church there, speaks of him (Col. iv, 9) as oc; icriv t? vjxwv, "one of you.…
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We mistake if we consider that the occasion on which Paul interfered was really small. Throughout the Ro- man empire the number of the enslaved was perhaps seven times the number of the free. It was important that a practical exemplification should be given by Paul himself of the meaning of his own language, that in th…
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1. The son and successor of Jaddua, who entered on the office about the time of the death of Alexander the Great, B.C. cir. 330-309, or, according to Eusebius, 300 (Josephus, AtU. xi, 7, 7). According to Josephus he was father of Simon the Just {Ant. xii, 2, 4; comp. Ec- clus. 1, 1). See Simon. 2. The son of Simon the…
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The site of the city of Onias is to be looked for in some one of those to the northward of Heliopolis which are called Tell el-Yehud, "the Mound of the Jews," or TM el-i'ehudiyeh, "the Jewish Mound." Sir Gardner Wilkinson thinks that there is little doubt that it is one which stands in the cultivated land near Shibln, …
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ONION" 3/6 ONKELOS by the same author, nj'iJ^n '^3*11, or Ilodegetica in Mischnam (Leips. 1859), p. 40; Kaphall, Post-Biblical History of the Jews (N. Y. 18G6), ii, 181 sq. ; Edersheim, History of the Jewish Nation (Edinburgh, 1857), p. 127 sq. ; Griitz, Geschichte der Juden (Leips. 1863), iv, loo, 136; Dereubourg, …
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Onkelos, tiik Pkoselyte ("iMl OlbpJlX), son of Kalonymus (DI-^IIPp "3), is the supposed author of the celebrated Chaldee paraphrase of the Pentateuch called Targum Onkelos. We possess no certain data as to the time when he lived, but he is generally believed to have been a contemporary of Christ, or certainly of the ap…
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ni3:jni-i xspit^s (p. 23, s. v. '(r-^x, ed. niipowski, 1854) ; and by Dunash Ibn-Librat (born about 920, died about 980), in his polemical work against Menachem b.-Saruk's Hebrew Lexicon, who cites, with great ap- probation, Onkelos s rendering of ^"i? 15Ti1 (Gen.xlviii, 16, in-cixa -(Tajiin^n Dibp:ix uj-iib 2::in a:…
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In idiom Onkelos closely resembles Ezra and Daniel. The translation itself is executed in accordance with a sober and clear though not a slavish exegesis, and keeps closely to the text in most instances. In some cases, however, where tlie meaning is not clear, it ex- pands into a brief explanation or paraphrase, unitin…
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Onolatry ((Jr. woe, an ass. and Xarpiia, woishijii), a form of animal worship, of which there are obscure- traces in some ancient authors, chiefly as a slander ujion the Jews (Walch, De cultu usinino, Schleus. 1769). See Ass. Ononiacritiis, a celebrated religious poet of an- cient Greece, lived at Athens in the time o…
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is to show that, in relation to all these, the attainment of a system of speculative philosophy is impossible (Mansel, I'rolegom. Log. p. 272). In theology the ontological argument has been freely employed, especially in the Middle Ages, regarding the Being oj" God. St. Augustine used it, so did Boethius; but it was l…
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Onuphrius, Pan vinius, a celebrated Augustinian monk of Italy, was born in 1529 at Verona. He applied himself especially to the study of ecclesiastical history, and continued the Lives of the Popes, begun by Platina, which he published, with a dedication to pope Pius V, in 1566. The work had been printed before at Veni…
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ONYCIIOMANCY 381 OONSELL toire di's Drorjues (1094, pt. ii, p. 97). "Mansfield Par- kyiis," writes Mr. Hanbiiry, "in his Life in Abyssinia (i", 410), mentions amons the exports from Massowah a certain article called dufn, which he states is the operculum ol' a shell, and that it is nsed in Nubia as a perfume, being …
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But the more usual interpretatictn of the Hebrew word shoham is heryl. This is the rendering given by the Syriac, the Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan, and the Sept. in two places (Exod. xxviii, 20; xxxix, 13); and it is supported by Bellermann {Urim, p. 64), Winer {Real- Woiierbuch, i, 283, 4th ed.), Kosenmiiller {ut s…
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Oost, Jacob van, the Yoinoeu, son and pupil of the preceding, was born at Bruges in 1637. At twenty years of age his father sent him to Italy to com- plete his education, and, after having resided there sev- eral years, he returned to Flanders an able and accom- plished designer. He painted some pictures for the churc…
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2. A place in Central Palestine, in which was the house where Gehazi, Elisha's servant, stowed away the presents which he took from Naaman in the name of his master (2 Kings v, 24). See Gemazi; Naaman. In the Auth.Vers.it is wrongly rendered ''the tower;" margin, " the secret place," after the Sept. (to aKorn- v6v). As…
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OPHIR 384 OPHIR India, while Winer (Realw. s. v.), Fiirst (flebr. iind Chald. Handle, s. v.), Knobel {Volkertiifd der Gejiesis, p. 190), Forster (Geogr. of A rabiii, i, 161-167), Crawfurd (^Descriptire Dictionary of the Indian Islands, s. v.), and Kalisch (J'ommaitari/ on Genesis, chap. ' The Genealogy of Nations') …
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4. On the whole, then, India must be adopted as the most probable region of the Ophir of Solomon. The Sept. translators also appear to have understood it to be India, from rendering the word '2w(pip, '2ov(pip, i^io- 'pipci, which is the Egyptian name for that country. Champollion says that in the Coptic vocabularies In…
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So meagre is our information regarding the Ophites that it is difficult to give much of an exhibit of them or their doctrines. Their principles appear to have been a compound of the mysteries of Isis and of the involved fancies of Oriental mythology, mingled with corrupt notions of Christian historj' and doctrine. The …
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Cyprian mentions the Ophites (A/i. Ixxii, 4) ; and the last chapter but one of Irenasns's first book is sup- posed to have been written against thera and the Seth- ians (.4 dv. Hares, i, 30). Origen calls them " a very ob- scure sect," and denies that they were Christians, say- ing that " no person was allowed to join …
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2. The native place of Gideon (Judg. vi, 11); the scene of his exploits against Baal (ver. 24) ; his resi- dence after his accession to power (ix, 5), and the place of his burial in the ftimily sepulchre (viii, 32). In Ophrah also he deposited the ephod which he made or enriched with the ornaments taken from the Ishmae…
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to the king, "Madislaus IV, of Poland. He was closely engaged in historical researches, and was looking for- ward to the enjoyment of years of literary industry, when his career was cut short. He died Aug. 20, 1639, of the plague, caught from a beggar to whom he had given alms. Opitz was more honored by his contem- por…
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Oppenheimer, Eberhard Carl Friedrich, of Vienna, a convert to Christianity, an enthusiast and chiliast, flourished at Leipsic as tutor of the Hebrew language, and there he probably died after 1750. He wrote, Hodegus Ebrao-rabbinicus, a manual of the He- brew and Rabbinic language (Leipsic, 1731) : — Lied aller Lieder, …
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OPTATUS 389 OPTATUS unity of the Church, so impressively asserted by Cypri- an, and considered by him as of paramount importance (iii, 4). He looks upon the see of Kome as its outward manifestation, and entitled as such to the regard and obedience of all. He considers the catholicity of the Church as resulting from …
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filius Dei et sanctitati suae anteposuit et majestati") ; he points out various miracles in which faith was the acting principle (v, 8). He looks upon immersion, anointing, and the imposition of hands, which he finds portended in Christ's baptism (iv, 7), as parts of the sacrament of baptism. He denies the efficacy of …
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WlI.L. The philosophical discussions of which this contro- versy is the development are as old as philosophy itself, and form the groundwork of all the systems, physical as well as moral, whether of the Oriental or of the Greek philosoph}'; of Dualism, Parsism, and of the Christian Gnosticism and Maniclueism in the Ea…
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Opus (work), a term used in ecclesiastical art to designate several species of antique mosaics or similar intermixture of colors: e.g. Opus Anglicanum ("English work"), embroidery; Opus Alexandrinum ("Alexandrian work"), an invention of the Egyptians, or, as others say, made in the time of Alexander Severus, being a ki…
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Oracle occurs in several places in the Auth. Ver. as the rendering of the Heb. "I'^^'n, debir, ordinarily de- rived from "121, in the sense to say, speak ; i. e. the re- sponse or place of the voice of (iod. But the best critics understand it to mean properly a back-chamber, a back or west room, from ^3'^, to be behind…
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Among the heathen the term oracle was usually taken to signify an answer, generally conveyed in very dark and ambiguous terms, supposed to be given by dse- mous of old, either by the mouths of their idols or by those of their priests, to the people who consulted them. Oracle is also used for the daemon who gave the an…
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ORACLES (from the Latin oraculum) is a term of fluctuating and often vague signification, according to the various modes of its emploj'ment. Li its primary ac- ceptation it means an utterance inspired by a divinity ; and the terra may have originated from the supposition that the human mouth — os, oris — from which the…
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It is not simply that among savage tribes or classes of imperfect mental and moral discipline prophets con- stitute venerated and imiiortant meiribers of the loose organization ; but that their prophets always pretend antl are believed to he in direct communication with unearthly wisdom, and to bo specially commissione…
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The remarks already made will show that the first and second of these solutions are deemed unsatisfactorj--, and that the third is considered an incomplete interpre- tation of the enigma. It is not denied that imposture Avas common ; and tliis was fully recognised by the an- cients in the height of their belief in orac…
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habitual interpreters of their will, the exponents of their wisdom, and the accredited channels of communication with them. The last and highest office was not sepa- rated from the rest till the rest had sunk into such secondary importance as to be intrusted to the ordinary' acolytes of "the schools of the prophets," o…
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4. From the time of the Peloponnesian War the ora- cles ceased to exert any considerable influence over the more intelligent Greeks. They were still consulted, and •were treated with external respect. They might be employed for the furtherance of political and religious aims, and to operate on the multitude ; but there…
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Oral Confession (confessio oris). See Penitence. Oral Law. See Tradition. Oral Mauducation. See Lord's Supper; Sac- rament. Orale (from ora, a stripe), or Fanon, an ornament of the pope, introduced by pope Innocent HI (cir. 1200) as a substitute for the amict, which then began to be ORANDI DISCIPLINA 397 ORANGE (RI…
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"24. Excepts from this law those who had been pre- viously ordained, but forbids to confer any higher order upon them. "25. Forbids to elevate a person twice married to any higher degree than that of subdeacon. "26. Forbids the ordination of deaconesses in future, and directs that those actually ordained shall receiv…
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Development. — The first " Orange Lodge" was found- ed in the village of Loughgall, county Armagh, Sept. 21, 1795. The immediate occasion of the crisis was a series of outrages by which Roman Catholics were for- cibly ejected from their houses and farms, twelve or fourteen houses being sometimes, according to a disin- …
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Of the colonial offshoots of the Orange association, those of Canada have at all times been the most active and the most flourishing. The Canadian Orangemen, being, for the most part, Irish emigrants, carried with them all the bitterness of the domestic feud with the Koman Catholics. Outrages directed against Catholic …
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2. It stands for pijrwp, the title applied to Tertullus (q. v.), who appeared as the advocate ox patronus of the Jewish accusers of the apostle Paul before Felix (Acts xxiv, 1). The Latin language was used, and Roman forms observed in provincial judicial proceedings, as, to cite an obviously parallel case, Norman-Frenc…
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The name of Oratorios was given, some think, to these performances because they owed their birth to the Priests of the Oratory ; we are, however, as already stated, more inclined to derive the term from the place, the oratorio {oi-atorium, oratory or small chapel), in which they were first heard. But the word does not …
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Vh.— C c deserves mention. But the master of modern oratorios is Mendelssohn. Indeed, his greatest works are in this line of composition, as his *SY. Paul and Elijah. His great ambition was to reawaken an interest in the ora- torio, especially in Great Britain ; and since his day oratorios are performed on a large sca…
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The Priests of the Oratory in France were established on the motlel of those in Italy, and owe their rise to Pierre, afterwards cardinal de Berulle, a native of Champagne, who resolved upon this foundation in or- der to revive the splendor of the ecclesiastical state, which was greatly sunk through the miseries of the …
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Orchard is the rendering in the A. V. of S'^I'^Q, pardcs, nj)ark or garden planted witli trees (Eccles. ii, 5; Cant, iv, 14; "forest," Nch. ii, 8); and of olivetium ("orchard of olives"), an olive-yard (2 Esdr. xvi, 29). See Garden ; Olive-yard. Orchard, Nicholas, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born…
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b. Water-ordeal was performed either by plimging the bare arm up to the elbow in boiling water, and es- caping unhurt thereby, or by casting the person sus- pected into a river or pond of cold water, and if he rioated therein without any action of swimming, it was deemed an evidence of his guilt, but if he sank he was …
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The ordeals of water and iron are first mentioned in the 77th law of Ina (Wilkins, Leg. Anglo-Sax. p. 27). See also the laws of Athelstan, Edward the Con- fessor, and the Conqueror (ibid. p. 198, 229). In the Domesday Surrey the readiness of claimants to prove their title to land by ordeal or in battle occurs in a grea…
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Heathen Ordeals. — Among modern heathen nations we find the ordeal not unfrcquently in practice. Thus in Siam, besides the usual methods of fire and water ordeal, both parties are sometimes exposed to the fury of a tiger set upon them ; and if the beast spares either, that person is accounted innocent; if neither, both…
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Order, a word synonymous with method, is applied to any methodical or regular process of performing a thing. 1. Nothing can be more beautiful in religion and morals than order. The neglect of it exposes us to the inroads of vice, and often brings upon us the most per- plexing events. Whether we consider it in referenc…
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GreLiau Done. shaft of the column has twenty flutings, which are sep- arated by a sharp edge, and not by a fillet as in the other orders, and they are less than a semicircle in depth ; the moulding below the abacus of the capital is an ovolo; the architrave of the entablature is surmount- ed with a plain fillet called…
1,016 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.