PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 7
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,372,028 words · 1337 reading sections
Section 1261
Perfume (P'^y^, titter, n-itip, ketoretk). The strong and offensive exhalations of animal bodies in a hot climate nnist be regarded as the original cause of the high value (Prov. xxvii, 9) ascribed to perfumery, and its generally extended use (see Anoint; Oil; and comp. Plut. De hide, ch. 80), although luxury and self-…
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In secular life also, as above observed, the free use of perfumes was peculiarly grate- ful to the Orientals (Prov. xxvii, 9), whose olfactory nerves are more than usually sen- sitive to the offensive smells engendered by the heat of their climate (Burckhardt, Trav- els, ii, 85). The Hebrews manufactured their perfumes…
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■with his neighbors. He transmitted his principality to a nephew of the name of Eumenes, who increased the territorj' he had inherited, and even gained a vic- torj' over Antiochus, the son of Seleucus, in the neigh- borhood of Sardis. After a reign of twenty-two years, from B.C. 2G3 to 241, he was succeeded l)y his cou…
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umns, the splendid capitals, the cornices and pedi- ments, all in the highest ornament, are thrown into unsighth' heaps." As above noted, in Pergamos was one of the seven churches of Asia, to which the Apocalypse is addressed. This church is commended fur its fidelity and firmness in the midst of persecutions, and in …
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that the charge against a portion of the Pergamene Church that some among them were of the school of Balaam, whose policj' was "to put a stumbling-block before tiie children of Israel, by inducing them <paytiv liSioXvBvra Kai TTopviraai^! (Rev. ii, 14), is in both its particulars very inappropriate to the iEsculapian r…
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Periamma, a cross of gold that hung from the nock, and was a distinctive ornament of a bishop's dress. See Bishop. Periammata. See Phylactery. Periboleeon. See Pallium. Peribolon (Trepi'iSoXov), the outer enclosure of ancient Christian churches, being the utmost bounds allowed for refuge or sanctuary. See Asylum. P…
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2. The Egyptians made use of the Dog-star, Slria- cal, or Soihic Period, as it is variously called, to com- pare their civil year of 3G5 daj'S with the true or Julian year of 365j days. The period consequently consisted PERIODENT^ 950 PERISTERION of 1460 Julian years, corresponding to 1-161 Egj'ptian years, after t…
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Peripatetic Philosophy. See Peripatetics. Peripatetics was the name of a sect of philoso- phers at Athens who were tlie disciples of Aristotle. It is doubtful whether they received this name from the place where they were taught, called Perijiaion, in the Lyceum, or because they received the philosopher's lectures as …
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yet discovered, but apparently not far from Jerusa- lem, and hence probably on the south-western bound- ary of Ephraim) as their stronghold, and Adoni-bezek their most noted chief. Thus too a late tradition, pre- served in 2 Esdr. i, 21, mentions only " the Canaanites, the Pheresites, and the Philistines," as the origi…
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Perkins, Justin, D.D., a celebrated American missionary, labored among the Kestorians of Persia, and has not unapth' been called the "Apostle of Per- sia." He was born at West Springfield, Mass., March 12, 1805. He passed his j-outh on his father's farm, and when ready for higher studies went to Amherst College, where …
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PERKINS 953 PERKINS for the support of himself and family, he was ever ready to help the various causes of benevolence. He attended nearly all the quarterly and annual sessions of the Free-will Baptists in New Hampshire for sixty- five years. He was six times chosen a member of the American Free-will Baptist General…
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Perkins, William (2), a minister of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church, South, was born in Goochland County, Va., Aug. 2, 1800, and, in his own words, was PERL 954 PEROTTI "born again" Aug. 30, 1825. He was licensed to preach in 1828, serving tlie Cluircli in a local relation with great acceptabilitj' for twent)'-fiv…
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1 Perotti, Nicolas, an Italian prelate and philologist, was born at Sassoferrato, in Umbria, in 1430, He be- came professor in the LTniversity of Bologna, where he was educated. His translation of the first five books of Polybius, the only ones then known, recommended him to the ])rotection of pope Nicolas V, Shortly a…
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Perpent-Stone (Fr. Perpeifjne'), an architectural term, designates a large stone reaching through a wall so as to appear on both sides of it; the same as what is now usually called a bonder, bond-stone, or through, ex- cept that these are often used in rough -walling, while the term perpent- stone appears to have been …
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her perpetual virginity was expressed by any who be- lieved that Christ was born of a virgin (Isa. vii, 14; Luke i, 27) until the 4th century. It was then, after ApoUinaris had denied the Blessed Virgin to be the real mother of the Word Incarnate, that some were led on to the denial of her perpetual virginity. These we…
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BOKX. Another argument of the Antidicomarians was drawn from the mention made of the brethren of our Lord (Matt, xii, 46 ; John vii, 5), from which they inferred that these brethren were the children of our Lord's mother by her marriage with Joseph ; but (1) these brethren may have been the children of Joseph by a for…
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Perrault, Nicolas, a French theologian, was bom in Paris about 1611. Having been received doctor of the Sorbonne in 1052, lie was one of the seventy doctors excluded with Arnauld on the charge of Jansenism, Jan. 31, 1056. Perrault died at Paris in 1001. He pub- lished only. La JMorale des Jesuites,extraitesfid'element …
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tian supported hy two Saints. See Spooner, Biof/. Hist. of the Fine A rts, ii, 677. Perrier, Guillaunie, a painter and engraver, nephew and scholar of the preceding, flourished about the middle of the 17th century, and died in 1G55. His works are executed in the style of his uncle. Among his princi|)al jiictures are t…
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lies on both sides. His parents, having been educated in the principles of Calvin, retired to Geneva ; and settled afterwards in the canton of Berne, where he was born, Nov. 25, 1556. His father, who was a man of learning, instructed him till he was ten years of age, and taught him mathematics and Latin. Young Per- ron…
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Mr. D'Ossat to Rome, to negotiate Henry's reconcilia- tion to the holy see ; which at lengtli he effected, to the satisfaction of the king, but not of his subjects — that part of them at least w ho were zealous for Galli- can liberties, and thought the dignity of their king compromised upon this occasion (see Jervis, i…
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Perrone, Cardinal. See Perron. Perrone, Giovanni, a noted Italian Jesuit, one of the ablest of modern Homanist theologians, was born in 1794, in Chieri, Piedmont. After studying in the college of Iiis native city, he finished his theo- logical course in the University of Turin, where he was finally received doctor. At…
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Perronet, Vincent, an English divine of the 18th century, noted for his association with the Wes- leys, and the service he rendered to Methodism in the days of its first establishment, was born of Swiss- French parentage about 1700. He was educated at Oxford University. After taking holy orders, he was given the parish…
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PERRY 962 PERRY to Alabama, ^vhore they would be better cared for, to en- ter the Southern army as fhai)laiii. He thus spent the eventl'iil years of 1802 and 1803, sharing the hardships of the Vic-ksburj,' sie<;e. Having resigned his chaiilain- cv. he was appointed, in 18(54, a missionary to Johnson's army. In 18Go,…
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Perry, Joseph, a Congregational minister, was born about 1733, and was educated at Harvard College, class of 1752. He entered the holy ministry, and be- came minister of East Windsor, Conn., where he died in 1783. He published, Sermon on the Death of R. Wvl- cott (17G3) -.—Sermon on the Death of N. Hooker (1771) : — El…
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it may arbitrate, but these sentences it can enforce only by spiritual inducements. Coercive jurisdiction it has none; and if any such jurisdiction be assigned it, it be- comes so far a minister of the civil authority which makes the assignation ; and so far it leaves its own . sphere and becomes a temporal power. Temp…
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Komanism has alone stood out in the Christian Church supplying an interpretation of the Scrip- tures which I'rotcstantisui has as steadfastly discard- ed. Popes and Church councils have rejieatedly de- clared the extermination of heretics a duty, and pro- nounced execrable and diininable all opinions to the contrary ; …
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PERSECUTIONS OF CHRISTIANS 965 PERSECUTIONS OF CHRISTIANS is a cordial approbation of the use of the sword against the Albigenses and their fellows, who dared to mar the unity of the Church. The late dean Hurter retained the presidency of the Protestant clergj' at Sehaffhausen for many years after he wrote his Life of…
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(1.) The persecution under Nero, A.D. G4, when that emperor, having set fire to the city of Rome, threw the odium of that execrable action on the Christians. First, those were apprehended who openly avowed themselves to be of that sect; then by them were discovered an immense multitude, all of whom were convicted. Thei…
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(G.) The next jiersecution began with the reign of the emperor iMaximinus, A.D. 2:!;'), and seems to have arisen from that prince's hatred of his predecessor, Al- exander, in whose family many Christians had found shelter and patronage. Though this persecution was very severe in some places, yet we have the names of o…
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Coin of Maxiniiau to commemorate the Extirpaiiou ol' eUiiisiianity. verse is the figure of Jupiter Tonans, in nearly the same attitude, and with the same legend as the former, but Iiaving his head covered. In the prostrate figure the serpentine part of the legs is not distinct, and it has on the whole more of a human …
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Upon a subject thus enforced by precept and ex- ample, it is not to be supposed that the first converts, deriving their notions of Ciiristianity immediately from our Lord or his apostles, could have any opinion dif- ferent in theory, at least, from that which has been now established. Accordingly we find that the prim-…
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PERSECUTIONS OF CHRISTIANS 969 PERSECUTIONS OF CHRISTIANS same purpose. The Invincible Armada, as it was vainly called, had the same end in view. The Inquisition, which was established in the 12th century against the Waldenses [see Isqi-isition], was now mure effectually set to work. Terrible persecutions were carried…
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But all these persecutions were far exceeded in cru- elty hj' those which took place in the time of Louis XIV. It cannot be pleasant to any man's feelings, who has the least humanity, to recite these dreadful scenes of horror, cruelty, and devastation ; but to show what superstition, bigotry, and fanaticism are capable…
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Nor was the reign of Elizabeth free from this per- secuting spirit. If any one refused to consent to the least ceremony in worship, he was cast into prison, where many of the most excellent men in the land per- ished. Two Protestant Anabaptists were burned*, and many banished. She also, it is said, put two Brownists to…
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0. Scntlnnd, Spain, etc. — Besides the above-men- tioned persecutions, there have been several others car- ried on in different parts of the world. Scotland, for PERSEPHONE 971 PERSEPOLIS man}' j'ears together, was the scene of cruelty and bloodshed, till it was delivered by the monarch at the Revolution. Spain, It…
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at the suggestion of the courtesan Thais, to revenge the taking of Athens by Xerxes, but this story probably rests on the sole authority of Cleitarchus (Cleitarch. ap. A then, xiii, p. 576 e; Diod. Sic. xvii, 71, 2, 3; 72, 6; Plutarcli, in A lex. 38 ; Quint. Curt, v, 7, 3). According to some authors, tlie whole city, a…
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double semi-bull. Behind the Hall of Xerxes was the so-called Hall of Hundred Columns, to the south of which are indications of another structure, which Fergusson terms the Central Edifice. Next along the west front stood the Palace of Darius, and to the south the Palace of Xerxes, measuring about 8(5 feet square, simi…
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Perseus, the name of a Grecian character in my- thology, was the son of Zeus and Danae, and grand- son of Acrisius. Acrisius had been warned by an oracle that he should be killed by the hand of the son of Danai', so he shut her up in a brazen tower. Zeus visited her there in the form of a shower of gold, and became the…
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mutability of the decree of election, flowini:^ from'the free and unchangeable love of God the Father; upon the efficac}' of the merit and intercession of Jesus Christ ; the abidini? of the Spirit, and of the seed of God within them: and the nature of the covenant of grace — from all which ariseth also the certainty' a…
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consistencj' and backsliding, and also that those cases in which seeming Christians abandon their Christian profession and hope altogether, are explained by the declaration that the conversion in such cases was a spurious one. The Calvinists go even so far as to claim that " the difference between Arminian and Cal- vin…
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1. "Persia" was strictly the name of a tract of no verj' large dimensions on the Persian Gulf, which is still known as Fars, or Farsiston, a corruption of the ancient appellation. This tract was bounded on the west by Susiana or Elam, on the north bj' ISIedia, on the south by the Persian Gulf, and on tiie east by Car- …
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PERSIA 976 PERSIA easterl}' diroction, ramifving into numerous paral- lel cliaiiis, wliicli traverse the west and south of the country, coverinii; it tor a width of from 100 to 330 miles. At its soiitli-eastern extremit}^ this chain joins the Jebel-Ahad, whicli runs eastward through the cen- tre of the jirovince of …
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II. Inhabitants. — 1. Classification of the Population. — Herodotus tells us that the Persians were divided into ten tribes, of which three were noble, three agricultu- ral, and four nomadic. The noble tribes were the Pasargadas, who dwelt, probably, in the capital and its immediate neighborhood ; the Maraphians, who a…
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Ancient Persian Kina: on liis Throne. (From the Per- sepolitan Moiniments.) that the king might relent towards a favorite, they pressed upon him this constitutional maxim, "Sign the writing, that it be not changed, according to the law of the Medes and Persians, which altereth not." As the king solemnly admitted the m…
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Persian Huutiug Scene, King and Attendants. (Rock Sculpture at Tahkt-i-Bostan.) PERSIA 979 PERSIA itais, shafts, etc., of beautiful workmanship. The pil- lars are arranged in four divisions — a central group six deep every way, aa advanced body of twelve in two ranks, and the same number flanking the centre (Sir R.…
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The character of the original Persian worship was simple. They were not destitute of temples, as Herod- otus asserts (Herod, i, 131 ; comp. Beli. Inscr. col. i, par. 14, § 5) ; but they had probably few altars, and cer- tainly no images. Neither do they appear to have had any priests. Processions were formed, and relig…
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Under his son and successor, Cambyses III, the con- quest of Egypt took place (B.C. 525), and the Persian dominions were extended southward to Elephantine and westward to Euesperid;e on the North-African coast. This prince appears to be the Ahasuerus of Ezra (iv, 6), who was asked to alter C\'rus"s policy towards the J…
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Xerxes, the eldest son of Darius by Atossa, daughter of Cyrus, and the first son born to Darius after he mounted the throne, seems to have obtained the crown in part by the favor of his father, over whom Atossa exercised a strong influence, in part by right, as the eldest male descendant of Cyrus, the founder of the em…
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The Sassanian kings raised Persia to a height of power and prosperity such as it never before attained, and more than once imperilled the existence of the East- ern empire. The last king was driven from the throne by the Arabs (A.D. 6oO), who now began to extend their dominion in all directions; and from this period ma…
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just and equitable ; road;;, bridges, caravanfaries, and other conveniences for trade were constructed at im- mense expense, and the improvement and ornamenta- tion of tile towns were not neglected. Ispahan more than doubled its population during his reign. His tolerance was reniarkabla, considering both tlie opin- ion…
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IV. Literature. — The sources of information regard- ing the ancient Persian history are : 1. Tlie Jewish, to be elicited chiefly from the books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther, of which something has been said. 2. Grecian writers. Of these, Ctesias availed himself of the Persian annals, but we have only extracts from hi…
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medan inhabitants we shall only remark that they are Shiites (q. v.) of the sect of Ali, and have among them some remains of the ancient iMagi, with a sect of mod- ern intidels called Sujis (q. v.). See Buchanan, Research- es, p. 167-170 ; Yeates, Indian Church History, p. 40-47 ; Life if the Per. II. Martyn ; London M…
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There are two Persian versions of the Gospels, one of which is printed in the London Pohjglot from a MS. belonging to Pococke, written in the year 1341. Its source is the Peshito, as internal evidence abundantly shows. It was published in Latin by Bode (Helmstiidt, 1751). The other version was made from the original Gr…
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PERSONALITY 986 PERSONALITY is substance thus affected with personality? Analogy in such a matter cannot lead us tlirouah the difhculty. for God is one, and such a test is an im|)(issibility lor want of any true means of comparison. Yet thus much mav be said : So far as it reaches, analogy shows that the personality…
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certain attrilnites or properties. Three persons are not thus three j)arts of one God, nor are they three Gods; nor yet are Father, Son, and Spirit oiAy three names, but distinct hypostases with characteristic at- tributes. In modern times, especially in (ierniany, and through a prevalent philosophical mysticism, opini…
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Personati, an ecclesiastical term, which does not occur earlier than the 11th century, came into use after tlie time of Alexander III, and designates (1) Persons, canons holding office with precedence in chapter and choir after dignitaries, either bj- institution or custom. A dignitary was also a person because his per…
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Pertusati, Francesco, Count, an ascetic Italian author, was born in JMilan May 9, 1741. The son of a senator of Milan, he was educated among the Jesuits, for some time wore their habit, and never ceased to be attached to them. He divided his leisure between the education of his children and the direction of works of ch…
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The hi/drof/raphg of Peru may be said to bo divided into three systems— those of Lake Titicaca, the Pacific, and the Amazon. All the great rivers of Peru are trib- utaries of the Amazon. HI. ProdiictioiiK, f-'.rports and Imports, Revenue, etc. — The wealth and resources of Peru consist, not in man- ufactures, but enti…
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that he and his wife were children of the Sun, and were sent liy the glorious Inti (the Sun) to instruct the sim- ple tribes. He is said to have carried with him a golden wedge, or, as it is sometimes called, a wand. Wherever this wedge, on being struck upon the ground, should sink into the earth, and disappear forever…
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The na/ional policy of the Peruvians had its imper- fections and drawbacks, and though capable of unlim- ited extension, it was not capable of advancement. It was in the last degree conservative, and was of such a nature that the introduction of reform in any vital par- ticular must have overturned the whole constituti…
922 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.