PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 7
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,372,028 words · 1337 reading sections
Section 661
and Irish families, as well as Scotch, it is not strange that their manners and customs gave great offence to their Presbyterian neighbors, and indeed there was much that was objectionable. It terminated in a short time ; the society was dissolved ; the property was sold at an enormous loss ; the buildings were pulled …
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Owen, William, a Congregational minister, was born in Pembrokeshire, Wales, Oct. 23, 1844, and was educated at the Congregational Memorial College, Brecon, from 1868 to 1870. He was ordained for the ministry at Coalburgh, Ohio, in September, 1870, and became pastor of the Congregational society in that place. Too sever…
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Arabian Night-Heron. OWL 499 OX The barn-owl is still sacred in Northern White Owl. 3. Kippoz (fiSBp, "great owl," Isa. xxxiv, 15) has been variously supposed to designate the hedge-hog, otter, osprey, bittern, and owl. Gesenius {TJiesaur. p. 1226), with Bochart, deriving the word from the root TEp, kuphaz', to d…
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7. Tse'med, ^^'2, from the root TOIJ, to subject to the yoke ; hence a pair or yoke, as of asses, Judg. xix, 10 ; ox 500 OX 2 Sam. xvi, 1 ; even of horsemen, as Isa. xxi, 7, 9 ; and also of oxtn, as 1 Sam. xi, 7; Job i, 3; xlii, 12. See Yoke. 8. Shor, "iVJ, from a root denoting to he strong or hold. It is a genera…
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Syrian Ox. There are now fine cattle in Egypt; but the Palestine cattle appear to have deteriorated, in size at least, since Biblical times. "Herds of cattle," says Schubert (Oriental Christian Spectator, April, 1853), "are seldom to be seen ; the bullock of the neighborhood of Jeru- salem is small and insignificant ;…
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Oxenbridge, John, a celebrated English Noncon- formist, for some time minister in this country, was born at Daveutry, England, Jan. 30, 1609. He was educated at Oxford, and also at Cambridge, and at the last uni- versity he took his degree in 1631. He was tutor of Magdalen Hall, Oxford ; but was deprived of this posi- …
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stiern's influence, assisted b}- the queen-mother, that Gustavus Adolphus gave up contracting what in those days would have been considered a mesalliance with Ebba Brahe, and married the gentle and beautiful Marj' Eleonore, a princess of the house of Brandenburg, which proved a mutually happj' union. In 1613 (Jan. IG),…
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OXFORD, COUNCILS OF 503 OXFORD, COUNCILS OF successor (1649). Oxenstiern, averse to a foreigner as sovereign, remonstrated most strenuously against sucii a step as unworthy of her talents, and fraught with evils for the country. She for the time desisted, un- derwent in 1050 coronation, and for a while manifested more…
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3. Forbids bishops, archdeacons, and deans to take any- thing for collations or institutions to benelices. 6. Orders the celebration of the nocturnal and dinrnal ofBce, and of all the sacrameuts, especially those of bap- tism and of the altar. 7. Forbids priests to say mass more than once in the same day, except at C…
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6. Relates to the duty of archdeacons iu visitation. 7. Relates to marriage. 8. Relates to penance. Orders the priest to consider carefully the particular circumstances of each sin, to re- ceive confessions, especially those of women, in some open place; to consult the bishop, or some discreet men, in doubtful cases,…
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— Johnson, Eceles. Canons; Labbe, Cone, xi, 2089; Wil- kins, Cone, iii, 311. Oxford Tracts, a term applied to certain writ- ings of a clerical party in the Church of England which began to form itself at the University of O.x- ford ill 1833, and which has grown into what is now known as Anglo - Catholicism, Sacramenta…
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While this little circle of devout ascetics was forming itself and shaping its ideal, the spirit of reform in the political world was moving in the opposite direction. The inherent rights of the bishops were in danger of being undermined. The Tractarians determined to stand in the breach. Their first endeavor was to in…
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Thirty-nine Articles had always been looked upon as a breastwork against all the errors of popery. This breast^vork was now riddled through and through, and a free way opened for the influx of the whole host of papal errors. Shortly after the appearance of tract 90 Oxford became alarmed. A session of the university aut…
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Tractarian Doctrine. — The basal principle of the sys- tem is salvation through the sacraments. The formal principle is the exclusive authoritj' of the visible Church. But what of the Protestant principle of justi- cation by faith'? Faith, so teaches Pusey, does not justify, but simply brings us to God, who freely just…
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OZANAM 508 PABLO and Sj'riac stiulies were begun. From 1816 to 1826 he hclil the rectorv of Scawton, in tlie North Riding of Yoriisiiire, for the Rev. Thomas "W'orsloy, afterwards master of Downing. In 1830 the archbisiiop of York presented him to the rectorj' of Molesworth, Hunts. He died Jan. 30, 1854. Mr. Oxlee, …
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Ozi'as (O^iV/r), the Grcecized form of the name of three Hebrews. 1. UzziAH (q. v.), king of Judah (Matt, i, 8, 9). 2. Uzzi (Ezra vi, 4), one of the ancestors of Ezra (2 Esdr. i, 2). 3. The son of Micha of the tribe of Simeon, one of the " governors" of Bethulia. in the historv of Judith (Jud. vi, 15, 16, 21; vii, 2…
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Pacca, Bartolomeo, an Italian prelate of note in secular and ecclesiastical history, was born at Bene- vento Dec. 15, 1756, of a noble family. After studying at the college in Naples and at the Clementine College in Rome, he entered in 1778 the ecclesiastical school which Pius \l had just then founded. I'acca here gain…
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Paccori, Ambroise, a French theologian, was born at Ceaulce in 1649, of verj^ humble parentage. Am- bitious as a youth, he made his way to collegiate train- ing in the high school of his native place, and he tinal- ly became its director. In 1706 he removed to Paris, and gave himself to authorship. He died at Paris Feb…
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Pachamama, a name of the goddess of the earth among the ancient Peruvians. Pacheco, Francisco, a noted Spanish painter, was born at Seville in 1571, of a good and influential family. An uncle of his was canon of the cathedral of Seville, and is distinguished as a divine and poet. Afforded all the advantages of culture…
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Pachomius (nrtY''V"'c), as Socrates and Palladi- us write the name, or Pachumius (n«xo'V"oc) (1), or "the Elder," according to the author of Vita Pa- chiimii, was an Egyptian ascetic of the 4th century, and one of the founders, if not pre-eminently the founder, of the regular cloister life. See Moxasti- ciSM. "The resp…
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Monk of the Order ol St. Pachomius, letters of the Greek alphabet. They lived three in a cell. They ate in common, but in strict silence, and with the face covered. They made known their wants l)y signs. The sick were treated with special care. On Saturday and Sunday the monks partook of the com- munion. Pachomius als…
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Pachomius (2), distinguished as " the Younger." Among the histories pulilished by Heribert Eosweyd (Vitoi Patruni [Antvv. 1G15, fol.], p. 233) is one of a certain Posthumius of Memphis, father (i. e. abbot) of five thousand monks. The MSS. have Pachomius in- stead of Posthumius. The truth of the whole history is, howev…
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PACIAUDI 514 PACKARD great scholarship or originality, nor anything striking in the writings of Pacianus. What we still possess of them were tirst brought out by Tilius (Paris, 1537, 4to). Next came Galland in his Bibliotheca Patrum, vii. 257-27G ; and likewise the Hibl. Put?: maxima Lvfj- dunensis, vol. iv, and Mig…
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Pack, Otto vo:n, the noted chancellor of duke George of Saxony, deserves our attention as the discov- erer of a plot made in 1527 to eradicate all traces of Protestantism in Germany by a united effort of the Romish princes of the country. A careful investiga- tion failed to reveal the necessary proof of such a plot, an…
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Pa'dail (Heb. Paddan', '^n'S, field; Sept. in full, MffTOTTorajuia rt/c "S-vpiaq; Vulg. Mesopotamia') occurs in (jen. xlviii, 7, for Pai>ax-Aram. Pa'dan-A'ram (Heb. Paddan'-A ram', D1X~'|'nQ, the, field [or flat country] of Syria, i. e. Mesopotamia — only in Genesis; Sept. j) MecroTrorrtjuia 'S.vpiac, Gen. XXV, 20; xx…
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Paddock, James H., a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born in Sussex Co., N. J., Aug. 28, 1839. We are unable to gather any authentic in- formation concerning his early life. In 1859 he expe- rienced religion, and joined the Methodist Protestant Church. His conversion was remarkable. He imme- diatel}' be…
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Padovaiio, Antonio and Giovanni, two old painters, probably brothers, to whom Morelli attributes the works in the church of S. Giovanni Battista (see the next article). In his Notizia, Morelli says that fornier- Ij' there was the following inscription on one of the gates, "Opus Johannis et Antonii de Padua;" for which…
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ed by the principle of love to God. As this is the very cardinal principle of Christianity, pedagogics must be regarded as entering into vital relations with theo- logical ethics ; while catechetical instruction in re- ligion, which constitutes an element of popular educa- tion among Christian nations generally, brings…
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tory of general education). Talmudic Judaism provided an organized system of schools for the rabbins. From these were developed real schools of learning, and facili- ties of a remarkable pedagogical order were afforded by them for the different so-called learned professions [s; e the articles Slua, Pumbudita, etc.]. Du…
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Christianity has a different ideal in education. In- stead of giving a one-sided attention to the intellectual, political, and national relations sustained by man, it seeks to cultivate a complete character, that shall be developed in every direction, and that receives its pro- foundest moral determination from the con…
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Luther, with his profound sense of what the people needed, was the first to raise the school for the people to the position of a national institution, and thereby to become the founder of the common-school system of Germany (comp. bis excellent address to the German nobility in 1520, Schrift an die Rathsherren aller St…
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The prevalent theories of education were, of course, not without influence upon the philosophical and ethical views of the great poets, and especially the philosophers. The influence of Kant, with his " categorical impera- tive" (the good is to be sought for its own sake), was especially powerful in the tield of ethics…
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2. The second part of pedagogical science relates to the develo[)ment of a system of education, on the basis of the foregoing history. Its first duty would be, per- haps, to describe the end sought, which must be the cul- tivation of the ethical principle, after which attention must be given to the subject who is to be…
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Tills idea of the familj^ bearing so plainly in the Old Testament the mark of divine origin and approv- al, appears also in the New Testament, and, in the transitional fulfilment of the Old Testament in the religion of Christ, it passed into Christianity and the Christian Cliurcli also. It appears at first, of course, …
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PJEDOBAPTISM 523 Pu^DOBAPTISM cumcised because lie was holy, not to make him holy ; and if children were baptized at the time, it was be- cause they were holy, or consecrated by their birth in the believing family, not to make them holy ; so that, even though children were baptized, their baptism would not be the gr…
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(c) The presence of the idea ov principle upon which infant baptism is grounded, we may say, is an indis- putable yac< in the New Testament; the evidence of the actual jjractice of infant baptism can onlj' be said to amount to a ver?/ strong pj-obability or a moral cer- tainty. All Baptists assert that there is no grou…
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Irenaius (about A.D. 125-190), a disciple of P0I3'- carp, who was a disciple of the apostle John, in his Adversus Ilcereses, lib. ii, 22, 4, says: "Omnes enim venit per semet ipsum salvare ; omnes, inquam, qui per eum renascuntiir in Deum, infantes, et parvulos, et pueros, et juvenes, et seniores" (For he came to save …
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From the time of Tertullian's De Baptismo, refer- ences to the baptism of children are frequent and un- equivocal, establishing the fact that it was a recog- nised rite in the Church at the time, and was a com- mon though not universal practice. Origen (A.D. 185-253) was himself baptized soon after his birth, and in hi…
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Pseuula. See Planeta. Peeonia, the healing goddess, a surname of A thene, under which she was worshipped at Athens. See Mi- nerva. Paez, Gaspar, a Spanish missionary, was born at Covilha, Andalusia, in 1582. He early became a mem- ber of the Society of Jesus, and was sent as a missionary first to Goa, then to Abyssin…
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Pagaiialia is the name of an annual Roman fes- tival, celebrated by the inhabitants of each of the pagi or districts into which the country' was divided from the time of Numa. Paganelli, Niccolo, an Italian painter, was born at Faenza in 1538, and died in 1620. It is not known under whom he studied, but, according to …
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The relation of the Christian Church to the vari- ous forms of paganism, or, better, polytheism, which it has sought to supplant, and continues seeking to supplant, is a subject of great importance to the stu- dent of ecclesiastical history. But we have not suffi- cient room to enter here into a detailed account of pa-…
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the empire, its official religion, with which Christians came into fatal conflict almost by accident. This official religion had more of the rising eclecticism in it than of the old decaying poh'theism, but it was little concerned with moral or theological principles, its one prominent requirement being tho recognition…
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IV. Pagan P/rilosophg and Christianity. — Apart from the ruling powers of the empire, and from those classes which formed the bulk of the nations composing it, there was also a considerable class of highly educated men, especially in Rome and Alexandria, on whom old- fashioned polytheism had no hold, but who yet set th…
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PAGAS^US 530 PAGE A.D. CIinONOI.OGIOAL TABLE OF TAGAN PKUSECUTIONS. 64-63 L'lidei- Nero: Martyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul (TertuU. Apol.y; Eiiseb. Hist. Keel, ii, 25). 95-96 Under Uomilian : Bimishmeut of St. John (Eu- seb. Hint. Ecel. iii, IT-IS). 104-117 Under Trajan: Martyrdom of St. Ignatius (Eu- seb. Hist.…
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Page, Samitel, an English divine who flourished in the first half of the 17th century as vicar of Dept- ford, and died in 1630, is noted as the author of a num- ber of sermons which are read to this day for their elegance of style. He also wrote several theological treatises (Lond. 1609-39). See Athen. Oxon. (see Index…
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Pa'giel (Heb. Pof/iel', ^X'^i'^Q, chance or event of God; Sept. <I>rty(f;/\, Numb, i, 13; elsewhere $ay£>y\), son of Ocran, and chief man of the tribe of Asher at the time of the Exode, appointed with others to com- mand in war (Numb, i, 13; ii, 27; vii, 72, 77; s, 26). B.C. 1658. Pagit (or Paget), Ephraim, an English…
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Pagoda (according to some, a corruption of the Sanscrit word bhdgavata, from bhagavat, sacred ; but according to others a corruption of put-gada, from the Persian put, idol, and gada, house) is tlie name of cer- tain Hindu temples, which are among the most remark- able monuments of Hindu architecture. Though the word i…
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Sequol Pagoda, Rangoon, Burmah. " The pagodas in Burmah," says Mr. Boardman, " are the most prominent and expensive of all the sacred buildings. They are solid structures, built of brick, and plastered. Some of them arc gilt throughout, whence they are called (/olden pagodas. The largest pagoda in Tavoy is about fifty…
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Pa'hath-Mo'ab (Ileb. Pach'ath Moah', nns '2'^^'Ci. governor \\it. j) a sha'\ of Moah ; Sept. ^au9 [v. r. «I>a/\c/3, etc.] Mwa/3; Vulg. Phahath-Moah, "governor of Moab"), the head of one of the chief houses of the tribe of Judah, who signed his name to the sacred cov- enant of Nehemiah (Neh. x, 14). B.C. 410. "As we rea…
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Paila is, according to the Puninas (q. v.), one of the disciples of Vyasa (q. v.), the reputed arranger of the Vedas (q. v.) ; he was taught by the latter the Rig- Veda, and, on his (ifirt, communicated this knowledge to B.Tsh- kali and ludrapramati. This tradition, therefore, im- plies that Paila was one of the earlie…
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Qualifications of Officers, and on the numerous Evils arising to the Revenue from the Insufficiency of the pres- ent Sa'aries (1772). The ability displaj'ed in this his first prose composition induced one of the commission- ers of excise to give him a letter of introduction to Benjamin Franklin, then in London as a dep…
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himself chiefly in mechanical speculations. In 1787 he eml)arked for France, and, after visiting Paris, ■went to England, vith a view to the prosecution of a project relative to the construction of an iron bridge, of his own invention, at Kotherham, in Yorkshire. This scheme involved him in considerable difficulties ; …
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Works. — As a writer Paine has sometimes been compared with Gibbon (q. v.). Both wrote on relig- ion, philosophy, and politics. But these two authors are so very unlike each other that they should be com- pared only as extremes of the same general school. The freethinker Paine is a character of a very different kind fr…
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A book so easily confuted as Paine's Age of Reason did not, of course, remain long unanswered. Bishop Watson's and Thomas Scott's responses are now the best known ; but we may add to these names those of J. Achincloss, Elias Boudinot, John Disney, Samuel Drew, J. P. Estlin, David Levi, W. McNeil," Thomas Meek, Michael …
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Female Eye ornamented with Kohl. (1. From a mod- ern specimen, 2. From the Paintings on the Egyptian Monuments.) PAINT 538 PAINTING (Juv. ii, 94, " Obliqua producit acu ;" Pliny, Ep, vi, 2). The term used for the application of the dj-e was, as above noted, L-(ichdl,^'to smear;" and llabbinical writ- ers described …
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Painting. We have no means of knowing what progress the art of painting made among the ancient Hebrews, as it is generally supposed that all pictures and images were forbidden by the Mosaic law (Lev. xxvi, 1 ; Numb, xxxiii, 52). In later times their prin- cipal houses were beautifully painted with vermilion (Jer. xxii,…
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"It is probable that the artists in Egypt who painted on wood were in higher estimation than mere decora- tors, as was the case in Greece, where 'no artists were in repute but those who executed pictures on wood, for nei- ther Ludius nor any other wall painter was of any re- nown.' The Greeks preferred movable pictures…
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was born at Romorantin, in Low Blesois, in 1G2G. Be- longing to a family which had early and fervently em- braced ihe liefurnied theology, Claude Pajon was edu- cated with great care in order that he might prove faithful to the good cause, and when he decided to en- ter the work of the ministry he was sent to the theo-…
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Pakkuoth. See Gourd. Pakuda, Bachja ben-Joseph, ibn-, a noted Jew- ish moralist, lived between A.D. 1050 and 1100. Noth- ing is known of his personal history, not even when and where he was born, nor how and where he was edu- cated. But he is distinguished as the author of a work in Arabic, known in Hebrew under the n…
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The particulars which have been given under the head House (q. v.) require only to be aggrandized to convey a suitaljle idea of a palace; for the general ar- rangements and distribution of parts are the same in the palace as in the house, save that the courts are more numerous, and with more distinct appropriations, t…
913 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.