PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 10
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,500,482 words · 1483 reading sections
Section 61
Svakons, in Lettish mythology, were soothsayers who foretold fortunes from tlame and the smoke of a light. Svalgoni, in Lettish mythology, were priests who understood nuptial ceremonies, examined bridegrooms and brides who were about to marry, tied the conjugal knot, and pronounced the blessing upon them in the name o…
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Sverga Divi, in Hindu mythology, is a section of genii who execute the immediate commands of Lidra, the Indian sun-god. They seem not to have a large form, since they often ask human help in order to defend them against the Assurs, or evil genii. Sviartovit (Slavic, ho/y warrior'), the most cele- brated deity of the a…
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S'wain, Nathan, a Methodist Episcopal minister, was born in 1767, and converted when fourteen years of age. In 1799 he was admitted on trial in the Phila- delphia Conference, in 1801 admitted into full connec- tion and ordained deacon, and in 1803 ordained elder. He continued effective, with the exception of two years,…
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So Ovid (Fast, ii, 853), "Prajnimtia veris hirundo." The species of Syria and Palestine, so far as they The Swift (t pbdus 02>iis). are known, appear all to be the same as those of Eu- rope. The following are the most abundant : \. Cypse- lus apus, the common swift or black martin, distin- guished by its larger size,…
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blue, the upper and back parts of a dark but brilliant indigo. It is allied to the corn-crake, and is the largest and most beautiful of the family Rallida'. being larger than the domestic fowl. From the extraordinary length of its toes, it is enabled, lightly treading on the flat leaves of water-plants, to support itse…
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S'wan, Samuel, a Presbyterian minister, was born in the island of Dominica, Nov. 30, 1798. While Sam- uel was a child his father returned to his native coun- try, Scotland. Here the son received a liberal educa- tion, completing his course at the Glasgow University. At the age of nineteen he came with the family to Phi…
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Swearing (some form of fl^X or "3'^", o/"''7'0) is an appeal to God in attestation of the truth of what one says, or in conlirmation of what one promises or un- dertakes. The Latin term is jusjuntndum or juramen- tiitn. Cicero (De Officiis, iii. 29) correctly terms an oath a religious affirmation ; that is, an affirmat…
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The form of swearing by Jehovah, always the most usual oath (see above), was very simple—" The Lord do this or that to me if I swear falsely" (Ruth i, 17 ; 2 Sam. iii, 9, 35; 1 Kings ii, 23; 2 Kings vi, 31),or "As Jeho- SWEARING 49 S^YEARING vah liveth" (miTi in, or d^l-l'^X "^n, Ruth iii, 13; Jiulg. viii, 19; 2 Sa…
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The levity of the Jewish nation in regard to oaths, though reproved by some of their doctors (Otho, Lex, p. 361 : Philo, ii, 194), was notorious ; and when we find it entering as an element into popular poetry (iMartial, xi, 9) we cannot ascribe (he imputation to the known injustice of heathen writers towards the Israe…
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The following are a few of the instances on record which have been collected by Calraet {Diss, sur la Sueur <lu San;/), 'Millingen, Stroud, Trusen (Die Sitten. Gebrdu- che uiid Kriiiikheiten d. all. Ihbr. [Brcslau, 1853]), ia addition to those given under Bloody Swi';at. Schen- kius {Obs. .!/('(/. iii, 458) says that …
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I. Ilistorii, — The early historj' of Sweden is involved in great obscurity, nor do we find much in that historj' that will interest the general reader until we come down to the time of Gustavus Vasa, who, with great heroism, made an attack on Christian II, and succeeded ill obtaining the throne in 1623. The next chara…
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The established Church of Sweden is Lutheran, all SWEDEN 52 SWEDEN BORG sects of Christians, however, being tolerated. The king nominates the arehhishop and the bishops from a list of names presented to liim by the ecclesiastical author- ities. The archbishop of Upsala is the head of the Swedish Church, having unde…
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1. Often to read and meditate on the Word of God. 2. To submit everything to the will of Divine Provi- dence. SWEDENBORG 53 SWEET 3. To observe in everything a propriety of behavior, and alwiivs to Iveep the conf^cienee clear. 4. To discharge with tidelity the functions of my em- ployment and the duties of my off…
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From the time of his alleged " call," he wrote and published almost constantly initil his death. The Ar- cana was finished in 175G. His succeeding works are. An Account of' the Last Judgment, and the Destruction of Babylon ; showinr/ that all the Pi-edictions in the Apocalypse are at this Day Fulfilled: Being a Relatio…
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Sweet "Wine. See Wine. Sweetman, Joseph, a Presbyterian minister, was born at F'reehold, ISIonmouth Co., N. J., March 9, 1774. His mother was a granddaughter of Walter Kerr, who was banished from Scotland for his unwavering adher- ence to Covenanter principles and his opposition to prel- acy. When Joseph was about thr…
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SWIFT 55 SWIFT was filled up with laborious efforts iu behalf of the for- eign missionary cause — travelling, for the most part, on horseback, preaching almost daily, collecting fimds, forming auxiliary societies, and awakening the people everywhere to the claims of this great enterprise. At length he was obliged, o…
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SWIFT 56 SWINE Brit, and Amer, Authors, S.V.; Chulmers, Btoff. Diet. s.v.\ ' general one which forbade any of the mammalia as food Enijlish Cyclop, s. v. ; Darliiit;, Cyrlop. Jiibliiri. s. v. Swift, Seth, brother of Job Swift, was a Congrega- tional minister. He was born in Kent, Conn., Oct. 30, 174'.>. graduated …
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Ancient Egyptian Pigs ; rarely seen in the sculptures, and never before the ISth dynasty. 1. Sows with young pigs. 2. Yuuni; pit's. 3. Boars, a is a whip, knntteci like some of our own. 6, a ga</,l, ublem of a shepherd. uuni; pit's. 3. Boars, o n(»ose, often used as the * SWINERTOX 57 SWITZERLAND that our Lord s…
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S'witzerland, the Helvetia of the Latins, is one of the smallest of the European states, Iving between 45*3 49' and 47^ 50' N. lat., and 5° 55' aiid 10'^ 30' E. long., its extreme length from E. to W. being 210 miles, and its extreme breadth not far from 140 miles. It has an area of nearly 16,000 English miles, and is …
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Zwingli, and their respective followers, was detrimental to the cause of truth in both Germany and Switzerland; and in the latter, as well as in the former, tlie rise of the Anabaptist body was both a source of injury and re- proach. In the year 1527 Berne became professedly a Reformed canton, and for mutual securitj' …
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See Menioires et Documents puhlies par la Societe d'Histoire et d'Archeologie de Geneve (Geneva, 1841-47, 5 vols.); Wilson, Bist. of Switzerland, in Lardner's Cabi- net Ci/clopiedia ; Gailleur, La Suisse (ibid. 1855-56, 2 vols. 4to) ; Inglis, Switzerland (Lond. 1840, 8vo) ; Shaw, History of Switzerland (N. Y. 1875). S…
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SWORD 60 SWORD-DANCE Ancient Esryptian Daggers. 1, stuck in the belt ; 3. Without the shenth ; 3. In the sheftth ; 4. Back of the sheath. middle than at the edges, and slightly grooved in that part; and so excuiisitcly was the metal worked that some retain their pliability and spring after a period of several thou…
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Syagrius, St., a French prelate, was born at Autun about 520, of a Gallo-Koman family, and was raised to the episcopal see of Autun about 560, being ordained by Germain, bishop of Paris. His house was a kind of school, where many distinguished ecclesiastics were ed- ucated ; and he foinided likewise a hospital, and ado…
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Sycamore {Ficua sycomorvs) near Ashkelon. (From a photograph by the Editor.) S^c'lmole Fij; and Leif In Lower Egypt it buds in March, and ripens early in June, and by the poor of that country as well as of Palestine enormous quantities are consumed. Tiie wood of the tree, though very porous, is exceedingly durable. I…
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But Jerome's view soon became the prevailing one, and has continued to be so. Robinson adheres stronglj' to it; and in regard to one of the chief objections urged on the other side, that Jacob's well, which stands at the entrance into the valley where Shechem or Nablus is situated, is about a mile and a half from the t…
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SYGN 64 SYLPHS geofijrapher, that proves the place "to lie under the tropii', the finomon at miililay casting no shadow." IJiit althoiigli excavations have been carried on considera- bly below the pavement, which has been turned up in search of the well it was tliought to cover, no other re- sults liavc been obtaine…
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For literature, see Schulte, The Poorer of the Romans over Princes, Countries, etc. (1871) ; Fessler, True and False Infallibility of the Popes (Vienna, 1871 ; Lond. and N. Y. 1875) ; Gladstone, The Vatican Decrees in their Bearbif) on Civil Allegiance (1874), with replies by New- man, IManning, and others. Syllis, in…
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peror Henry III held, in December, 1046, a council at Sutri, when the three popes were all deposed, and Clement II was elected. See Pope. Sylvestrians is the name of an order of monks founded by Sylvester Gozzoloni, who was born in 1170 (or 1177) at Osimo, in the Papal States. He was edu- cated at Padua and Bologna, a…
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The Church of the Reformation asserted the sole au- thority of Holy Scripture in matters of doctrine; and al- though it received the a?cumenical symbols, it deter- mined their character as being testinwnia fithi simply, i. e. testimonies certifying tlie understanding of the Word of God current in the Church at a given …
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SYMBOLICS 67 SYMBOLICS points from the accepted standards of a Cliurcb, and lieresy, which removes the foundations and destroys the faith itself. It is none the less certain, however, that Protestantism requires an inner unity and a durable basis of character. Every step of its progress must be in harmony with its f…
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The rise of Protestantism furnished a new class of symbols which were intended to serve as marks of dis- tinction between the old papal and the new evangelical churches. Of these the first was the A uysburg Confes- sion (q. v.) of 1530, and the supplementary symbolical books of the Lutheran Church, closing Avith the Bo…
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blem of redemption. The dove is a symbol of the Iloh' Spirit i^iVIatt. iii, 16) : issuing from the mouth of the dying, it is an emblem of the soul. The olive-branch is an emblem of peace (Gen. viii, 11); the palm, of mar- tyrdom (Rev. vii, 9). The lily represents chastitv ; the lamp, ]iiety (i\Iatt. xxv, 1-12); tire, z…
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Symmachus, a translator of the Old Test, into Greek, was born in Samaria during the latter half of the 2d century. Originally a Jew, he became a Christian, but embraced the doctrine of the Ebionites. In spite of the high reputation enjoyed by the Alex- andrian version, or Septuagint (q. v.), not only among the Helleni…
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SYMMACHUS vo SYMPOSIA For philological purposes, Synimachus is just as use- ful as the other Greek translators. Biblical criticism may also derive some advantage from the translation, of course, by exhibiting the greatest care. Thus I'sa. XXX, 13, Symmachns reads as our text, TT-D, and so also the Chaldee, Jerome, S…
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Symphoiosa, the Christian widow of a martyred tribune. Hadrian had built a temple at Tibur (Tivoli), and was about to dedicate it with religious ceremonies when he learned that Symphorosa was a zealous Chris- tian. He caused her, with her seven sons, to be sum- moned, and sought by persuasion to induce her to offer sac…
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appointed meeting of people either for civil or religious pujposes, thus being synonymous with tKKXijffia. This is evident from the fact that the Sept. uses avi'aywyi] 130 times for the Hebrew il'TS, and twenty-five times for ^r\p, which in seventy instances is rendered in the same version by tKKXijffia. The synonymous…
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3. During the Exile, in the abeyance of the Temple worship, the meetings of devout Jews probably became more systematic (Vitringa, De Symif/. p. 413-429 ; Jost, Judenthum, i, 168; Bornitius, iJe Syiuigog. in Ugolino, Thesaur. xxi), and must have helped forward the change which appears so cons]5icuousIy at the time of t…
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III. Site, Structure, Internal Arrangement, Use, and Sanctity of the Synufjogue.—l. Taking the Temple as the prototype, and following the traditional explana- tion of the passages in Prov. i, 21 and Ezra ix, 9, which are taken to mean that the voice of prayer is to be raised on heights (X"ipn ON"i3), and that the sanct…
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31 b; Sabbath, 118 b). It is necessary to bear in mind that the ancient name for this ark is n!3B (comp. 3 Mishna, Berakoth, v, 3, 4; Taanith, u,\, 2; Me- gillah, iv, 4, etc.), the name afterwards given to it (■|iTN) being reserved for the ark-of-the-covenant table, which was wanting in the second Temple. There was a …
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As part of the fittings, we have also to note (1) an- other chest for the Ilaphfai-oth, or rolls of the prophets; (2) Alms-boxes at or near the door, after the jiattern of those at the Temple, one for the poor of Jerusalem, the other for local charities; (3) Notice-boards, on which were written the names of offenders w…
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3. The Legate of the Congregation, or the Leader of Diuine Worship (T^3j£ H^siy = ayytXoc tKK\i](jia(;, aTToffroXof). — To give unity and harmony to the wor- ship, as well as to enable the congregation to take part in the responses, it was absolutely necessary to have one who should lead the worship. Hence, as soon as …
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5. The Chazzaii, or A ttendant on the Synagogue (!".C3,;2il "(TJl^ifTr/ypfr/jc), was the lowest servant, and was more like the sexton or tlie beadle in our churches, lie had the care of the furniture, to open the doors, to clean the synagogue, to light the lamps, to get the building ready for service, to summon the pe…
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V. Worship. — 1. Its Time.— As the Bible prescribes no special hour for worship, but simply records that the Psalmist prayed three times a day (Psa. Iv, 18), and that Daniel followed the same example (Dan. vii, 11), the men of the Great Synagogue decreed that the wor- ship of the synagogue should correspond to that of …
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3, Ritual. — The most important features in the insti- tutions of the synagogue are the liturgy, the reading of the law and the prophets, and the homilies. To know the exact words of the prayers which our Saviour and his apostles recited when they frequented the syna- gogue is to us of the utmost interest. That the Jew…
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ISHEMA. (3.) The third portion which constituted the ancient liturgy embraces the " Fif/hteen'" Benedictions (tlJI"';: nic;"), called, KaT i^oxip', the Prayer (H^Sn). They are as follows : a. (~T"3) " Blessed art thou, O Lord our God, the God of our fathers Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; great, omnipotent, fearful, and m…
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These eighteen (really nineteen) benedictions are men- tioned in the Mishna, Rosh IIa-S/iana/i.\v; Berakoth, iv, 3 ; Tosiphta Berahotk, iii ; Jerusalem Berakoth, ii; Me- (/illiih, 17 a. We are distinctly told that they were or- dained by the one hundred and twenty elders of the Great Synagogue (J/eyi7/(//?, 17 b; Berah…
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SYNAGOGUE 80 SYNAGOGUE members as were best qualified to aid them in the ad- niinistratiiin of the communal alTairs. These consti- tuted a local self-governing and independent college; they issued all the legal iustrnnionts. such as marriage contracts, letters of divorce, hills of exchange, business contracts, recei…
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2. In the magisterial functions of the synagogue also we may trace the outline of a Christian institution. The tKKKijoia, either by itself or by appointed dele- gates, was to act as a court of arbitration in all dis- putes among its members. The elders of the Church were not, however, to descend to the trivial disputes…
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(4.) The conformity extends, also, to the times of prayer. In the hours of service this was obviously the case. The third, sixth, and ninth hours were, in the times of the New Test. (Acts iii, 1 ; x, 3, 9), and had been, probably, for some time before (Psa. Iv, 17; Dan. vi, 10), the fixed times of devotion, known then,…
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SYNAfiO(;UE, THE Great (post- Biblical Hebrew, '^V"'"'?" ^^.'r; Aramaic, Xnil Sn;r23; late Greek and Latin, arvayioy)) jutyaX?;, Symujo'ja Ma(/n(i), the Great A.-!Simhli/, or the Great Synod, acconliiig to Jew- ish tradition, denotes the conncil tirst appointed after the return of the Jews from the Babylonian captivity…
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The existence of the Great Synagogue, which is at- tested by the unanimous voice of Jewish tradition, was first questioned by Kichard Simon (Hist. Crit. du Vieitx Test. lib. i, cap. viii). Jacob Alting, with more bold- ness, rejected it altogether as one of the inventions of tradition ("Synagoga magna enim ncc uno temp…
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en, with Nehemiah ninety -eight, while the remaining twenty-two are the deputations of tlie cities. We may thus obtain the 120 members of the Great Synagogue mentioned by the unanimous voice of tradition. It will also be seen from the above that these 120 members represented five classes, viz. : 1. The chiefs of the pr…
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SYNAGOGUE and Church. The Jewish Church is, in the catacombs, represented as a woman of majes- tic presence in flowing robes; but in mediieval exam- ples, as on the doorway at Rochester Cathedral, with her eyes bandaged, the tables of the law falling from one hand, and a broken staff in the other (Jer. v, 16, 17). The …
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SYNCELLUS SYNCRETISM teristics. He is exceedingly curt, harsh, dry, jojune, and often confused. His tem])erament, his vocation, and his times inclined him to credulity and superstition. He introduces his multitudinous extracts in a crude and imdigested form, and accepts without hesitation what- ever he finds in his t…
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SYXCRETISTIC CONTROVERSIES 86 SYNCRETISTIC CONTROVERSIES serves notice as being the probable source of a new in- terjirotation of tlie word syncretism, liy which it came to denote, not, as aforetime, the practical association of religionists holding divergent views upon some ques- tions, but an intermixing of the reli…
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Five years of almost total quiet ensued, interrupted only by slight agitations in Brandenburg, where the Lutheran preacher Samuel Pomarius (q. v.) was suspend- ed for preaching against the Reformed and the syncre- tists. This period was followed, however, by 2, Renewed Conflicts (1661-69), — The immediate oc- casion o…
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the fugitive Protestants from France. The end of the controversy — a peaceful separation between theology and religion, the regulation of the boundaries interven- ing between Church and schoo], between confession and science, between that wliicli is and that which is not, obligatory upon all Christians — was not attain…
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Synergism {(rvvtpyen), to icorh togefher) is the doc- trine that the human will co-operates with divine grace in the work of conversion, as it was advanced by Kras- mus in his controversy with Luther, and afterwards represented by Melancthon and his school. Luther taught that sin had absolutely ruined man. making of li…
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Synesius, bishop of Ptolemais, was first a pagan, then a Ciiristian, and always a rhetorician. He lived at the close of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th century of our ffira. He was a late representative of the rhetorical declaimers of the Hellenic schools, and of the Neo-Pla- tonic philosophers. He was also a paga…
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corded. The hard struggle for bare life engrossed near- ly all thoughts; and irregular, treacherous, and violent proceedings became familiar, while unrestrained license was common whenever opportunities of indulgence pre- sented themselves. The general demoralization and the social disintegration were aggravated by div…
1,360 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.