PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
McClintock & Strong Cyclopaedia — Volume 10
John McClintock & James Strong · 1,500,482 words · 1483 reading sections
Section 601
To'hu (Heb. To'chu, finh, loirfi/; Sept. Boot' v. r. OoKt; Vulg. Thohu), sou of Zuph and father of Elihu among the ancestors of Samuel (1 Sam. i, 1); probably the same elsewhere called Toau (1 Chron, vi, 34) or Naiiath (q. V.) (ver. 26). To'i (Heb. Toi', i"n in Sam., but in Chron. To'ii, Heb, Tou', !l"n, both meaning …
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I. The First Council of Toledo was held on Sept, 1, 400, under Patronus, the bishop. The reason for assem- bling this council, which consisted of nineteen bishops, was the troubles and disturbances caused by the heresy of the Priscillianists, which sprang up towards the close of the 4th century. Nineteen bishops, from …
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SeeMansi. V, 1603. VI. The Sixth Council of Toledo was held in 610; Aurasius, bishop of Toledo, presiding over fifteen bish- ops. The primacy of the see of Toledo over all the churches of Carthagena was established, and subse- quently confirmed by an edict of king Gundemar. See Mansi, v, 1620. VII. A national council…
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40. Forbids thetn to wear two stoles, which it declares to be uiitit for even a bishop or priest; directs them to wear the stole over the left shoulder, and also that it be clean, and not worked with colors or with gold. 41. Orders all clerks, as well as the priests and deacons, to shave the entire crown of the head a…
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1. Oiders that the Feast of the Annunciation shall in fntiire be kept on Dec. IS, because that, falliiii; in Lent, it interfered with the fast, and often with the celebration of Good-Friday. 3. Forbids bishops to present churches to their relations and friends for the sake of the revenue to be derived. C. Directs tha…
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See Mansi, vi, 1327, XX. This council was held Nov. 9, 694, The sub- scriptions of the bishops present are lost. Eight can- ons were published. 1. Directs that, during the three days i)receding the opening of any council, atid dining which a strict fast ought io be observed, nothing shaTl be discussed whicll does not…
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Toledo (French Tolct), Francisco de, a Spanish cardinal, was born at Cordova, Nov. 10, loo-i. Mis edu- cation was gained at the University of Salamanca, and, after receiving his degree, he taught |)hilosopby in the same institution. In 1558 he joinetl the .Jesuits, and was sent to Home to teach theology. Pius V, admiri…
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Besides the editions of Wagenseil and Hiddrich, see Clemens, Die geheimgekaltenen oder sogtnannten apukrij' TOLERATION 457 TOLLNER phiscken Evanffelien ( Stuttg. 1850), pt. v ; Aim, Die Urthnle heidnischer inid Jiiducher Sckriftsteller der tier ersttn christlicheiiJahrhunderte iiber Jfsus und die eisfen Chrigtm (Le…
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Tollner, .Iohann Gottlieb, a German theologian, was born Dec. 9, 1724, at Charlottenburg. He com- pleted his studies at the Orphanage and the University of Halle under the guidance of Baimigarten, Knapp, INIichaelis, Wolff, Weber, and Meier, and then became private tutor and military chaplain. In 17G0 he was made profe…
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Besides these c(uispiciious ohjec^ts, there are others less visible, but quite as remarkable. At Hebron there is the Jewish burying-ground covered with large slabs, and curious tombs cut in the rock, with loculi on all sides, whicii are probably patriarchal, or at least Jewish. Around Jerusalein there are numerous tom…
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Tombs, John, a learned Baptist divine, was born at Bevvdley, in Worcestershire, in 1603. and graduated at Magdalen Hall. Oxford. There he gained such a dis- tinction for ability and learning that he was ajjpointed, in 1624, catechetical lecturer, which position he held for about seven years. He then, we may presume, to…
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In tlie reign of Edward I the tombs of persons of commenced, and in the earlier part of the 14th prevail- rank began to be ornamented on the sides with armo- ed, of inlaying flat stone with brasses; and sepulchral rial bearings and small sculptured statues within pedi- inscriptions, though they hail not yet becf)me gen…
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Tomlinson, Joseph Smith, D.D., a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born in George- town, Ky., March 15, 1802. He was educated at the Transylvania L^niversity, and was licensed to jireacli before his graduation in 1.S25. He was appointed pro- fessor of mathematics and natural ])hilosophy of Augusta College…
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Ou Mark vii, 33, 3.o, Dr. A. Clarke offers the interpreta- tion tiiat it was the deaf and stammering man himself who put his own lingers into his ears to intimate his deafness; spat or emptied his mouth that the Saviour might look at his tongue; touched his own tongue to intimate that he could not speak; looked up to h…
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9. Some beautiful comparisons occur. "An evil tongue is a sharp sword" (Psa. Ivii, 4) ; " the tongue of the wise is health" (Prov. xii, 18) ; " like choice silver" (x, 20), i. e. his words are solid, valuable, sincere. 10. The vires of the tongue are specified in great va- riety : flattery (Psa. v, 9; Prov. xxviii. 33…
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I. The Event. — The part of the narrative relating to the present subject thus commences: "And the whole earth [or land, '/"1X] was of one language [or lij), nsS] and of one speech [ or ?i'o?YZA', C^TSl]." The journey and the building of the tower are then related, and the divine determination to "confound their lan- g…
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individuals of the branches of Japheth. Dr. Doig, iiil the article " Philology," in the Encydop, Hritannica (7th ed. 1842), has entered at some length into this question, and arrives at the following conclusion: ''From these circumstances, we hope it ap])ears that the whole mass of mankind was not engaged in liinUl- in…
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" We say for the other, that is, this edifice, the house of the Seven Lights of the Earth, the most ancient monu- ment of Borsippa: A former king built it (they reckon forty-two ages), but he did not complete its head. Since a remote time people had abandoned it, without order ex- pressing their ivords. Since that time…
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Abydenus, the Grecian historian of Assj'ria, is known to us only by citations in Eusebius, Cyril of Alexandria, and Syncellus, but they contirm his respectability as a writer. On the event under discussion, see the Latin mono- graphs by Linck (Vitemb. 165G), Zobell (ibid. 1664), .Schroeder (Groning. 1752), Kanne (Nori…
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The confusion of tongues and the dispersion of na- tions are spoken of in the Bible as contemporaneous events. "So the Lord scattered them abroad" is stated as the execution of the divine counsel " Let us con- found their language." The divergence of the various families into distinct tribes and nations ran parallel wi…
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TONGUES, CONFUSION OF 467 TONGUES, CONFUSION OF external guise, in age, and in geographical position as Sanscrit and English, Celtic and Greek. It has done the same for other groups of languages equally widely extended, but presenting less opportunities of investi- gation. It has recognised affinities between language…
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2. From the consideration of the crude materials of lan- guage, we pass on to the varieties exhibited in its struct- ure, with a view to ascertain whether in these there exists any bar to the idea of an original unity. (1.) Reverting to the classification already noticed, we have to observe, in the first place, tliat t…
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3. If from words we pass on to the varieties of syntac- tical arrangement, the same degree of analogy will be found to exist between class and class, or between fam- ily and family in the same class; in other words, no peculiarity exists in one which does not admit of ex- planation by a comparison with others. The abse…
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The result of the foregoing observations is to show that the formal varieties of language present no obsta- cle to the theory of a common origin. Amid these va- rieties there may be discerned manifest tokens of unity in the original material out of which language was formed, in the stages of formation through which it …
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Meanwhile we must content ourselves with stating the present position of the linguistic science in refer- ence to this important topic. In the first place, the Indo-European languages have been reduced to an ac- knowledged and well-defined relationship: the}' form line of the two families included under the head of "in…
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Many supposed instances of etymological correspond- ence have been falsely based on the analytical tenets, but there still exists a considerable amount of radical identity which appears to be above suspicion. Under PiiiLor.OGV, Comparative, we have given a list of terms in which that identity is manifested. After de- d…
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<7. The identification of the Biblical with the histor- ical or classical names of nations is by no means an easy task, particularly where the names are not subsequently noticed in the Bible. In these cases, comparisons with ancient or modern designations are the only resource, and where the designation is one of a pur…
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(c.) The Jebusite, of Jebns or Jerusalem. (d.) The Amorite, frequently mentioned in Biblical history. (c.) The Girgasite, the same as the Girgashites. (/.) The Hivite, variously explained to mean the oc- cupants of the "interior'' (Ewald), or the dwellers in "villages" (Gesenius). (ff.) The Ai'kite, i)i' Area, nort…
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c. The Mosaic table is supplemented by ethnological notices relating to the various divisions of the Terachite family. These belonged to the Shemitic division, being descended from Arphaxad through Peleg, with whom the line terminates in the table. Keu, Serug, and Na- hor form the intermediate links between Peleg and T…
1,199 wordsSECTION 630Section 630
(II.) Having thus surveyed the ethnological state- ments contained in the Bible, it remains for us to inquire how far they are based on, or accord with, physiological or linguistic principles. Knobel maintains that the threefold division of the Jlosaic table is founded on the physiological principle of color, Shem, Ham…
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The real question at issue concerns the language, not of the whole Hamitic family, but of the Canaanites and ("ushites. \\'ith regard to the former, various explana- tions have been offered — such as Knobel's, that they acquired a Shemitic language from a prior population, represented by the Kephaim, Zuzim, Zamzummim, …
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With regard to Arabia, it may safely be asserted that the Mosaic table is confirmed by modern research. The Cushitic element has left memorials of its presence in the south in the vast ruins of March and Sana (Re- nan, Hist. Gen. i, 318), as well as in the influence it has exercised on the Himyaritic and Jlahri languag…
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TONGUES, CONFUSION OF 476 TONGUES, CONFUSION OF athon is called in question (Renan, Hist. Gen. i, 49) ; and, lastly, in Lydia, where the descendants of Lud are locateil by many authorities, and where the prevalence ot" a Sliemitic language is asserted by scholars of the highest standing, among whom we may specify Buns…
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The original seat of the Indo-European race was on the plateau of Central Asia, probably to the westward of the Bolor and Mustagh ranges. The Indian branch can be traced back to the slopes of Himalaya by the geographical allusions in the Vedic hymns (Midler, Lect- iires, p. 201); in confirmation of which we may adduce …
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It would be difficult, if not impossible, to assign to the various subdivisions of the Indo - European stock their respective areas, or, where admixture has taken place, their relative proportions. Language and race are, as already observed, by no means coextensive. The Celtic race, for instance, which occupied Gaul, N…
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that we can account ethnologically for the population of the European continent. 3. The Shemitic and Indo-European families cover, after all, but an insignificant portion of the earth's sur- face : the large areas of Northern and Eastern Asia, the numerous groups of islands that line its coast ami stud the Pacific in …
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III. The authorities referred to in the foregoing arti- cle are, J\I idler, Lectures* on the Science of Language ( 18G2) ; Bimsen, Philosophy of IJistory (1854, 2 vols.); Kenan, Histoire Generate des Langues Semitiques (3d ed. 18G3); Knobel, Volkertafel der Genesis (1850); Hum- boldt [W. von], Ueber die Verschiedenheit…
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I. Philidoiiical Iiiterpretatiom of the Term.—rXuiTTa, or yXioaaa, the word employed throughout the New Test, for the gift now under consideration, is used in three senses [see Toncuk], each of which might be the starting-point for tlie application of the word to the gift of tongues, and each accordingly has found thos…
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Having thus recited the facts in this case, we inquire. What view are we to take of a phenomenon so marvel- lous and exceptional ? Let us first consider what views men have actually taken. (I.) The prevalent belief of the Church has been that in the Pentecostal gift the disciples received a supernat- ural knowledge of…
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Widely diffused as this view of the Pentecostal gift has been, it has been thought by some, in some jioints at least, that it goes beyond the data with which the New Test, supplies us. Each instance of the gift re- corded in tlie Acts connects it, not so much with the work of teaching as with that of praise and adorati…
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There are weighty reasons against this hypothesis. («) It is at variance with the distinct statement of Acts ii, 4, "They began to siieak with other tongues." (6) It at once niuliiidies the miracle and degrades its character. Not the one hundred and twenty disciples, but the whole multitude of many thousands, are in th…
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(//) The gift, of tongues, the ecstatic burst of praise, is definitely asserted to be a fulfilment of the prediction of .Joel ii, 28. The twice-repeated bunlcn of that pre- diction is, " I will pour out my Spirit," and the efTect ou those who receive it is that " they shall prophesy." We may see, therefore, in this spe…
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are not, and cannot be, the grounds of conviction and belief (so Const. Ajwsl. c. viii). They involve of neces- sity a disturbance of the equilibrium between the un- derstanding and the feelings. Therefore it is that, for those who believe already, pro|)hecy is the greater gift. Five clear words spoken from the mind of…
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(8.) It is probable that, at this later period, and in the Corinthian Church (which appears, from other indica- tions, to have been a decidedly sensuous one), the gift in question had somewhat degenerated from its Pente- costal purity into a demonstrative form, in which the human fancy and nervous susceptibility had gi…
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TONGUES, GIFT OF 485 TONGUES, GIFT OF 1. The liistory of the Old Test, presents us with some instances in which the gift of prophecy has ac- companiments of this nature. The word includes some- thing more than the utterance of a distinct message of God. Saul and his messengers come under the power of the Spirit, and…
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7. The so-called Unknown Tongues, which mani- fested themselves first in the west of Scotland, and after- wards in the Caledonian Church in Regent Square, pre- sent a more striking phenomenon, and the data for judging of its nature are more copious. Here, more than in most other cases, there were the conditions of long…
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Tonsure (Lat. tonsura, shaving) is a name given to the distinguishing mark of the clergy of the Koniish Church, formed by shaving off some of the hair. The custom is said to have been introduced at the end of the 5th century. At an earlier period it was censured as unbecoming spiritual persons, on the ground of its bei…
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Tooth CiTIJ, shen, oSovc). The Hebrew word is by some derived from n3'i.\ " to change" or " repeat," be- cause the teeth are changed, or replaced by others; but it better comes from "jST, to sharpen. So likewise the Greek oSovc is said to be quasi tSovg, from 'iSw, " to eat;" and the Latin deits. quasi edens, "eating."…
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TOPARCHY 488 TOPAZ ih my body. "To smite upon the jaw-bone" and "to break the teeth" mean to disijrace and to disable (Psa. iii, 7 ; conip. Mic. vi, 13 ; 1 Kings xx, 35 ; Lam. iii, 30). The teeth of calumniators, etc., are compared to "spears and arrows" (Psa. Ivii, 1; comp. 1 Sam. xxiv, 9). To break the teeth of su…
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Topaz (J^'^'^'Qjpitdah', apparently of non-Heb. ety- mology; Sept. TondZi-ov ; Yulg. topaziits'), a gem which was the second stone in the first row of the high-priest's breastplate (Exod. xxviii, 17 ; xxxix, 10). It was one of the jewels that adorned the apparel of the king of Tyre (Ezek. xxviii, 13); it was the bright…
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it becomes the place prepared for "the King," at the sound of whose fall the nations are to shake (Ezek. xxxi, IG) ; and as Paradise and Eden passed into Baby- lon, so Tophet and Ben Hinnom pass into Gehenna and the lake of fire. These scenes seem to have taken hold of Milton's mind ; for three times over, within fifty…
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"Rock of acres, cleft for me. Lei tne hide myself in thee," etc. See Allibone. Diet, of Brit, and Amer. Authors, s. v.: Tyerman, IJfe and Times of John Wesley, iii, 139, 190, 210; Belclier, Historical Sketches of Hymns, p. 248- 250; Christopher, Hymn- writers and their Hymns, p. 4ti-49. Topographical Terms. AVe have …
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10. .irahdh (ilS"!"), a desert as such, eiiher generally ("wilderness," "desert," or " plain," Job xxiv, 5; xxxix, 6; Isa. xxxiii, 9; xxxv, 1, 6; xl, 3; xli, 19; Ii, 3; Jer. ii, 0; v, 6; xvii, 6; 1,12; Ii, 43: Amos vi, 14; Zecli. xiv, 10), or specifically (technically, with the art.) tlic Arabah ("des- ert," E/.ek. xl …
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2. Gibdh (n"3y), a hill (as in the A. V. invariably), the Arabic Jebel, the common designation of less important or individual eminences ; applied (besides its general use) to Zion (l.-a. xxxi, 4 ; Ezek. xxxiv, 20), and to the follow- ing: the hill of the foreskins (Josh, v, 3), of Phinelias (xxiv, 33), of Moreli (Judg…
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B. Water. I. Flowing (including the valley or bed through which it courses) ;'of these the first two are the most general and distinctively descriptive. 1. Nahdr (Tn3), a perennial river (as almost always ren- dered in the A. V.), the Arab, nahr ; used generally in the poetical books of watercourses and of the sea (J…
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The following terms designate artificial or temporary flowings of water of greater or less extent, some of them of local nse: 3. Yii'ir (liX^ or "IN^), once (Eccles. xxiv, 27) Or (^it, by abbreviation), is properly a canal (perhaps an Egyp- tian word), specifically a branch of the Nile (so in the plur., Exod. vii, 19;…
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4. Makdr ("np72), a well-spring or vein of water (Lev. xii, 7; Jer. li, 36; Psa. xxxvi, 9; Prov. x, 11; xvi, 22, etc.). 5. GulV'th (risS), boiling or bubbling springs, used only of those given by Caleb to Achsah (Josh, xv, 19 ; Judg. 1, 15); and in the shorter form Gal (^5), a heap or spring (Cant, iv, 12) ; hence bil…
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lyini (D'^X), islands, or the distant shores of the Medi- terranean, which seemed such to the Hebrews (Isa. xx, 6; xxiii, 2, 6; Ezek. xxvii, G; Jer. ii, 10. etc.). Waves of the sea are represented (besides Gal, above) by Daki C^Dl), literally ("wave," Psa. xciii, 3); Mishbdr ("la'ilJTQ), an overwhelming (metaphor, "wa…
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Eyl ('"^X), in the sing., occurs only in the combination El-paran (Gen. xiv, 6); in the niasc. plnr. Ei/lhn (D''b"'X or D^pX) of a collection of trees ( "oaks," Isa. i, 29- "trees," Ixi, 3; Ezek. xxxi, 14), and the proper name Elim (from the seventy palms there, Exod. xv, 27; xvi, 1 ; Numb, xxxiii, 9, 10). The fem. plu…
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6. ChaVEuh (nW), in the plnr. {Chavoth, ript), a tent- village of a more temporary or frail character than the preceding, as not being surrounded by any defence ("town," Numb, xxxii, 41 ; Josh, xiii, 30 ;"l Kings iv, 13; 1 Chron. ii, 23; "Havoth," Deut. iii, 14; Judg. iv, 13). The following are rather separate erectio…
1,018 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain 19th-century biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical reference work; OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.